Deck 14: Sexual Dysfunction and Gender Dysphoria Disorders

Question 1

Joanne had orgasms infrequently even though she had been married happily for 12 years.She enjoys her sex life and her husband has no complaints.However, after learning that her friends are more sexually active, she asked her doctor for advice.Her doctor likely recommended ____.

A)no treatment at all
B)psychoanalysis
C)sensate focus therapy
D)hormone treatment

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Although sex is an important part of people's lives, for many years, discussion of sexual topics was taboo.In the recent history of psychology, who first made sex an appropriate sexual topic for discussion?

A)Alfred Kinsey, when he published his research findings about human sexual practices
B)William Masters and Virginia Johnson, when they published their findings on the human sexual response
C)Sigmund Freud, when he made the libido an important part of his psychoanalytic theory
D)Helen Singer Kaplan, when she wrote about desire and sexual readiness

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following best describes the central problem in determining whether or not a sexual practice is abnormal?

A)The abnormal behavior usually does not threaten society, impair social or occupational functioning, or cause distress to the individual.
B)While the laws are usually clear about what is illegal, people are often unaware of the laws.
C)Acceptable sexual practices differ between cultures and historical times.
D)The DSM-IV-TR only lists sexual disorders that are illegal, not ones that are merely unusual or abnormal.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Nancy has a sexual problem that is diagnosed as occurring during the appetitive phase of sexual response.We can guess that Nancy's problem involves ____.

A)an inability to experience relaxation after orgasm
B)difficulties during the last two stages of the response cycle
C)difficulties concerning thoughts or fantasies about sex
D)an inability to experience orgasm

Question 5

Scott has sexual fantasies and engages in sexual behavior that is focused on objects and situations that are not part of the usual pattern of affectionate sexual activity.His behavior often puts him at risk for being arrested.If Scott has a sexual problem, it is in the general category of ____.

A)sexual dysfunctions
B)gender dysphoria
C)paraphilias
D)sexual personality disorders

Question 6

Diane is a typical 68-year-old woman who is in a committed relationship.She indicates that sex is important in her life.It is likely that Diane will also state that ____.

A)sex is more important than relationships
B)relationships are more important than sex
C)she is having more sex now that she is post-menopausal because she no longer worries about getting pregnant
D)she is not satisfied with the quality of her sex life

Question 7

Hypersexuality, or sexual addiction, ____.

A)has been classified as a sexual disorder since DSM-III-R
B)has recently been included as a sexual disorder in DSM-IV-TR
C)has been broadened in DSM-IV-TR from its original name, nymphomania, to include men as well as women
D)is not recognized as a classification of sexual disorder in the DSM

Question 8

The Janus Report (1993)suggests that among the elderly, ____.

A)sexual activity of people ages sixty-five and older declined little from that of their thirty- to forty-year-old counterparts
B)sexual activity and enjoyment is quite low
C)sexual dysfunctions actually decrease in frequency
D)sexual activity and masturbation are seen as evil

Question 9

Shalisa has little desire for sexual activity; Karina experiences no vaginal lubrication despite direct sexual stimulation.Which person is paired with the correct stage of the sexual response cycle (during which the problem is experienced)?

A)Shalisa-resolution; Karina-excitement
B)Shalisa-appetitive; Karina-excitement
C)Shalisa-arousal; Karina-appetitive
D)Shalisa-appetitive; Karina-orgasm

Question 10

The definition of sexual disorders is ____.

A)unique because it does not include subjective distress
B)among the clearest of all forms of psychological disorders to identify
C)based primarily on the statistical rarity criterion
D)difficult because it is influenced by cultural norms and values

Question 11

The highly publicized allegations against such well known people as former president Bill Clinton, boxer Mike Tyson, and golfer Tiger Woods underscore the magnitude and seriousness of problems related to ____.

A)sexual dysfunction
B)sexual addiction
C)paraphilias
D)gender dysphoria

Question 12

Graham has been sexually active since he turned 16.After turning 20, he began to experience a problem with lack of arousal.Which category best fits Graham's disorder?

A)gender dysphoria
B)paraphilias
C)sexual deviance disorder
D)sexual dysfunction

Question 13

Which of the following is a stage in the human sexual response cycle?

A)appetitive
B)dyspaurenia
C)erectile
D)satyriasis

Question 14

Which statement about homosexuality is accurate?

