Deck 15: A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

If Lloyd's depression does not respond to therapy or drug treatment, which of the following might be considered as a treatment option?

A)electroconvulsive therapy
B)antipsychotic medication
C)cingulotomy
D)prefrontal lobotomy

Answer 1

electroconvulsive therapy

Question 2

Which of the following therapies would be most likely to directly address Lloyd's negative thought patterns?

A)cognitive
B)insight
C)psychoanalytic
D)aversion

Answer 2

psychoanalytic

Question 3

If Lloyd's symptoms of depression go away prior to any treatment, what is this recovery called?

A)refractory period
B)placebo effect
C)spontaneous remission
D)independent recovery

Answer 3

spontaneous remission

Question 4

Which type of psychotherapist participates in complex verbal interactions with clients in order to enhance clients' understanding of themselves and their problems?

A)biomedical therapist
B)insight therapist
C)homeopathic therapist
D)behaviour therapist

Question 5

Claude has been seeing a therapist in an attempt to finally stop smoking. The therapist has described a number of specific techniques that Claude might try to eliminate his behaviour of smoking. Which type of therapy is most consistent with this example?

A)biomedical
B)insight
C)homeopathic
D)behaviour

Question 6

If Lloyd were prescribed a medication to help treat his depression, which of the following would most likely be prescribed?

A)MAO inhibitors
B)lithium
C)selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
D)benzodiazapines

Question 7

Which of the following modern practitioners are most likely to use psychoanalysis?

A)psychiatrists
B)clinical psychologists
C)social workers
D)counselling psychologists

Question 8

Which of the following statements is most accurate?

A)Since Freud's time, all forms of treatment for psychological disorders have involved verbal interaction.
B)The first systematic psychotherapy procedure was Freud's psychoanalysis.
C)All psychotherapies employ essentially the same method of treatment.
D)Insight therapy is the most effective method for treating psychological disorders.

Question 9

Which of the following would represent a valid reason for Lloyd to choose a psychiatrist to treat his depression?

A)Psychiatric care is covered by government-funded health insurance.
B)Psychologists are not regulated or licensed by any official regulatory bodies.
C)Psychologists deal with only minor adjustment problems, rather than serious mental disorders.
D)Psychiatrists are better trained in methods used to treat depression.

Question 10

What are the two most common problems among those who seek psychotherapy?

A)excessive anxiety and depression
B)loneliness and boredom
C)low self-esteem and irrational thinking
D)marital conflicts and a sense of emptiness

Question 11

Which of the following academic degrees is NOT associated with being a psychologist?

A)Ph.D.
B)Ed.D.
C)M.D.
D)Psy.D.

Question 12

Leslie has been feeling depressed for a number of weeks. She thinks she may need to see a therapist to help her overcome her depression, but she doesn't want to see anyone who is going to dwell on her childhood and try to work through any problems she experienced years ago. She wants to see someone who will focus on direct treatment of her current symptoms. In this example, which type of therapy does Leslie want to avoid?

A)behavioural
B)noninvasive
C)insight
D)biomedical

Question 13

Clive is a clinical psychologist and his sister Grace is a psychiatrist. Which of the following would Clive be more likely to do?

A)treat young children, while Grace would treat more adults
B)deal with patients who have more severe problems than the patients Grace usually sees
C)take a psychoanalytic approach in treating patients, while Grace would take a behavioural approach
D)have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a medical degree

Question 14

Which type of psychologist is most likely to deal with the most severe mental health problems?

A)applied
B)school
C)clinical
D)counselling

Question 15

Gilbert just graduated from medical school and has entered a four-year residency at a local hospital. He plans to specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. What is Gilbert training to be?

A)counselling psychologist
B)clinical psychologist
C)psychiatrist
D)psychiatric nurse

Question 16

What is the main practical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counselling psychologist?

A)Only the clinical psychologist can prescribe drugs.
B)The clinical psychologist specializes in the treatment of mental disorders; the counselling psychologist specializes in the treatment of everyday adjustment problems.
C)Clinical psychologists are trained to provide behaviour therapy; counselling psychologists are trained to provide insight therapy.
D)The clinical psychologist has a doctorate; the counselling psychologist has a master's degree.

Question 17

Which of the following disorders would be least likely to be treated by psychiatrists?

