Deck 2: The Nature of Culture

Question 1

Body piercings and tattooing among teenagers can be considered an example of __________.

A) deviant behavior
B) revolution
C) revitalization
D) reactive adaptation

Answer 1

deviant behavior

Question 2

Sets of expectations and attitudes that people have about appropriate behavior is/are __________.

A) cultural models
B) norms
C) cultural knowledge
D) cultural skills

Answer 2

norms

Question 3

Who offered the first definition of culture in anthropology: "Culture is the complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society?"

A) Marvin Harris
B) Edward Tylor
C) Alfred Kroeber
D) A. R. Radcliff-Brown

Answer 3

Edward Tylor

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of culture?

A) shared
B) learned
C) based on symbols
D) abstract

Question 5

Shared assumptions that people have about the world and about the ideal culture are termed __________.

A) cultural knowledge
B) norms
C) cultural models
D) definitions of culture

Question 6

The Tibetan narrative describing the origin of the Tibetan people and two ethnic groups who live near them tells us that __________.

A) Tibetans regard themselves as people of courage and kindness
B) Tibetans dislike their neighbors, the Chinese and Tartars
C) Tibetans bury their dead in coffins
D) Tibetans regard themselves as being descended from a different founder than the Chinese and Tartars

Question 7

All definitions of culture include reference to __________.

A) the biological elements of culture
B) selectively shared knowledge, attitudes, values, and beliefs
C) economic forces as a role in shaping culture
D) survival of the fittest

Question 8

The behaviors, attitudes, and ideas formed through interaction with others describes which characteristic of culture?

A) shared
B) learned
C) integrated
D) adaptive

Question 9

The idea that culture is __________ is illustrated by the story of Heidi Neville, who returned to Vietnam after being adopted by an American at the age of 7.

A) shared
B) learned
C) adaptive
D) symbolic

Question 10

__________ help to reduce, but do not eliminate, conflict and disagreement in societies.

A) Contracts
B) Laws
C) Cultural models
D) Cultural Skills

Question 11

__________ is the process of learning one's culture through informal observation and formal instruction.

A) Enculturation
B) Acculturation
C) Behaviorism
D) Observation

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a significant variable for the norms people within a society are expected to follow?

A) age
B) gender
C) social position
D) political party

Question 13

By the 1950's, Kroeber and Kluckhohn had found more than __________ definitions of culture in anthropological literature.

A) 20
B) 50
C) 100
D) 150

Question 14

Hasidic families in contemporary America, who are distinguished through ethnic background and religious beliefs and practices, are considered __________.

A) insignificant
B) a race
C) a subculture
D) an ethnicity

Question 15

__________ is/are sets of behaviors that allow people to function successfully within their environments and societies.

A) Cultural skills
B) Cultural knowledge
C) Cultural models
D) Norms

Question 16

Norms specifying behaviors that are prohibited in a culture are __________.

A) crimes
B) mores
C) taboos
D) conventions

Question 17

Behaviors that vary from expected norms in a society are called __________.

A) criminal
B) deviant
C) immoral
D) abnormal

Question 18

__________ teaches people when and how to acceptably fulfill biological needs within their societies.

A) School
B) Enculturation
C) Subculture
D) Adaptation

Question 19

A group whose members and others think of their way of life as in some significant way different from that of other people in the larger society.

A) minority
B) subculture
C) ethnicity
D) deviants

Question 20

__________ refers to the information people have that enables them to function in their social and physical environments.

A) Survival skills
B) Social intelligence
C) Culture
D) Cultural knowledge

Question 21

In the twentieth century the increase in women's employment has led to __________.

A) women receiving the right to vote
B) increasingly flexible roles for men in society
C) full equality for women with men
D) the surprising reinforcement of traditional gender roles

Question 22

A common scenario is one in which cultural practices are __________ in the short term but __________ in the long term.

A) adaptive, maladaptive
B) maladaptive, adaptive
C) accepted, taboo
D) taboo, accepted

Question 23

Ideas about how many meals to have, when to have them, and which kinds of food to eat at each meal are examples of __________.

A) taboos
B) customs
C) norms
D) symbols

Question 24

Technology is a primary way in which culture is __________.

A) profitable
B) altered
C) maladaptive
D) adaptive

Question 25

Both kuru and mad cow disease are caused by __________ ingested from infected meat.

A) prions
B) a virus
C) bacteria
D) heavy metals

Question 26

__________ refers to the tendency for people's beliefs and practices to form a relatively coherent and consistent system.

A) Cultural logic
B) Cultural integration
C) Cultural core
D) Cultural norms

Question 27

Cultures are __________ is another way to say that cultures are integrated.

A) premeditated
B) planned
C) random
D) patterned

Question 28

A common form of taboo found in every culture is __________ taboos.

A) wealth
B) learning
C) knowledge
D) food

Question 29

Which of the following statements about cultural integration is false?

