Deck 15: Nutrients Involved in Bone Health

Question 1

Which organic protein is responsible for the bone matrix that hydroxyapatite binds to?

A)titan
B)collagen
C)hemoglobin
D)trabecular bone

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Eighty percent of bone is made up of:

A)spongy bone.
B)collagen.
C)cortical bone.
D)trabecular bone.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Peak bone mass is typically achieved by what age?

A)2 years
B)puberty
C)21 years
D)30 years

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which is the most abundant mineral in our body?

A)calcium
B)iron
C)phosphorus
D)fluoride

Question 5

Bone cells that are responsible for eroding the bone surface during resorption are called:

A)osteoclasts.
B)cortical.
C)osteoblasts.
D)trabecular.

Question 6

Which of the following hormones are released when blood calcium levels fall?

A)parathyroid hormone
B)hydroxyapatite
C)calcitonin
D)thyroxin

Question 7

At about what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)60

Question 8

Which of the following T-scores indicates osteoporosis?

A)-3
B)-2
C)0
D)2

Question 9

A T-score between -1 and 1 on a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)signifies:

A)lower than normal bone density.
B)osteoporosis.
C)normal bone density.
D)growing bone.

Question 10

The compact bone that makes up the outer surface of bone is called:

A)cortical.
B)spongy.
C)collagen.
D)trabecular.

Question 11

The two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled is called:

A)bone growth.
B)bone modeling.
C)bone remodeling.
D)bone regeneration.

Question 12

Minerals make up approximately what percentage of bone?

A)25%
B)35%
C)50%
D)65%

Question 13

At which of the following stages of the life cycle is calcium absorption the most efficient?

A)pregnancy
B)infancy
C)adulthood
D)later life

Question 14

When does bone growth and modeling start?

A)during fetal development
B)at birth
C)during infancy
D)during childhood

Question 15

Calcium is primarily absorbed from which area of the intestinal tract?

A)mouth
B)stomach
C)duodenum
D)ileum

Question 16

In addition to proper growth and development,bone remodeling is critical in maintaining:

A)blood glucose levels.
B)blood calcium levels.
C)blood coagulation.
D)vitamin D production.

Question 17

Which of the following is TRUE concerning calcium?

A)Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
B)Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
C)When blood calcium rises,osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton.
D)Calcium is a minor mineral.

Question 18

Currently the most accurate assessment tool for measuring bone density is:

A)X-ray.
B)dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
C)hydrostatic weighing.
D)computed axial tomography.

Question 19

The tiny mineral crystals that cluster around collagen fibers in bone are called:

A)osteoclasts.
B)hydroxyapatite.
C)trabecular.
D)osteoblasts.

Question 20

Phytates and oxalates can inhibit the absorption of:

A)vitamin E.
B)thiamin.
C)calcium.
D)protein.

Question 21

The body's supply of vitamin K comes from dietary sources and is also produced in the:

A)brain.
B)mouth.
C)stomach.
D)large intestine.

Question 22

Which of the following organs converts the inactive form of vitamin D into the active form the body can use?

A)parathyroid
B)lungs
C)kidneys
D)gallbladder

Question 23

This hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland when blood levels of calcium are too high.

A)calcitonin
B)thyroxin
C)parathyroid hormone
D)T3

Question 24

A recent meta-analysis of studies evaluating Vitamin K's role in maintaining bone health has shown that vitamin K:

A)is only involved in bone remodeling.
B)plays no role in bone metabolism.
C)is the primary determinant of bone density.
D)has a modest impact on bone density.

Question 25

Vitamin K serves as a(n)________ to various proteins involved in the coagulation of blood and in bone metabolism.

A)inhibitor
B)coenzyme
C)antagonist
D)carrier

Question 26

Which of the following is MOST likely to occur if you were to consume too much calcium via the diet?

A)You would experience hypercalcemia.
B)You would begin to produce kidney stones.
C)Your gastrointestinal tract would limit the absorption of other minerals.
D)Calcium deposits would accumulate in the soft tissues of the body.