A)schizophrenia
B)mood disorder
C)anxiety disorder
D)marital problems

Question 18

Which of the following is true of psychiatrists?

A)They have essentially the same education as clinical psychologists.
B)They are physicians who specialize in the treatment of mental disorders.
C)They are less likely to use psychoanalytic methods than psychologists.
D)They focus exclusively on biomedical therapies in treating psychological disorders.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT one of the main categories of treatment?

A)insight therapies
B)biomedical therapies
C)behaviour therapies
D)revelation therapies

Question 20

Vicki is seeing a therapist in an attempt to work through the troubles in her relationship with her father. During her meetings with her therapist, the two of them often engage in lengthy verbal interactions, and her therapist tries to help Vicki work through a variety of potential solutions for the problems she is facing. Which type of therapy is most consistent with this example?

A)behaviour
B)homeopathic
C)insight
D)biomedical

Question 21

What is a therapist looking to discover by using free association and dream analysis?

A)the unconscious
B)irrational thoughts
C)maladaptive behaviours
D)the conscious

Question 22

Michelle has been having a recurring dream for the past four months, and during a session with her psychotherapist, the therapist proposed one possible explanation that might give meaning to the images in Michelle's dream. In providing an explanation for the meaning of the dream, what is the therapist doing?

A)clarification
B)free association
C)interpretation
D)transference

Question 23

Clifton has been in psychotherapy for several months, but during the last few sessions he has been distracted and inattentive. When his therapist asks him to describe any dreams he has had recently, Clifton insists that he doesn't remember any of his dreams. According to Freud, what does Clifton's behaviour represent?

A)defensive neurosis
B)resistance
C)insight
D)transference

Question 24

Which type of therapy is based on the idea that interactions designed to help a client develop self-knowledge, and thus progress to healthy changes in personality and behaviour?

A)emotive therapy
B)insight therapy
C)psychopharmacological therapy
D)behavioural therapy

Question 25

According to Freud, neurosis usually results from unconscious conflicts over which of the following urges?

A)sex and aggression
B)power and aggression
C)power and achievement
D)sex and achievement

Question 26

What is resistance, in the context of therapy?

A)largely unconscious defensive manoeuvres intended to hinder the progress of therapy
B)conscious efforts to hinder the progress of therapy
C)the client's reaction to sexual advances from the therapist
D)subtle, primarily unconscious ways in which young children rebel against their parents' demands

Question 27

Mario recently started seeing a therapist. At the start of each session, Mario lies down and starts talking about anything that comes to mind. He often rambles, and he sometimes thinks that the things he describes seem trivial or silly, but his therapist encourages him to say whatever comes into his mind. This therapeutic technique is common among therapists who use which of the following approaches in therapy?

A)psychoanalytic
B)holistic
C)cognitive
D)client-centred

Question 28

What happens in free association?

A)Clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur.
B)Clients relate the events of their dreams as they remember them.
C)Clients are restricted to talking about their sexual conflicts only.
D)Therapists openly express their interpretations of clients' thoughts and feelings.

Question 29

What did Freud theorize about events that occur in dreams?

A)They have no connection to the client's real life and thus are irrelevant in therapy.
B)They are symbolic representations of recent events in the client's life.
C)They are logical interpretations of random neural activation.
D)They need to be analyzed by the therapist and interpreted for the client.

Question 30

What is transference, in the context of therapy?

A)when the therapist treats the client as though the client was an important authority figure
B)transferring memories of past traumatic experiences to current dreams
C)when the client makes conscious attempts to hinder the progress of therapy
D)the client's redirection toward the therapist of unconscious emotional reactions originally felt toward others

Question 31

Dr. Paat believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated by bringing unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness. This is consistent with the theories of which of the following?

A)Joseph Wolpe
B)Hans Eysenck
C)Carl Rogers
D)Sigmund Freud

Question 32

Which of the following would Freud consider to be the most direct means of access to the unconscious mind?

A)the content of dreams
B)the client's attempts to hinder the progress of therapy
C)the client's feelings toward the therapist
D)transference

Question 33

In treating an abnormal behaviour, what is a psychoanalyst trying to discover?

A)the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour
B)inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behaviour
C)ways in which the behaviour keeps the client from becoming self-actualized
D)the environmental conditions that are maintaining the behaviour at its current frequency

Question 34

What do psychoanalytic, client-centred, and cognitive therapies have in common?

