Deck 4: Marine Sediments

Question 1

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
oolites

Answer 1

Answers: B

Question 2

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
metal sulfides

Answer 2

Answers: B

Question 3

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
stromatolites

Answer 3

Answers: D

Question 4

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve
B)microscopic biogenous sediment
C)associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans
D)depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)
E)associated with glacial deposits
F)particle size classification
ice rafting

Question 5

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
manganese nodules

Question 6

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
tektites

Question 7

A glacial deposit is well sorted.

Question 8

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
coccolithophores

Question 9

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
diatomaceous ooze

Question 10

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve
B)microscopic biogenous sediment
C)associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans
D)depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)
E)associated with glacial deposits
F)particle size classification
Wentworth Scale

Question 11

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve
B)microscopic biogenous sediment
C)associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans
D)depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)
E)associated with glacial deposits
F)particle size classification
lysocline

Question 12

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
siliceous ooze

Question 13

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve
B)microscopic biogenous sediment
C)associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans
D)depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)
E)associated with glacial deposits
F)particle size classification
turbidite

Question 14

Coastal sand dunes are usually well sorted due to winds.

Question 15

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)depth at which calcium carbonate begins to dissolve
B)microscopic biogenous sediment
C)associated with submarine canyons and deep-sea alluvial fans
D)depth at which all calcium carbonate is in solution (i.e. dissolved)
E)associated with glacial deposits
F)particle size classification
CCD

Question 16

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
halite

Question 17

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all.

A)cosmogenous sediment
B)hydrogenous sediment
C)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment
D)biogenous sediment
abyssal clay

Question 18

Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles.

Question 19

The Wentworth scale is used to arrange the amount of sorting in a sediment deposit.

Question 20

Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activities are called biogenous sediments.

Question 21

Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)?

A)diatoms
B)foraminiferans
C)glauconite
D)phosphorites
E)radiolarians

Question 22

Calcareous shells will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4,500 meters (around 15,000 feet).

Question 23

Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf.

Question 24

Which of the following contains silica (SiO₂)?

A)coccolithophores
B)corals
C)foraminiferans
D)phosphorites
E)radiolarians

Question 25

Tektites are glassy rock fragments created during impact events.

Question 26

All of the following are lithogenous sediments except:

A)beach sand.
B)diatom ooze.
C)glacial deposits.
D)clays.
E)volcanic particles.

Question 27

The deposition of radiolarian oozes is affected by the carbonate compensation depth.

Question 28

The organisms that contribute to biogenous sediment are chiefly algae and protozoans.

Question 29

Calcium carbonate, phosphates, and manganese may precipitate out of solution to form deposits on the ocean floor.

Question 30

Sediments derived from pre-existing rocks on land are called:

A)cosmogenous.
B)biogenous.
C)hydrogenous.
D)lithogenous.
E)volcanogenic.

Question 31

The four main classifications of marine sediment include:

A)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment.
B)biogenous sediment.
C)hydrogenous sediment.
D)cosmogenous sediment.
E)All of the above.

Question 32

Radiolarian oozes typically form near the equator.

Question 33

Sediments that are poorly sorted were most likely deposited by:

A)a glacier.
B)a river delta.
C)organisms
D)a volcanic eruption.
E)the wind.

Question 34

Sediment that begins as rocks on continents or islands is called:

A)lithogenous (terrigenous)sediment.
B)biogenous sediment.
C)hydrogenous sediment.
D)cosmogenous sediment.
E)All of the above.

Question 35

Macroscopic biogenous sediment is the most abundant biogenous sediment in the marine environment.

Question 36

Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics?

A)low carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures
B)lots of carbon dioxide and colder temperatures
C)lots of carbon dioxide and warmer temperatures
D)low pressure and warmer temperatures
E)low pressure and colder temperatures

Question 37

Sediments produced by plants and animals in the sea are called:

A)cosmogenous.
B)biogenous.
C)hydrogenous.
D)terrigenous.
E)volcanogenic.

Question 38

High-energy environments are most likely to deposit which one of the following?

A)clay-sized particles
B)cosmogenous sediments
C)large particles such as gravel
D)manganese nodules
E)silt-sized particles

Question 39

Calcareous ooze is found in cooler waters at depth around the world.

Question 40

Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment.

Question 41

Phosphate-rich nodules form in:

A)continental shelf waters.
B)estuaries.
C)hydrothermal vent areas.
D)intermediate to shallow depth water.
E)mid-ocean ridges.

Question 42

Manganese nodules are an example of:

A)biogenous sediments.
B)cosmogenous sediments.
C)hydrogenous sediments.
D)terrigenous sediments.
E)volcagenic sediments.