A)Homosexuals tend to regret being homosexual and can usually change their sexual orientation through psychotherapy.
B)The human sexual response cycle does not apply to homosexual sex.
C)Homosexuals show greater psychological disturbance and gender identity confusion than heterosexuals.
D)Because of broader contextual issues, homosexual sexual concerns may differ significantly from those of heterosexuals.

Question 15

When Luz began studying the variation of sexual activities around the world, she was surprised to find that ____.

A)unmarried people living together have more sex than married people living together or single people living alone
B)twenty-five percent of adults worldwide have never had sex
C)ten percent of people in the United States claim to have sex every day
D)homosexuality was banned in ancient Greece

Question 16

According to the current psychological and scientific perspective, homosexuality is considered ____.

A)a normal variation in sexual behavior
B)a problem that needs to be fixed
C)the result of poor parenting
D)nature's way of controlling overpopulation

Question 17

Mr.and Mrs.Bell are concerned about their sex lives.Mr.Bell is usually unresponsive to sexual stimulation after he has an orgasm.Mrs.Bell is capable of multiple orgasms.Prior to orgasm, Mrs.Bell experiences neither vaginal lubrication nor expansion of the clitoris.What should a therapist tell the Bells?

A)"Mrs.Bell's lack of lubrication may reflect an arousal phase problem."
B)"Everything the Bells experience is part of the normal sexual response cycle."
C)"Mrs.Bell's having multiple orgasms is a sign of an orgasm disorder."
D)"Mr.Bell's unresponsiveness is a sign of an orgasm disorder."

Question 18

Elizabeth, married for six years, has no interest in either fantasizing or engaging in sexual activity.In fact, she does whatever she can to avoid situations where intercourse is a possibility.According to the DSM-IV-TR, Elizabeth has ____.

A)the rarest form of sexual dysfunction
B)a normal variant of the human sexual response cycle
C)a sexual arousal disorder
D)a sexual desire disorder

Question 19

____ involve a conflict between one's anatomical sex and one's psychological feeling of being male or female.

A)Gender dysphoria
B)Dissociative identity disorders
C)Sexual desire disorders
D)Paraphilias

Question 20

Fetishism, low sexual drive, and gender identity conflict are considered deviant because they ____.

A)threaten societal mores
B)do not fall within normal arousal and activity patterns
C)result in distress for the people who experience them
D)result in impaired social functioning

Question 21

Jennifer is a classic "tomboy" and insists she has a penis.She says she wants to be a man when she grows up.Most children with gender identity conflicts such as Jennifer's ____.

A)become transvestites
B)develop gender dysphoria as adults
C)do not develop gender dysphoria as adults
D)engage in paraphilias as adults

Question 22

Artise suffers from a rare disorder in which the uncontrolled spasms of her vaginal muscles prevents her husband from having intercourse with her.The disorder is ____.

A)dyspareunia
B)paraphilia
C)a form of sexual aversion disorder
D)vaginismus

Question 23

What disorder is being treated when a woman is taught to relax and then insert increasingly large dilators until the comfortable insertion of a penis is possible?

A)dyspareunia
B)female orgasmic dysfunction
C)vaginismus
D)sexual aversion disorder

Question 24

Oral medications like Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis ____.

A)can cure erectile dysfunction
B)may aid sexual arousal and performance by stimulating men's expectations
C)improve sexual performance among men without sexual dysfunction by causing even stiffer erections
D)have redefined erectile dysfunction as a medical problem rather than a quality-of-life issue

Question 25

Dr.Ward says, "Premature ejaculation is a relatively uncommon sexual dysfunction in which the inability to achieve an erection leads to ejaculating reflexively during instances of excessive sexual stimulation.It is a source of anguish for many males." What part of the statement is accurate?

A)It is accurate to say that premature ejaculation involves an inability to achieve an erection.
B)It is accurate to say that premature ejaculation is uncommon.
C)It is accurate to say that premature ejaculation involves excessive sexual stimulation.
D)It is accurate to say that premature ejaculation involves reflexive ejaculation.

Question 26

Giovanni has been treated with vascular surgery to increase blood flow to his genitals.When that did not cure his sexual dysfunction, he was given extra hormones.Now he is a candidate for implant surgery.What disorder is he most likely to suffer from?

