Deck 3: Studying Culture

Question 1

Many of the best early accounts of non-western societies written during the early period of colonialism were written by __________.

A) soldiers
B) governors
C) naturalists
D) Jesuit missionaries

Answer 1

Jesuit missionaries

Question 2

Malinowski conducted fieldwork in __________.

A) India
B) the Trobriand Islands
C) Egypt
D) Peru

Answer 2

the Trobriand Islands

Question 3

__________ are stories and myths that dramatize actual memories or events in symbolic form consistent with cultural practices in storytelling.

A) Oral Traditions
B) Myths
C) Narratives
D) Genealogies

Answer 3

Narratives

Question 4

The founder of the functionalist perspective in anthropology was __________.

A) Clifford Geertz
B) Edward Tylor
C) Franz Boas
D) Bronislaw Malinowski

Question 5

The three stages of cultural development proposed by Lewis Henry Morgan were __________.

A) band, tribe, and clan
B) savagery, barbarism, and civilization
C) band, tribe, and state
D) primitive, chiefdom, and civilization

Question 6

Early anthropologists such as Edward Tylor and Lewis Henry Morgan developed __________.

A) highly systematic fieldwork techniques
B) critical approaches to evolutionary theory
C) comparative evolutionary approaches for studying cultures
D) non-theoretical, descriptive schools of anthropology

Question 7

Functionalism, as developed by Malinowski, was most influential in __________ anthropology.

A) British
B) French
C) American
D) German

Question 8

The Quillayute, Northern Paiute, and Delaware narratives may describe __________.

A) the origins of their tribes
B) ancient climatic and ecological events
C) ancient marriage ceremonies
D) hunting rituals

Question 9

__________ can be described as the study of the social functions of cultural traits.

A) Interpretive anthropology
B) Evolutionary anthropology
C) Functionalism
D) Materialism

Question 10

Most early anthropologists during the 19^th century __________.

A) conducted ethnographic fieldwork
B) ignored the accounts of travelers and missionaries
C) were unilinear evolutionists
D) were interpretive in their analyses of cultures

Question 11

The founder of professional anthropology in the United States was __________.

A) Bronislaw Malinowski
B) Franz Boas
C) Margaret Mead
D) Lewis Henry Morgan

Question 12

The earliest origins of anthropology lie in __________.

A) the accounts and diaries written by early European travelers
B) Greek histories
C) Medieval bestiaries
D) naturalists such as Charles Darwin

Question 13

The role of a __________ is to attempt an explanation that helps people understand why cultures originate, develop in certain ways, and change over time.

A) methodology
B) cultural theory
C) cross-cultural comparison
D) relativistic worldview

Question 14

Boas conducted most of his fieldwork __________.

A) in the southwestern United States
B) in central Mexico
C) in the Caribbean
D) on the northwest coast of North America

Question 15

Cultural narratives that have validity as artifacts of culture and experience.

A) oral traditions
B) myths
C) narratives
D) genealogies

Question 16

Franz Boas introduced the idea of __________ into American anthropology.

A) evolutionary stages
B) cultural relativism
C) arm chair anthropology
D) conflict oriented explanations

Question 17

The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in a land claim suit in 1997 that __________ have validity as legal testimony and as records of the past.

A) rock art symbology
B) Native American narratives
C) Native American oral traditions
D) treaties unsigned by Native Americans

Question 18

Lewis Henry Morgan was the first to link __________ with economic systems.

A) technology
B) religion
C) geographic region
D) kinship

Question 19

Morgan proposed a __________ stages evolutionary scheme for all societies based on many comparative criteria.

A) 3
B) 5
C) 8
D) 10

Question 20

Franz Boas stressed __________ in anthropological work.

A) evolutionary theory
B) culture change
C) empiricism
D) cross-cultural comparison

Question 21

A/An __________ explanation of why Hindus in India do not eat cows is that they are sacred animals.