Question 27

Individuals who have diseases that result in the malabsorption of ________ are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency.

A)carbohydrate
B)fat
C)minerals
D)protein

Question 28

Which of the following nutrients is necessary for the absorption of calcium?

A)iron
B)vitamin D
C)zinc
D)phosphorus

Question 29

Which of the following foods is high in phosphorus?

A)eggs
B)apples
C)oranges
D)table salt

Question 30

Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth due to the fact that:

A)newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.
B)breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K.
C)the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores.
D)newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula.

Question 31

Assuming equal serving sizes,which of the following foods would be the poorest source of calcium?

A)skim milk
B)whole milk
C)cheddar cheese
D)cottage cheese

Question 32

Formed in our bones,hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes comprised of calcium and:

A)sodium.
B)chloride.
C)phosphorus.
D)vitamin K.

Question 33

One microgram of vitamin D is equivalent to how many International Units (IU)?

A)10 IU
B)20 IU
C)30 IU
D)40 IU

Question 34

Vitamin D toxicity is associated with:

A)sunburns.
B)suntan lotions.
C)seafood.
D)supplements.

Question 35

Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability?

A)kale
B)spinach
C)broccoli
D)Brussels sprouts

Question 36

Which is the primary source of vitamin D in the American diet?

A)seafood
B)chicken
C)green leafy vegetables
D)fortified foods,such as milk

Question 37

Who is at MOST risk for vitamin D deficiency?

A)a young man living near the equator
B)a middle-aged woman living in Alaska
C)a child living in southern California
D)a middle-aged woman living in Florida

Question 38

A vitamin D deficiency in adults can lead to:

A)hypocalcemia.
B)rickets.
C)osteomalacia.
D)calcium deposits.

Question 39

Insufficient vitamin D during childhood is associated with:

A)rickets.
B)osteomalacia.
C)osteoporosis.
D)hypocalcemia.

Question 40

Vitamin K is absorbed from the small intestine and is transported by ________ to the liver.

A)hepatic portal system
B)chylomicrons
C)bile
D)cholesterol

Question 41

Mary is 60 years old and at risk for osteoporosis.Which of the following dietary supplements would be the MOST helpful to minimize bone loss,when combined with calcium?

A)magnesium
B)vitamin K
C)phosphorus
D)vitamin D

Question 42

Which of the following foods contains the same amount of calcium as 8 oz of nonfat milk?

A)4)9 oz plain,nonfat yogurt
B)4)9 oz Swiss cheese
C)1)5 oz canned sardines
D)1 cup of lima beans

Question 43

Which of the following is the animal form of vitamin K,produced by bacteria in the large intestine?

A)osteocalcin
B)menaquinone
C)phylloquinone
D)phosphorus

Question 44

A T-score compares a person's assessed bone density to:

A)the average peak bone density of a healthy 30-year-old.
B)the average peak bone density of a healthy 20-year-old.
C)the average bone density of a person with osteoporosis.
D)the average bone density of a person at puberty.

Question 45

The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in the:

A)liver.
B)adipose tissue.
C)teeth and bones.
D)interstitial fluid.

Question 46

What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the United States is expected to increase?

A)inadequate treatment options
B)increased diagnostic tools
C)increased longevity of the population
D)decline in milk consumption

Question 47

Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?

A)green,leafy vegetables
B)citrus fruits
C)french fries
D)soft drinks

Question 48

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)measures bone density in a person's:

A)lower limbs.
B)hands.
C)hips.
D)whole body.

Question 49

The quick,portable procedure that calculates bone density by using sound waves to scan the heel,shin,and kneecap is known as:

A)dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.
B)single energy X-ray absorptiometry.
C)quantitative ultrasound technique.
D)peripheral ultrasound technique.

Question 50

Fluorosis is associated with:

A)insufficient intake of fluoride.
B)consuming too much fluoride.
C)Alzheimer's disease.
D)osteoporosis.