A)premature ejaculation
B)hypoactive desire disorder
C)male orgasmic disorder
D)erectile dysfunction

Question 27

Which statement about the cause of sexual dysfunctions is accurate?

A)Recent studies indicate that biological factors interact with psychological, social, and sociocultural factors to explain sexual disorders.
B)Masters and Johnson tended to deemphasize the importance of psychological factors.
C)Almost all of them are primary forms of the disorders.
D)Recent studies show that biological factors only explain secondary forms of the disorders.

Question 28

Unlike ____, which can occur in both men and women, ____ is a problem for women only.

A)vaginismus; dyspareunia
B)inhibited arousal; vaginismus
C)erectile dysfunction; inhibited arousal
D)premature ejaculation; vaginismus

Question 29

A sex therapist counsels his clients to masturbate and use both tactile exploration and sexual imagery both individually and with a partner.The clients who hear this advice are most likely to have which sexual dysfunction?

A)sexual pain disorder
B)premature ejaculation
C)female orgasmic dysfunction
D)paraphilia

Question 30

The reported estimates of erectile dysfunction have greatly increased over the past several years.Which statement is one of the contributing factors for the increase in reporting ED?

A)The increase in social and occupational stressors is creating more stress and dysfunction in relationships.
B)The availability of drugs like Viagra presents men with a non-intrusive treatment.
C)There is an increasing assumption that the dysfunction may be caused by a psychological inadequacy rather than physical condition.
D)There is significantly decreased acceptance of a woman's right to expect satisfaction in sexual relationships.

Question 31

A therapist instructs Mrs.Weaver: "Stimulate your husband's penis until he feels ejaculation is about to happen, then stop all stimulation for a while.Continue with stimulation and then stop, repeating until he can tolerate longer periods of stimulation without ejaculating." What sexual dysfunction is being treated?

A)premature ejaculation
B)secondary erectile dysfunction
C)sexual aversion disorder
D)vaginismus

Question 32

George and Laura are seeing a sex therapist because of problems in their sex life.The therapist tells them that they are suffering from the most common complaint of couples seeking sex therapy.We could conclude from this statement that George and Laura are having problems with ____.

A)sexual arousal.
B)hypoactive sexual desire
C)orgasm
D)refraction

Question 33

Which of the following is considered a psychological factor that may cause sexual dysfunction?

A)guilt, anger, or resentment toward one's sexual partner
B)being raised in a strict religious environment
C)desiring a closer relationship with one's sexual partner
D)pain when engaging in sexual intercourse

Question 34

Cynthia enters therapy because she is concerned about her inability to become sexually aroused.Which of the following is likely to be a reason to be explored by her therapist to help her learn why she experiences this disorder?

A)She has an expectation that she should be sexually satisfied when she has sex.
B)She was given information that was too realistic about sex when she was a child.
C)She has never been sexually assaulted or molested.
D)She has conflicts with her sexual partner.

Question 35

Research on primary inhibited female orgasm suggests that the problem is ____.

A)due to neurotransmitter deficits
B)related to inhibited sexual desire
C)not equivalent to primary orgasmic dysfunction in men
D)much more widespread than previously believed

Question 36

Professor Newell tells her students, "Vaginismus is a relatively common sexual dysfunction involving recurrent or persistent pain in the genitals before, during, or after sexual intercourse.Masters and Johnson proposed that it may be caused by an impotent partner, rigid religious beliefs about sex, or painful intercourse.Surprisingly, a lack of history of incestuous molestation is often found in women with this disorder." Which part of Professor Newell's statement is accurate?

A)Vaginismus is a relatively common sexual dysfunction.
B)A lack of history of incestuous molestation is often found in women with this disorder.
C)Vaginismus involves recurrent or persistent pain in the genitals
Before, during, or after sexual intercourse.
D)Masters and Johnson proposed that it may be caused by an impotent partner, rigid religious beliefs about sex, or painful intercourse.

Question 37

Which of the following is a psychological factor associated with female orgasmic dysfunction?

A)being raised in a sexually permissive home
B)having a partner who is sexually healthy and functional
C)having a crippling fear of performance failure
D)being over-informed about sexuality or sexual technique

Question 38

Which description best illustrates gender dysphoria (transsexualism)?