A) materialist
B) emic
C) etic
D) objective

Question 22

Social problems or issues, especially those that arise as a result of the distribution of power in society, are the focus of __________ perspectives.

A) conflict
B) materialist
C) structuralist
D) interpretive

Question 23

Environmental adaptation, technologies, and methods of acquiring food are emphasized in __________ perspectives in anthropology.

A) functionalist
B) symbolic
C) interpretive
D) materialist

Question 24

__________ proposes that cultural differences can be explained by differences in forms or conceptual categories rather than in meanings.

A) Functionalism
B) Materialism
C) Structuralism
D) Cultural Ecology

Question 25

Indigenous societies often were based on __________, principles that community members had fundamentally equal rights to available resources and to social respect.

A) egalitarian ethics
B) cross-cultural comparisons
C) etic perspectives
D) polyphony

Question 26

According to __________, culture is a unique system of symbols with multiple layers of meaning.

A) interpretive anthropology
B) cultural materialism
C) conflict theory
D) structuralism

Question 27

Claude Levi-Strauss developed structuralism to try to answer the question of why __________ around the world seem so similar.

A) myths
B) marriages
C) ethical systems
D) religions

Question 28

Conflict theorists often concentrate on __________ and how they penetrate and transform indigenous cultures to suit their own needs.

A) religions
B) agriculturalists
C) settlers
D) capitalist institutions

Question 29

Cultural ecology was developed by __________ in the 1930s.

A) Marvin Harris
B) Julian Steward
C) Margaret Mead
D) Claude Levi-Strauss

Question 30

A/An __________ explanation of why Hindus in India do not eat cows is that cows are too important to farm labor to be eaten.

A) interpretive
B) emic
C) etic
D) subjective

Question 31

__________ views cultural differences to be best understood as complex webs of meaning rather than forms.

A) Functionalism
B) Materialism
C) Structuralism
D) Interpretive anthropology

Question 32

Functionalism has the shortcoming of overemphasizing __________ at the expense of __________.

A) conflict, stability
B) groups, individuals
C) stability, societal change
D) individuals, groups

Question 33

__________ is a topic of great concern to most conflict theorists.

A) Warfare
B) Deviance
C) Gender
D) Kinship

Question 34

Which of the following modern anthropological methods of analyzing cultures contrasts with structural-functional analyses?

A) interpretive
B) evolutionary
C) empirical
D) conflict

Question 35

Cultural materialism is greatly influenced by __________.

A) Adam Smith
B) Thomas Malthus
C) Karl Marx
D) Max Weber

Question 36

Interpretive anthropology as proposed by __________ was developed as a result of fieldwork in Java.

A) Margaret Mead
B) Clifford Geertz
C) Julian Steward
D) Marvin Harris

Question 37

__________ views are objective and based on outsiders' views so that they resemble explanations by observers from another culture.

A) Emic
B) Etic
C) Structural
D) Materialist

Question 38

__________ considers cultural diversity to stem from the differences in the forms by which people express universal meanings.

A) Interpretive anthropology
B) Structuralism
C) Cultural ecology
D) Evolutionary anthropology

Question 39

__________ views are subjective and based on insiders' views so that they resemble as much as possible the explanations that people have for their own culture.

A) Emic
B) Etic
C) Structural
D) Irrational

Question 40

__________ understands society and culture to be derived from its economic foundation.

A) Functionalism
B) Structuralism
C) Cultural Ecology
D) Cultural Materialism

Question 41

Before fieldwork can begin, an anthropologist must __________.

A) choose a research problem
B) gather the majority of their data off-site
C) interpret the majority of their data
D) choose a field site in a remote, foreign location

Question 42

The largest attempt to gather comparative data from all cultures around the world into one source has been __________.

A) the annual American Anthropological Association meetings
B) the Human Genome Project
C) the Human Relations Area Files
D) the United Nations Human Rights Declaration

Question 43

Cross-cultural comparisons are __________.