A)They all require an M.D. degree to practise.
B)They all use drugs as part of the treatment.
C)They all deal with psychotic problems.
D)They all stress insight into the self.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a Freudian technique that is used to bring unconscious material to consciousness?

A)analysis of transference
B)free association
C)dream analysis
D)directed confrontation

Question 36

Belle has her master's degree and she provides counselling and support to patients who have recently received treatment at a mental health facility. Which of the following would Belle most likely describe herself as?

A)a psychiatrist
B)a clinical social worker
C)a psychiatric nurse
D)a counselling psychologist

Question 37

Josie has been in psychotherapy for five years. At the start of each session she describes any dreams that she has had since her last session. Her therapist analyzes the symbolism in these dreams, and helps Josie understand the unconscious conflicts that underlie the dreams. In this case, which approach does Josie's therapist use?

A)psychoanalysis
B)client-centred approach
C)biofeedback therapy
D)rational-emotive therapy

Question 38

What is the term for treating the therapist as though he were a very important person from one's past, such as a parent?

A)frustration
B)resistance
C)reaction formation
D)transference

Question 39

You make an appointment to see a therapist, and as you are waiting, you notice that a large number of the books on the therapist's shelves deal with the work of Sigmund Freud. Which of the following would you expect this therapist to do?

A)emphasize the need to bring unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness
B)help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs
C)provide a supportive emotional environment while allowing you to determine the pace and direction of your therapy
D)use counterconditioning to reverse maladaptive behaviours

Question 40

Which of the following would be an example of transference in psychoanalytic therapy?

A)The patient shifts social roles during the course of therapy.
B)The patient changes the way he feels about people close to him.
C)The patient responds to the therapist as though he or she were the patient's parent.
D)The patient transfers from one stage of analysis to another.

Question 41

Gerry has been diagnosed with depression and is seeing a therapist. His therapist encourages Gerry to think about his strengths, and has asked him to keep a journal in which he notes all the good things that happen to him. Which approach is Gerry's therapist using?

A)positive psychotherapy
B)behavioural therapy
C)systematic desensitization
D)psychoanalysis

Question 42

Emotion-focused couples' therapy is a treatment approach developed by Greenberg and Johnson in which couples are encouraged to identify their needs and express their needs. Which of the following approaches is this therapy based on?

A)existentialist therapy
B)psychoanalysis
C)client-centred therapy
D)cognitive-behavioural therapy

Question 43

What is the key task for the therapist in client-centred therapy?

A)clarification
B)cognitive evaluation
C)behaviour modification
D)interpretation

Question 44

Rogers named his technique "client-centred therapy." What belief was he trying to emphasize with this term?

A)The client is in a position of natural status and authority over the therapist.
B)Clients should play a major role in determining the pace and direction of their therapy.
C)Therapists should always share all of their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with clients.
D)Clients should always be the centre of attention.

Question 45

Dr. Yosef is a psychotherapist who is extremely supportive of all his clients. He encourages his clients to talk about their concerns, and he often acts as a sounding board, restating and clarifying the themes that come to the surface as his clients speak freely about their concerns and problems. Which type of therapist does Dr. Yosef appear to be?

A)a psychoanalyst
B)a therapist who uses existential therapy methods
C)a client-centred therapist
D)a therapist who uses cognitive-behaviourist methods

Question 46

According to Rogers, when does personal distress occur?

A)when a person engages in negative thinking
B)when there is incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality
C)when unconscious conflicts threaten to rise to the surface of conscious awareness
D)when a person is lacking in self-control

Question 47

How does the psychoanalytic therapist deal with transference?

A)by allowing the patient to work through the associated feelings
B)by moving to a new topic for discussion
C)by ignoring the diversion and recentering on the real problem
D)by modelling new behaviour for the client

Question 48

After several months of psychoanalysis, Andy begins to feel intensely angry with his therapist, although the therapist has been consistently warm and supportive. How would a psychoanalyst interpret Andy's feelings?

A)They are a result of sudden insight about some childhood experience.
B)They are due to a misinterpretation of the therapist's behaviour.
C)They are signs of an impending psychosis.
D)They are a result of transference.

Question 49

In therapy, Sarah is learning to appreciate the little things in her life and to focus on personal growth. Which of the following theoretical approaches is consistent with this type of therapy?