A) All aspects of a given culture are internally consistent and integrated with all the other aspects of the culture.
B) Economic activities are usually integrated with, affect, and are affected by other kinds of activities.
C) The work of obtaining food, services, and goods is often performed by people in particular social and gender roles.
D) Policies formulated by political agencies tend to be consistent with particular economic consequences.

Question 30

Kuru was prevalent in Fore women and children because __________.

A) they did most farm labor
B) they, and not men, engaged in ritual cannibalism
C) men tended to eat less pork than women or children
D) there was no prenatal care available until the 1960s

Question 31

Kuru is a __________ that first appeared among the Fore of New Guinea.

A) virus
B) neurological disease
C) cult
D) agricultural innovation

Question 32

In America, the growing financial equality of women with men led to __________.

A) an increase in divorces
B) an increase in average family size
C) an increase in home ownership
D) the two-car family

Question 33

Both kuru and mad cow disease were the result of attempts to __________ which resulted in unintentionally maladaptive practices.

A) change food taboos
B) avoid disease
C) innovate in economic strategies
D) innovate in meat production

Question 34

In America, women's rates of employment began to rise after __________.

A) suffrage
B) World War I
C) World War II
D) The 1960's

Question 35

The learned aspect of culture is most dramatically apparent in __________.

A) men
B) women
C) cross-cultural meetings
D) children

Question 36

Practices by which people organize their work and produce food and other goods necessary for their survival.

A) cultural core
B) economy
C) norms
D) mores

Question 37

A word, image, or object that stands for cultural beliefs or sentiments.

A) symbol
B) sign
C) character
D) script

Question 38

When it is said that __________, most anthropologists mean that culture is the means by which people survive in their particular environment.

A) culture is important
B) culture is shared
C) culture is adaptive
D) culture is basic

Question 39

Irrigation in ancient Sumer, the Industrial Revolution, and agriculture in the Amazonian rainforest are all examples of __________.

A) the successful use of technology to overcome difficulties in the long run
B) short-term failures
C) cultural practices with long-term maladaptive results
D) cultural stagnation

Question 40

__________ is NOT a pervasive and powerful symbolic system.

A) Language
B) Religion
C) Gender
D) Health

Question 41

Ideas and behaviors so deeply embedded in a culture that they are regarded as universally normal or natural.

A) norms
B) cultural cores
C) symbolic systems
D) naturalized concepts

Question 42

Afro-lingua __________ the basic assumptions encoded in the ordinary speech of European colonizers of the Caribbean.

A) replicates
B) symbolically reinforces
C) symbolically challenges
D) ignores

Question 43

The process by which a less numerous and less powerful cultural group changes its ways and cultural identity to blend in with the dominant culture is referred to as __________.

A) cultural pluralism
B) assimilation
C) acculturation
D) enculturation

Question 44

One example of acculturation is __________ in American society.

A) Anglo-Americans
B) Irish-Americans
C) Native Americans
D) the Amish

Question 45

A culture-based, often ethnocentric, way that people see the world and other people is a __________.

A) worldview
B) bias
C) prejudice
D) model culture

Question 46

A more proper name for Santeria is __________.

A) "Way of the Saints"
B) Voodoo
C) Goddess Worship
D) New Age

Question 47

The Tiv are farmers who live in __________.

A) Malaysia
B) South Africa
C) Nigeria
D) Brazil

Question 48

Direct interaction or __________ between peoples of different cultures through migration, trade, invasion, or conquest is an important source of cultural borrowing.

A) syncretism
B) culture contact
C) acculturation
D) enculturation

Question 49

Western Apache communication styles __________.

A) are very similar to Anglo-American communication styles
B) are in many ways opposed to Anglo-American communication styles
C) are more flamboyant than Anglo-American communication styles
D) are considered invasive by many Anglo-Americans

Question 50

Early anthropologists believed in __________, or the idea that all societies advance through improved stages over time, going from primitive to more advanced forms of society.

A) cultural evolution
B) progress
C) modernization
D) civilization

Question 51

Which of the following is a naturalized concept in western societies?

A) That men and women are absolutely opposed gender sets.
B) That collective action is always beneficial.
C) That all persons wish to acquire greater wealth.
D) That Christianity is the only true religion.

Question 52

Santeria is a syncretic religion that borrows elements from traditional Afro-Caribbean beliefs and __________.

A) Islam
B) Lutheranism
C) Roman Catholicism
D) Voodoo

Question 53

In Bedouin society women use __________ to pose symbolic challenges to male domination.

A) coded language
B) song and poetry
C) household decoration
D) clothing

Question 54

Naturalized concepts are one of the main sources for __________.

A) ethnocentrism
B) intercultural disagreement
C) cultural innovation
D) intercultural understanding

Question 55

An alternative cultural model within a society that expresses different views about the way that society should be organized is a/an __________.