A) a means of understanding cultural differences and similarities through data analysis rather than direct observation
B) made by conducting fieldwork in multiple cultures
C) no longer made in twentieth century anthropology
D) are only done on cultures discovered prior to 1950

Question 44

In anthropology, fieldwork means __________.

A) having people answer questionnaires
B) compiling census data
C) conducting polls
D) living and interacting with the group of people under study

Question 45

The anthropology of anthropology is called __________.

A) self-analysis
B) anthropological ethnography
C) reflexive anthropology
D) critical anthropology

Question 46

A common focus in ethnohistories is __________.

A) migration patterns
B) the impact of colonialism
C) indigenous economies
D) mythology

Question 47

Typically fieldwork on an anthropologist's first research project will last about __________.

A) two months
B) six months
C) one year
D) two years

Question 48

Which of the following is a common problem that anthropologists experience while doing fieldwork?

A) creating surveys
B) finding activists that will help resolve local conflicts and disputes
C) culture shock
D) bribing informants

Question 49

All can be problematic when attempting to conduct large-scale cross-cultural comparative studies EXCEPT which of the following?

A) data may not be comparable
B) practices and traits may be taken out of their full cultural contexts
C) imputing causality
D) no database exists that codifies all known cultural facts and details about the world's peoples

Question 50

Which of the following was developed in the tradition of postmodernism?

A) structuralism
B) interpretive anthropology
C) reflexive anthropology
D) conflict perspectives

Question 51

The hallmark of anthropological methods since the early twentieth century has been __________.

A) surveys
B) fieldwork
C) statistical analysis
D) excavation

Question 52

Which of the following anthropological perspectives would be useful for understanding the impact warfare between societies has on cultural norms and practices?

A) conflict
B) materialist
C) structuralist
D) interpretive

Question 53

The many voices of people from all the different segments and groups that make up society.

A) polyphony
B) multiculturalism
C) multivocality
D) cultural complexity

Question 54

Culture shock, or __________, is a common problem for anthropologists after they first arrive to do fieldwork.

A) the inability to accept new ethical frameworks
B) the feeling of being out of place in unfamiliar surroundings
C) the unfriendliness of people at the new location
D) the inability of people at the new location to accept the anthropologist

Question 55

During which of the following stages of fieldwork will an anthropologist attempt to learn the rules for entering and residing in their chosen country of study?

A) choosing a problem
B) conducting preliminary research
C) gathering qualitative data
D) interpreting data

Question 56

Ethnohistorians are interested in __________.

A) using historical documents rather than fieldwork to do anthropology
B) constructing a global cultural world history based on the HRAF
C) reconstructing and interpreting the history of indigenous peoples from their point of view
D) creating a more scientific basis for the study of cultural histories

Question 57

Which of the following is an advantage to obtaining residence in a native household when conducting fieldwork?

A) it makes it easy to pay people for information
B) allows for close proximity to people through family networks
C) all the data can be obtained from one family
D) it provides a partisan viewpoint

Question 58

In response to the recognition that cultures or societies are not uniform and that many people cooperate and compete in forming a society, anthropologists have __________.

A) begun to resort exclusively to cultural life histories
B) begun to focus on smaller and smaller groups of people
C) begun to shift towards national personality studies
D) have begun to reflexively question whose voices and views appear in their writing and whose do not

Question 59

One problem with the representation of the societies studied by anthropologist has been __________.

A) that there were really fewer differences than anthropologists imagined
B) the relativistic perspectives used to discuss other cultures
C) the assumption that cultures were essentially static and unchanging
D) that they are projected to be an accumulation of many individual voices and perspectives

Question 60

Which of the following two perspectives emphasize including multiple voices and perspectives within a community?

A) materialist and structuralist
B) reflexive and conflict
C) materialist and interpretive
D) interpretive and conflict

Question 61

Cultural life histories are __________.