Question 51

Of the following foods,which has the highest bioavailability of calcium?

A)raw spinach
B)unprocessed tofu
C)whole wheat bread
D)cooked kale

Question 52

Which of the following is a hormone that is released in response to low blood calcium levels?

A)serotonin
B)estrogen
C)parathyroid hormone
D)insulin

Question 53

Which individual is at the LEAST risk for osteoporosis?

A)thin,elderly male
B)male weight lifter in his 20s
C)petite Asian female
D)thin Caucasian female in her 40s

Question 54

Which of the following enhances the absorption and retention of dietary magnesium?

A)fiber
B)phytates
C)protein
D)fat

Question 55

In which phase of the life cycle is bone loss the greatest?

A)puberty
B)pregnancy
C)lactation
D)menopause

Question 56

Which group of people do doctors generally advise get a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)test?

A)pubescent women
B)postmenopausal women
C)middle-aged men
D)weight lifters

Question 57

Kyphosis,or dowager's hump,is a characteristic associated with:

A)fluorosis.
B)osteoporosis.
C)rickets.
D)the female athlete triad.

Question 58

Which of the following is a risk factor that increases one's chances of developing osteoporosis?

A)participation in weight-bearing exercise
B)consumption of a plant-based diet
C)smoking
D)moderate alcohol intake

Question 59

One source of magnesium toxicity is:

A)antacids.
B)apples.
C)high meat consumption.
D)soft drinks.

Question 60

Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in:

A)the liver.
B)adipose tissue.
C)the bones.
D)the kidneys.

Question 61

Collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size.

Question 62

How can children reduce the risk of fluorosis?

A)Limit ingestion of fluoridated toothpaste.
B)Limit ingestion of fluoridated water.
C)Limit intake of vitamin D supplements.
D)Increase amount of phosphorus from dietary sources.

Question 63

Fluoride is absorbed directly into the teeth and gums.

Question 64

Which component of teeth increases their resistance to destruction by acids and bacteria?

A)calcium
B)phosphorus
C)hydroxyapatite
D)fluorohydroxyapatite

Question 65

Foods that contain protein have a high amount of:

A)calcium.
B)vitamin K.
C)phosphorus.
D)oxalates.

Question 66

Females reach their full adult height later than males do.

Question 67

Cortical bone has a faster turnover rate than trabecular bone.

Question 68

When dietary intake of calcium is low,calcium absorption increases.

Question 69

Osteoblasts lay down new bone.

Question 70

Which thyroid hormone is used to treat osteoporosis?

A)calcitonin
B)testosterone
C)insulin
D)parathyroid hormone

Question 71

The most effective exercise programs recommended to treat osteoporosis emphasize:

A)stretching.
B)carbohydrate loading.
C)recumbent cycling.
D)weight-bearing activities.

Question 72

The RDA for vitamin D is based on the assumption that an individual does not get enough sun.

Question 73

Using a sunscreen with SPF 8 or greater can inhibit the synthesis of vitamin D.

Question 74

How does fluoride protect against dental caries (cavities)?

A)decreases and reverses tooth demineralization
B)inhibits bone modeling
C)speeds up metabolism of acid-producing bacteria
D)decreases tooth mineralization

Question 75

The size and shape of bones do not change significantly after puberty.

Question 76

Bone density ceases to increase around 21 years of age in males.

Question 77

Fluoride deficiency has been shown to result in:

A)osteoporosis.
B)dental caries.
C)osteoarthritis.
D)kyphosis.

Question 78

Vitamin D acts as a hormone.

Question 79

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is an accurate way to evaluate bone density.

Question 80

Selective estrogen receptor modulators have been used to treat osteoporosis.They work by:

A)increasing the amount and activity of thyroid hormones.
B)increasing the levels of phosphorus in the blood.
C)promoting an estrogen-like effect on bone tissue.
D)combining estrogen with progestin.