A)Pedro is sexually attracted to other men.
B)Carlos experiences sexual arousal only if he dresses in women's clothes.
C)Miguel is constantly preoccupied with thoughts of castration.
D)Luis has had poor social relationships because he has always been distressed about being a man.

Question 39

Although the relationship between hormones and sexual functioning is complex and unclear, we would expect that low levels of testosterone would be associated with ____.

A)paraphilias
B)hypoactive desire disorder
C)premature ejaculation
D)vaginismus

Question 40

Which of the following men has secondary erectile dysfunction?

A)Bill, whose inability is caused by a physiological problem he was born with
B)Charlie, whose inability has psychological causes
C)Emmett, who has never had an erection sufficient for intercourse
D)Del, who used to have adequate erections but is unable to do so now

Question 41

Wayne has neither homosexual fantasies nor an attraction to other men.He knows he is male, but he can only achieve sexual arousal by shopping for women's clothes, dressing in them, and masturbating in front of a mirror.An appropriate diagnosis for Wayne is ____.

A)gender dysphoria
B)transsexualism
C)transvestic disorder
D)exhibitionism

Question 42

The controversy about sex-conversion surgery will likely continue because ____.

A)insurance companies are becoming more open to paying for the procedures
B)the issue of personal freedoms continues to be a political "football"
C)therapists have not done a very good job of screening which patients are good candidates for the surgery
D)some patients benefit from the procedures and others seem to be emotionally worsened by it

Question 43

The sexual disorders that involve intense sexual urges regarding situations, objects, or people that are not part of the usual arousal pattern leading to reciprocal and affectionate sexual activity are called ____.

A)gender dysphoria
B)paraphilias
C)dyspareunia
D)psychosexual disorders

Question 44

Which of the following is considered to be a biological influence of gender dysphoria?

A)abnormal levels of testosterone
B)excessive amounts of certain neurotransmitters
C)lack of development in certain brain structures
D)stress-related organ dysfunction

Question 45

Brenda was a transsexual who had a sex-change operation.She now calls herself Brad.Research on the outcome of these operations suggests that she will ____.

A)get more negative reactions from others than if she were a man who changed to a woman
B)quickly relapse to gender identity disorder
C)be more satisfied with surgery than men who change to women
D)never feel depressed again

Question 46

Research suggests which of the following regarding vaginismus among women?

A)It is a genetic predisposition.
B)It is the result of rigid religious beliefs about sex.
C)The incidence of vaginismus is not known, but it is considered very rare.
D)It is due to having a husband or partner who was impotent.

Question 47

Mary has a fetish for men's clothes and has two other forms of paraphilia as well.She is distressed with her fantasies and actions.These paraphilias have lasted several years.What aspect of Mary's case is unusual?

A)It is unusual for a paraphilia to last several years.
B)It is unusual for a woman to have paraphilias.
C)It is unusual for a person to have more than one paraphilia.
D)It is unusual for a person with a paraphilia to be distressed.

Question 48

Which of the following is a psychological or social factor that is thought to contribute to development of gender dysphoria in boys?

A)parental encouragement of the development of autonomy
B)excessive attention and overprotection by the father
C)a relatively powerful or overly involved father figure
D)parental encouragement of feminine behavior

Question 49

A man has persistent fantasies about having sex with non-consenting people.Although he has not acted on them, these fantasies have lasted for almost a year and cause the man severe distress.What diagnosis is appropriate and why?

A)paraphilia, because the man has distressing fantasies with nonconsenting others even though he has not acted on them
B)no mental disorder, because unless the man acts on his fantasies, there is no form of sexual deviance
C)sexual dysfunction, because the man is not able to achieve sexual arousal normally
D)gender dysphoria, because the man has fantasies about having sex with non-consenting people

Question 50

Norman is diagnosed with gender dysphoria.We can confidently guess that as a child, he ____.

A)was considered a very aggressive boy
B)avoided rough-and-tumble activities
C)was sexually attracted to other boys
D)cross-dressed as a way of attracting attention from others

Question 51

Which statement about treatment of transsexualism is accurate?

A)Sex reassignment surgery is much less complicated for women who wish to be men than for men who wish to be women.
B)Men who change to females are generally more satisfied with sex-conversion surgery than women who change to males.
C)The only valuable therapy is sex reassignment surgery.
D)Although therapy has been helpful for some transsexuals, sex change operations may be more appropriate for others.