Question 43

All of the following statements are true of ocean sediments except:

A)ocean sediments are thickest in pelagic waters overlying the oceanic ridges.
B)ocean sediments can include the fossilized remains of ancient marine life.
C)ocean sediments may form from the remains of living organisms falling to the ocean floor.
D)ocean sediments include the remains of ancient rocks of cosmic origin.
E)ocean sediments may be composed of chemical precipitates such as calcium carbonate or manganese dioxide.

Question 44

All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except:

A)evaporites.
B)halites.
C)manganese nodule.
D)phosphates.
E)stromatolites.

Question 45

Sediments produced because of chemical reactions in seawater are called:

A)cosmogenous.
B)biogenous.
C)hydrogenous.
D)lithogenous.
E)volcanogenic.

Question 46

The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:

A)tektites.
B)oozes.
C)clays.
D)silt.
E)evaporites.

Question 47

In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more:

A)clay than in temperate waters.
B)coral debris than in tropical waters.
C)gravel than in tropical waters.
D)shell fragments than in temperate waters.
E)silt and sand than in tropical waters.

Question 48

Ocean sediments provide all of the following mineral resources except:

A)coal.
B)clathrates.
C)manganese nodules.
D)methane hydrates.
E)petroleum.

Question 49

Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s):

A)1)
B)2)
C)4)
D)2 & 3.
E)3 & 4.

Question 50

Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:

A)less than 30% biogenous material.
B)more than 30% biogenous material.
C)more than 30% hydrogenous material.
D)less than 30% neritic material.
E)more than 30% neritic material.

Question 51

The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:

A)abyssal plain far from a continent.
B)continental rise.
C)continental shelf.
D)crest of a mid-ocean ridge.
E)All of the above locations contain manganese nodules.

Question 52

Cosmogenous sediment consists of two main types of sediment:

A)microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris.
B)microscopic spherules and abyssal clays.
C)biogenous oozes and macroscopic meteor debris.
D)abyssal clays and evaporites.
E)biogenous oozes and evaporites.

Question 53

The sediments that are produced in areas of high primary productivity are indicated by the number(s):

A)1)
B)2)
C)3)
D)2 & 3.
E)3 & 4.

Question 54

Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called:

A)cosmogenous.
B)biogenous.
C)hydrogenous.
D)lithogenous.
E)volcanogenic.

Question 55

The type of marine sediment that forms the thickest deposits worldwide is:

A)abyssal clay deposits.
B)manganese nodule deposits.
C)neritic, lithogenous sediment deposits.
D)neritic siliceous sediment deposits.
E)pelagic biogenous calcareous deposits.

Question 56

Biogenous sediments are indicated by the number(s):

A)1)
B)2 & 3.
C)2 & 4.
D)2, 3, & 4.
E)2, 3, 4, & 5.

Question 57

Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation?

A)degree of preservation
B)dilution
C)input from other sediment types
D)rate of deposition
E)All of the above factors are important.

Question 58

A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:

A)carbonate dissolution.
B)deposit feeders.
C)fecal pellets.
D)precipitation.
E)wind.

Question 59

Sediments found on continental margins are called:

A)continental.
B)estuarine.
C)neritic.
D)oceanic.
E)pelagic.

Question 60

All of the following are true concerning neritic sediment deposits except:

A)they may contain coarse-grained sand and rock fragments in the sediments.
B)they may contain sediments of lithogenous origin.
C)they may contain sediments transported from rivers onto the continental shelf.
D)they may form in shallow coastal waters.
E)they are primarily composed of calcareous deposits of biological origin.

Question 61

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A. halite and other salts
B) manganese nodules
C) metal sulfides
D) phosphates
E) tektites

Question 62

Compare and contrast neritic and pelagic sediment deposits.

Question 63

Compare and contrast marine environments that favor the deposition of siliceous and calcareous oozes.

Question 64

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A. chalk
B) coccolithophores
C) diatoms
D) limestone
E) stromatolites

Question 65

Discuss the sources of biogenous sediments.

Question 66

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A. coccolithophores
B) diatoms
C) foraminiferans
D) oolites
E) radiolarians

Question 67

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A. siliceous ooze
B) quartz sand
C) rock fragments
D) clay
E) volcanic ash

Question 68

List and describe the four types of marine sediments.

Question 69

How does the analysis of marine sediments provide information about the climate of the ancient Earth?

Question 70

List the particle names and corresponding grain size, from smallest to largest, using the Wentworth scale of grain size.

Question 71

Compare and contrast how neritic and pelagic sediment deposits are distributed.

Question 72

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A. biogenous
B) calcareous
C) cosmogenous
D) hydrogenous
E) lithogenous

Question 73

How is the carbonate compensation depth (CCD)related to the worldwide distribution of calcareous oozes?

Question 74

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern.
A. glaciers
B) rivers
C) siliceous ooze
D) turbidity currents
E) volcanic ash

Question 75

Create a table detailing the four types of marine sediments and their source (parent)material.