A) subculture
B) resistance movement
C) counterculture
D) alternative lifestyle

Question 56

Conquest and colonization are examples of __________.

A) cultural evolution
B) culture contact
C) assimilation
D) forced assimilation

Question 57

The condition in a stratified society in which many diverse groups ideally live together equally and harmoniously without losing their cultural identities and diversity is __________.

A) cultural evolution
B) acculturation
C) syncretism
D) cultural pluralism

Question 58

__________ is a process by which a new cultural product is created by the selective borrowing of elements from other cultures.

A) Culture contact
B) Appropriation
C) Syncretism
D) Cultural evolution

Question 59

A __________ is an example of how culture organizes the way people think about the world.

A) cultural core
B) set of norms
C) worldview
D) symbol

Question 60

__________ is the process by which a group adjusts to living within a dominant culture while at the same time maintaining its original cultural identity.

A) Cultural pluralism
B) Acculturation
C) Assimilation
D) Syncretism

Question 61

A __________ is a type of nonviolent, reactive adaptation in which people try to resurrect their culture heroes and restore their traditional way of life.

A) conservative movement
B) revitalization movement
C) great awakening
D) spiritual movement

Question 62

What is the name of the branch of cultural anthropology in which anthropologists use their knowledge and skills to help developing countries maneuver through the process of culture change?

A) global anthropology
B) development anthropology
C) culture change anthropology
D) empowerment anthropology

Question 63

In colonial Kenya a "hut tax" __________.

A) forced women to find wage labor
B) resulted in most of the food that was grown by the Luo going to the British
C) could not be paid only by labor
D) forced heads of households to seek wage labor in order to earn cash

Question 64

Colonial British land reforms in Kenya undermined Luo __________ rights and economic independence.

A) clan's
B) men's
C) women's
D) society's

Question 65

The idea that Euro-American values and practices are creating a culturally uniform world dominated by similar values and practices is an example of what theory of globalization?

A) westernization
B) hybridization
C) polarization
D) homogenization

Question 66

The Ghost Dance is an example of both __________.

A) a revitalization movement and diffusion
B) a revolution and diffusion
C) a revitalization movement and revolution
D) external culture change and forced assimilation

Question 67

Globalization stems from economic and political changes that have expanded worldwide through __________.

A) colonialism
B) mass media and consumerism
C) democratization
D) manufacturing and television

Question 68

__________ is a coping response of captive, conquered, or oppressed peoples to loss and deprivation.

A) Revolution
B) Reactive adaptation
C) Assimilation
D) Diffusion

Question 69

Complex culture change, both internal and external, based on industrialism and a transnational market economy is called __________.

A) globalization
B) social evolution
C) culture history
D) modernization

Question 70

Social Darwinism is most compatible with which of the following ideas?

A) cultural evolution
B) ethnogenesis
C) culture history
D) globalization

Question 71

__________ is the spread of ideas, material objects, and cultural practices from one society to another through direct and indirect culture contact.

A) Diffusion
B) Syncretism
C) Culture history
D) Ethnogenesis

Question 72

The change in violence and sexual activity in American film content since the 1960s is an example of __________.

A) intentional culture change
B) unintentional culture change
C) external culture change
D) diffusion

Question 73

The Tiv elders' interpretation of Laura Bohannon's telling of Hamlet could be attributed to all of the following EXCEPT __________.

A) worldview
B) naturalized concepts
C) ethnocentrism
D) ignorance

Question 74

The process by which people try to change their culture or overturn the social order and replace it with a new, ideal society and culture.

A) innovation
B) revolution
C) invention
D) ethnogenesis

Question 75

One problem that Laura Bohannon encountered in telling the story of Hamlet to the Tiv was __________.

A) the Tiv did not believe it was correct behavior from a man to marry was brother's widow
B) the Tiv did not believe in ghosts
C) the Tiv thought Hamlet was the villain
D) the Tiv did not believe in witches

Question 76

The most apt term to describe cultural change over time is __________.

A) cultural evolution
B) social Darwinism
C) ethnogenesis
D) culture history

Question 77

Globalization began with __________.

A) United States' interest in Latin America and the Pacific during the late nineteenth century
B) expansion of the Roman Empire during the first century
C) European colonial and mercantile expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
D) the explosion of media and information technology during the late twentieth century

Question 78

Which of the following is the best definition of ethnogenesis?

A) The origination of first culture, from which all other cultures are descended.
B) The spread of a cultural trait from its point of invention to other cultures.
C) A process in which people develop, define, and direct their own cultural identities.
D) Genetic patterns underlying ethnic cultures.

Question 79

Which of the following is NOT an example of internal culture change?

A) ethnogenesis
B) diffusion
C) revolution
D) innovation

Question 80

The principal agent(s) of globalization is/are __________.

A) multinational corporations and mass media
B) information technology
C) the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
D) genetic innovations in agricultural production