A)psychodynamic theory
B)structuralism
C)behaviourism
D)positive psychology

Question 50

Charlene is talking with her father, and she confesses that she lied about where she had been on the weekend. Her father tells Charlene that he loves her, but that he doesn't approve of her lying. According to Carl Rogers, which quality does Charlene's father display?

A)validity
B)unconditional positive regard
C)selective abstraction
D)empathy

Question 51

Which of the following statements best represents the approach of a client-centred therapist in treating a chronically anxious client?

A)"Let's see if we can identify the irrational beliefs that are producing your anxiety."
B)"So, you feel that your world is a very scary place to be."
C)"Let's look for ways in which you might actually be benefiting from your anxiety."
D)"Do you feel that your mother adequately met your need for emotional support when you were a child?"

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics that Carl Rogers believes is necessary in client-centred therapy to encourage client growth?

A)genuineness
B)empathy
C)unconditional positive regard
D)directedness

Question 53

Client: "I've had a bad week. I'm really down." Therapist: "You've had some unpleasant experiences lately and are feeling quite depressed as a result." What is the therapist's statement in this interaction intended to communicate to the client?

A)unconditional positive regard
B)empathy
C)disapproval
D)genuineness

Question 54

What was the basis for Carl Rogers's client-centred therapy?

A)behaviourist tradition
B)psychoanalytic tradition
C)humanistic tradition
D)cognitive tradition

Question 55

Which of the following is a primary goal of client-centred therapy?

A)to help clients achieve a greater understanding of how long-repressed childhood conflicts can affect their adult behaviour
B)to help clients realize they don't have to worry constantly about approval from others
C)to change the ways clients think
D)to modify clients' maladaptive behaviour patterns

Question 56

Jorge has been in psychotherapy for several months. When he first started therapy Jorge had a very positive relationship with his therapist. However, over the past two weeks he has shown increasing hostility, and he often yells and becomes threatening when his therapist offers her interpretations of the things that Jorge says during therapy. According to Freud, what does Jorge's behaviour represent?

A)evidence of defensive neurosis
B)evidence that his psychological problems are worsening
C)a sign of transference
D)a sign of repressed free association

Question 57

Tasha has been in psychotherapy for just over a year. Lately she has started to express a strong sexual desire for her therapist. Unconsciously she is acting toward him the way she wishes she could act toward her own husband. According to Freud, what does Tasha's behaviour represent?

A)transference
B)resistance
C)free association
D)defensive neurosis

Question 58

Which therapeutic technique focuses on providing a supportive emotional climate for clients, who in turn play a major role in determining the pace and direction of therapy?

A)psychoanalytic therapy
B)client-centred therapy
C)rational-emotive therapy
D)Gestalt therapy

Question 59

Lance tells his therapist, "My whole world is a mess and nobody cares for me or is concerned about what happens to me." Lance's therapist knows that he has many friends who are concerned about him, but she tells him, "I understand why you might feel that way right now, and it must be difficult for you to deal with your feelings of abandonment." In this interaction, what quality does Lance's therapist display?

A)clarification
B)unconditional positive regard
C)empathy
D)genuineness

Question 60

Dr. Benz always tries to be honest with her clients, and she never becomes defensive, even if the clients ridicule her feedback or her methods of therapy. According to Carl Rogers, which quality does Dr. Benz display in dealing with her clients?

A)empathy
B)unconditional positive regard
C)genuineness
D)validity

Question 61

What is the most important thing for group members to do in group therapy?

A)reduce both transference and resistance
B)challenge one another's false belief structures
C)increase conformity and compliance
D)provide acceptance and emotional support

Question 62

With regard to psychological disorders, what does spontaneous remission refer to?

A)failure to recover despite extensive treatment
B)recovery from a disorder that occurs as a result of formal treatment
C)sudden recurrence of a disorder in a client who had apparently been cured
D)recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment

Question 63

Which of the following would be a behaviour therapist's major concern in treating an abnormal behaviour?

A)the inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behaviour
B)the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour
C)how situational factors are evoking the troublesome behaviour
D)the ways in which the behaviour keeps the client from becoming self-actualized

Question 64

What is common in virtually all forms of insight therapy which produce positive outcomes?

A)Clients experience spontaneous remission.
B)Therapists provide tangible support for the client.
C)Drug therapy is used to supplement the insight therapy.
D)Insight therapy is combined with another form of therapy.