A) historical records on important people in an area
B) long-term research programs that track a culture over many years
C) biographies of individuals within a particular culture
D) voices of people from all the different segments and groups that make up a society

Question 62

Although sometimes necessary, interpreters are less desirable than knowing the language during fieldwork because __________.

A) many of the nuances of meaning are lost in translation
B) few people are willing to talk with a translator present
C) translators are expensive and shorten the time an anthropologist can do fieldwork
D) translators often are dishonest and do not convey accurately information informants present

Question 63

An example of urban anthropology is Judith Friedenburg's work on __________ in New York City.

A) elderly Puerto Ricans
B) firemen
C) office workers
D) bicycle messengers

Question 64

The Sanos found that __________ changed their relationships with people in town for the better after their first year in "Riverfront" Wisconsin.

A) the birth of their son
B) their newly acquired American citizenship
C) the death of the local mayor
D) their jobs as university professors

Question 65

Which of the following is an example of quantitative data?

A) relationships between members of households within a community
B) descriptions of food gathering techniques
C) sources of income
D) information about how people trace their genealogical relationships

Question 66

In response to the usual tendency to present peoples in anthropological writings as "others," anthropologists have in many cases turned to presenting __________ between themselves and the person in their research as their form of writing.

A) contests
B) dialogues
C) cooperation
D) contracts

Question 67

Which of the following is classified as an unethical practice?

A) Testifying in court proceedings regarding native territories and indigenous land claims.
B) Sharing ethnographic data with another anthropologist.
C) Staging ethnographic film footage.
D) Providing compensation for interviews.

Question 68

The full disclosure of research goals, methods, types of analyses, and reporting procedures is called __________.

A) informed consent
B) polyphany
C) surveys
D) ethnohistory

Question 69

When carrying out research in urban areas, anthropologists often use methods similar to those of __________.

A) historians
B) economists
C) psychologists
D) sociologists

Question 70

The organization that formulated the Code of Ethics to which many anthropologists adhere.

A) American Anthropological Association
B) American Association of Cultural Anthropologists
C) National Science Foundation
D) United Nations

Question 71

Anthropologists have traditionally presented the peoples in their studies as __________ who are different and exotic.

A) primitives
B) heroes
C) others
D) individuals

Question 72

One limitation to gathering information that is almost impossible to overcome is the __________ of the anthropologist.

A) language ability
B) gender
C) nationality
D) age

Question 73

One of the preconceptions that the researchers in "Riverfront" Wisconsin found to be false was the expected __________ of the population there.

A) friendliness
B) homogeneity
C) heterogeneity
D) class consciousness

Question 74

Gathering data through participant observation might mean using which of the following techniques?

A) following one person for a day without their knowledge
B) searching HRAF
C) having conversations with people
D) sending mass surveys

Question 75

All of the following is true of urban anthropologists EXCEPT __________.

A) they focus on studying an entire town or city
B) they use methods that differ significantly from anthropologists conducting research in rural areas
C) they often investigate a specific topic within a defined subculture
D) they primarily use participant observation rather than surveys to gather data

Question 76

Sometimes anthropologists from other countries work in the United States; an example is the work of __________ researchers in "Riverfront" Wisconsin.

A) Turkish
B) French
C) Japanese
D) Brazilian

Question 77

Often, anthropological research in urban areas focuses on __________ and/or particular topics.

A) mass cultures
B) whole communities
C) subcultures or small groups
D) national problems

Question 78

A field of cultural anthropology that focuses on studying the lives of people living in cities or urban neighborhoods.

A) interpretive anthropology
B) reflexive anthropology
C) ecological anthropology
D) urban anthropology

Question 79

Scott Youngstedt focused his research on how Hausa migrants to the capital city of __________ build social networks in their new settings to create a sense of community and familiarity.

A) Vietnam
B) Niger
C) Tanzania
D) Mongolia

Question 80

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?

A) relationships between members of households within a community
B) population trends in births
C) fluctuations in community size
D) sources of income