Question 52

An individual who presents with a paraphilia is likely to ____.

A)have a homosexual orientation
B)have experienced a stressful life event
C)have more than one paraphilia
D)be a female

Question 53

Keith is diagnosed with transsexualism (gender dysphoria)by a psychoanalyst.How is the therapist likely to explain his disorder?

A)"You cross-dress because it allows you to experience sexual arousal."
B)"As a child, you over-identified with your strong and independent father."
C)"We will probably find that your mother encouraged you to dress up like a girl and may have punished him for being aggressive."
D)"There must be some unresolved Oedipal issues."

Question 54

Brent has been diagnosed with transvestic disorder.Although he is married, he has long wanted a sex-change operation.He must dress as a woman to be able to have intercourse with his wife.If the diagnosis is accurate, what is unusual about Brent's case?

A)It is unusual for cross-dressing to be used for heterosexual sex.
B)It is unusual for a man to have transvestic disorder.
C)It is unusual for a person with transvestic disorder to be married.
D)It is unusual for a person with transvestic disorder to want a sex-change operation.

Question 55

When an object such as shoes or women's underwear is used during masturbation as the sole means of achieving sexual gratification and this practice is distressing, the diagnosis is ____.

A)frotteurism
B)fetishism
C)transvestic fetishism
D)transsexualism

Question 56

Both transsexuals and transvestites cross-dress.What factor helps differentiate the two disorders?

A)Transsexuals develop their interest in cross-dressing at a much later age than transvestites.
B)Only transvestites are dissatisfied with their gender.
C)Only transsexuals identify with the opposite gender.
D)Transvestites tend to be homosexuals.

Question 57

Which of the following individuals exhibits a paraphilia?

A)Jules, who becomes sexually aroused when he sees his wife in a sexy negligee.
B)Jake, who can only become sexually aroused when he is tied up and spanked by his partner.
C)John, who consentually rubs against his wife to become sexually aroused.
D)Joe, who becomes sexually aroused in the presence of an attractive woman.

Question 58

____ is a relatively common paraphilia and involves urges or fantasies about exposing one's genitals to strangers in order to cause shock in the observer.

A)Exhibitionism
B)Voyeurism
C)Fetishism
D)Frotteurism

Question 59

How common is sexual reassignment surgery for treating gender identity disorder?

A)It is the most common treatment.
B)It is relatively rare (1 in 30,000 males and 1 in 100,000 females).
C)It is less common than psychotherapy but more common than hormone therapy.
D)It is more common than psychotherapy but less common than hormone therapy.

Question 60

Connie's therapist attempts to replace the misconceptions and sexual myths that Connie has learned since childhood with accurate information about sexual anatomy and feelings.Which component of psychological treatment is the therapist using?

A)anxiety reduction
B)education
C)communication training
D)graded tasks

Question 61

Dr.Estes treats patients who have sexually deviant behavior.He uses extinction and aversive conditioning to eliminate inappropriate behaviors and helps them acquire or strengthen appropriate behaviors.He also helps them develop social skills.Dr.Estes uses which approach for treating his patients?

A)psychodynamic
B)learning
C)humanistic
D)cognitive

Question 62

Suppose that, in a research study, slides of nude women were shown to men at the same time they held or stroked white feathers.If these stimuli were paired enough times for the feathers alone to produce an erection, this would ____.

A)suggest that paraphilias are actually under the voluntary control of the individual
B)suggest that paraphilias are unrelated to "preparedness"
C)provide support for the biological perspective on paraphilias
D)provide support for a learning perspective of paraphilias

Question 63

Ali is being treated for a shoe fetish.The therapist pairs electric shock with the sight and touch of shoes.The therapist also is teaching Ali to engage in appropriate social skills and how to feel sexual pleasure without resorting to shoes.The therapist probably supports which approach to treatment?

A)learning
B)psychodynamic
C)biogenic
D)cognitive

Question 64

Shame and humiliation are most likely to be used by behavior therapists to treat ____.

A)people with sexual dysfunction
B)masochists
C)people with gender identity disorders
D)exhibitionists

Question 65

Which statement about pedophilia is accurate?