Question 65

Which statement about group therapy is least accurate?

A)The therapist may share his or her personal experiences and feelings with the group.
B)Therapy groups typically consist of 4 to 15 participants.
C)Group participants essentially function as therapists for each other.
D)Group therapy is typically more expensive than individual therapy.

Question 66

What is the term for recovery from a disorder without formal treatment?

A)reified recovery
B)placebo effect
C)countertransference
D)spontaneous remission

Question 67

From where does behaviour therapy derive its principles?

A)psychodynamic theories that posit a protective purpose for behaviour
B)research by B. F. Skinner, Hans Eysenck, and Joseph Wolpe
C)the wholistic perspective of Gestalt psychology
D)cognitive research into fundamental errors in thought

Question 68

Carolyn worked for the same company for 12 years. Six months ago the company closed down. Carolyn had been feeling extremely depressed over the loss of her job, and she had considered seeing a therapist for help with her depression. However, for the past week she has been feeling much better, and has decided that she doesn't need professional treatment after all. In this case, what appears to have happened to Carolyn?

A)personal insight
B)placebo effect
C)transference
D)spontaneous remission

Question 69

When Brett was only six years old, his older sister hid in his closet, then unexpectedly jumped out and scared him when he came into his dark bedroom. Brett is still terrified of the dark even as an adult. Based on principles of classical conditioning, what is Brett's fear of the dark?

A)a result of counterconditioning
B)an unconditioned response
C)a conditioned response
D)a result of observational learning

Question 70

Given the results of studies that have examined the effectiveness of insight therapy, which portion of therapy tends to result in the greatest improvement?

A)The first 13-18 sessions of therapy.
B)Any portion of therapy that shows evidence of transference.
C)The latter portions of therapy, after approximately 20 weeks of treatment.
D)The therapy portion that follows the onset of drug treatment.

Question 71

Dr. Stroetz believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated if clients' vague complaints are translated into concrete behavioural goals. Knowing this, you might expect that Dr. Stroetz's bookshelves contain a large number of books written by which authors?

A)Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
B)Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis
C)B. F. Skinner and Joseph Wolpe
D)Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Question 72

According to behaviour therapists, how should pathological behaviours be viewed?

A)They should be viewed as the expression of an unconscious sexual or aggressive conflict.
B)They are signs of an underlying emotional or cognitive problem.
C)They can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of conditioning.
D)They are the product of irrational thinking.

Question 73

You make an appointment to see a therapist and, as you are waiting, you notice that a large number of the books on the therapist's shelves deal with the work of Joseph Wolpe. What should you expect from this therapist?

A)He will emphasize the need to bring unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness.
B)He will help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs.
C)He will use counterconditioning to reduce anxiety responses.
D)He will provide a supportive emotional environment while allowing you to determine the pace and direction of your therapy.

Question 74

What type of conditioning is the basis for systematic desensitization?

A)instrumental
B)classical
C)operant
D)aversive

Question 75

What does behaviour therapy require?

A)The client must passively accept suggestions for change.
B)The client's vague complaints must be translated into concrete behavioural goals.
C)The client must develop insight into his or her irrational thought processes.
D)The client's concrete complaints must be translated into abstract constructs.

Question 76

If you think about a snake phobia in classical conditioning terms, what term is used to describe the sight of the snake?

A)unconditioned response
B)conditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 77

What is the basic learning principle used in Wolpe's systematic desensitization?

A)operant conditioning
B)counterconditioning
C)negative reinforcement
D)positive reinforcement

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT among the advantages of group therapy?

A)It provides an opportunity for participants to work on social skills in a safe environment.
B)Participants often come to realize that their misery is not unique.
C)Certain kinds of problems are especially well-suited to group treatment.
D)It produces a significantly higher recovery rate than individual therapy.

Question 79

If you are evaluating clients' subjective ratings of changes in their feelings, measures of clients' behavioural changes, and therapists' subjective ratings of changes in clients' adaptive functioning, what are you trying to measure?

A)personality differences among clients
B)effectiveness of therapy
C)placebo effects
D)therapists' professional competence

Question 80

Joseph Wolpe launched behaviour therapy in 1958. Which technique did he develop?

A)aversion therapy
B)systematic desensitization
C)token economy
D)social skills training