A)Most pedophiles are under 16 years of age and molest children nearly their same age.
B)In most cases, one relative or friend of the family molests one child.
C)Most pedophiles remain unaroused when they see hard-core pornographic films.
D)Most pedophiles are highly intelligent and socially skilled.

Question 66

Norm is suspected of being a child molester.If he is a pedophile, which of the following could we expect?

A)sexual arousal to slides of neutral, clothed women
B)being acquainted with his victims
C)high intelligence and right-hemisphere dysfunction
D)lack of interest in hard-core pornography

Question 67

Dr.Julius says to his exhibitionist patient, "Your dreams tell us that, for you, fear of castration requires that you prove to others that you still have a penis by exposing yourself.Once you acknowledge and overcome that fear, your need to exhibit will disappear." Dr.Julius holds which viewpoint on the disorder?

A)psychodynamic
B)cognitive-behavioral
C)operant conditioning
D)humanistic-existential

Question 68

A key concept in the psychodynamic explanation of transvestic disorder, exhibitionism, sadism, and masochism is ____.

A)excessive superego
B)castration anxiety
C)inadequate id impulses
D)the defense mechanism of projection

Question 69

What sexual practice is nearly universally taboo around the world?

A)incest
B)oral sex
C)homosexuality
D)sadomasochism

Question 70

Dr.Monte says about a patient, "As a child, he was often spanked on the bare buttocks by his very attractive governess.He cannot remember these incidents clearly, but as an adult he always associates pain with sexual arousal." Dr.Monte's patient probably has which disorder?

A)voyeurism
B)exhibitionism
C)pedophilia
D)sadomasochism

Question 71

For the past three years, Larry has repeatedly fondled his preteen stepdaughter and has sworn her to secrecy.Larry's behavior illustrates ____.

A)pedophilia
B)voyeurism
C)transvestic disorder
D)sadomasochism

Question 72

Which of the following is a paraphilia involving non-consenting others?

A)fetishism
B)frotteurism
C)masochism
D)transvestism

Question 73

Stefanie has intense sexually arousing fantasies of being utterly helpless while being tied up and humiliated and she finds sex partners who fulfill these urges.A reasonable diagnosis is ____.

A)masochism
B)that she was a victim of child sexual abuse
C)pedophilia
D)sadism

Question 74

A therapist working with child victims of sexual abuse is likely to see symptoms that most closely parallel ____ in some cases.

A)bipolar (manic-depressive)disorder
B)dissociative identity (multiple personality)disorder
C)paraphilias
D)posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 75

Jordan is an exhibitionist.He would be more likely than other men to ____.

A)want no contact with the person to whom he exposes himself
B)masturbate
C)have sex with prostitutes
D)molest young girls

Question 76

Serena has been sexually molested.Who is least likely to be the molester?

A)her father
B)her grandfather
C)a stranger
D)a family friend

Question 77

All of these men were diagnosed with exhibitionism.Which is typical of men with this disorder?

A)Wayne, who maintains complete self-control throughout his episodes of exposing himself
B)Lars, who is sexually aroused only by pictures of women in the nude
C)Jim, who is 24 years old and married
D)Arnold, who is 53 years old and unmarried

Question 78

Professor Diebold tells his class, "Pedophilia is a disorder in which an adult obtains sexual gratification through urges, acts, or fantasies of sexual contact with prepubescent children.The pedophile must be at least 14 years of age and at least five years older than the victim.Most pedophiles prefer boys, but some choose girls.Regrettably, sexual abuse of children is common." Which part of Professor Diebold's statement is accurate?

A)Pedophilia is a disorder in which an adult obtains sexual gratification through urges, acts, or fantasies of sexual contact with prepubescent children.
B)The pedophile must be at least 14 years of age and at least five years older than the victim.
C)Most pedophiles prefer boys, but some choose girls.
D)Sexual abuse of children is common.

Question 79

Research with sadomasochists found that a large minority ____.

A)reported that "straight" sex is more satisfying than sadomasochistic activities
B)played either a dominant or a submissive role but not both.
C)engaged in behaviors that caused only minor pain
D)reported that they seek to injure others or be injured themselves

Question 80

Recent research suggests what biological predisposition to pedophilia?

A)low levels of testosterone and high levels of estrogen
B)anomalies in the limbic system
C)deficits in brain activation and less white matter in the brain
D)hyperactive brain functioning and excessive white matter in the brain