Deck 16: B: Social Behaviour

Question 1

Tammy believes that Shane did well on the midterm because the professor really likes Shane's ideas. Which of the following is most clearly illustrated by Tammy's belief?

A)an external attribution
B)an unstable attribution
C)an internal attribution
D)a stable attribution

Answer 1

an external attribution

Question 2

Which term is defined as widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group?

A)person perception
B)social schemas
C)stereotypes
D)prejudice

Answer 2

stereotypes

Question 3

Which of the following is a reason evolutionary psychologists propose to explain the biases associated with person perception?

A)Physical attractiveness was associated primarily with friends and not foes.
B)There was an ancestral need to make rapid judgments about outgroup members.
C)Physical attractiveness was associated with the youthfulness of males.
D)There was an ancestral need to carefully evaluate the behaviour of others.

Answer 3

There was an ancestral need to make rapid judgments about outgroup members.

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a factor that directly influences person perception?

A)social schemas
B)physical appearance
C)conformity
D)stereotypes

Question 5

If many Americans were to believe that all Canadians are terrorists, what would the belief be called?

A)person perception
B)an attribution
C)a stereotype
D)a logical assumption

Question 6

What is person perception?

A)inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour and the behaviour of others
B)positive feelings toward another person
C)the process of forming impressions of others
D)widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

Question 7

According to social psychologists, what is attribution?

A)widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group
B)inferences that people draw about the causes of their own behaviour and the behaviour of others
C)the process of forming impressions of others
D)positive feelings toward another person

Question 8

Jane's eight-year-old son brought a note home from school stating that he was involved in a fight at recess. Which statement is an example of an external attribution that Jane might make to explain her son's behaviour?

A)"The other child probably started the fight and her son was protecting himself."
B)"He always gets in fights."
C)"He probably couldn't help himself since he doesn't have much self-control."
D)"He's just like his father."

Question 9

After travelling across Canada for several months and interacting with a wide variety of people, Sven tells his friends back home in Sweden that all Canadians are incredibly polite. He also says that he's positive that any of the rude people he met were not Canadians. What does this example illustrate?

A)a logical assumption
B)an illusory correlation
C)a defensive attribution
D)self-serving bias

Question 10

Which term is defined as organized clusters of ideas about categories of people?

A)stereotypes
B)prejudice
C)person perception
D)social schemas

Question 11

Which statement concerning stereotypes is false?

A)Stereotypes are frequently broad overgeneralizations.
B)All social schemas are stereotypes.
C)Stereotyping is a normal cognitive process.
D)Common stereotypes are based on gender, ethnicity, and occupation.

Question 12

Jill assumes her new biology professor is probably studious and somewhat introverted just like her other professors. What is Jill's assumption based on?

A)a logical assumption
B)a social schema
C)an attribution
D)a prejudicial assumption

Question 13

Which branch of psychology is concerned with the way individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by others?

A)social
B)individual
C)abnormal
D)cultural

Question 14

Which statement reflects a clear internal attribution?

A)He went along with the crowd.
B)He did what he felt was right.
C)He did what he had to do.
D)Something got the best of him.

Question 15

In evolutionary theory, what is the term for a group that we do not belong to or identify with?

A)subculture
B)affiliative
C)outgroup
D)maladapted group

Question 16

Shane believes that Tammy failed the midterm because she couldn't grasp the course material. What is most clearly illustrated by Shane's belief?

A)an internal attribution
B)an external attribution
C)an unstable attribution
D)a stable attribution

Question 17

Tom believes that college football players are "dumb jocks" so when he meets a football player Tom interacts with him in a way that doesn't allow the football player to display his intelligence. What does this example illustrate?

A)discrimination
B)defensive attribution
C)self-fulfilling prophesy
D)self-serving bias

Question 18

One of your friends brings her cousin Eric to a party. Eric is very attractive. Which traits are you likely to attribute to Eric?

A)arrogant and competent or smart
B)conceited and incompetent or dumb
C)sexy and incompetent or dumb
D)friendly and competent or smart

Question 19

Based on the results of Bargh's studies on primed stereotypes, which of the following primes would likely lead people to improve their performance on a spelling test?

A)presentation of words associated with intelligence, like "professor" and "clever"
B)presentation of misspelled words, like "boifrend" and "strayned"
C)presentation of unusual words, like "myopia" and "skink"
D)presentation of long words, like "marmalade" and "frequency"

Question 20

Which of the following is believed of people who are physically attractive, compared to less attractive people?

A)They are more friendly, well adjusted, and competent.
B)They are more conceited, insecure, and less competent.
C)They are more sociable, poised, and less competent.
D)They are more arrogant, insecure, and competent.

Question 21

What does a person demonstrate when she has a tendency to attribute her success to her skills and her failure to bad luck?

A)defensive attribution
B)the fundamental attribution bias
C)the self-effacing bias
D)the self-serving bias

Question 22

If Mike and Fred both exhibit the same behaviours, what type of factor will Mike tend to attribute his own behaviour to?

A)situational
B)internal
C)defensive
D)dispositional

Question 23

What is demonstrated by an individual who has a tendency to blame victims for their misfortune, so that the individual feels less likely to be victimized in a similar way?

A)a rationalization attribution
B)the self-serving bias
C)the self-effacing bias
D)a defensive attribution

Question 24

You see on the news that a local high school athlete just received a university scholarship to play basketball while none of his teammates received scholarships. If you believe he received a scholarship due to his outstanding natural ability, what kind of attribution are you making?

A)external-unstable
B)internal-stable
C)internal-unstable
D)external-stable

Question 25

According to the self-serving bias, when do people tend to make external attributions?

A)when they are confident
B)when they are learning a new task
C)when they fail
D)when they succeed

Question 26

Stella and Andre have been a couple for several years. Their love is characterized by warm feelings and affection. They enjoy spending time together and describe themselves as lovers and friends. Which term best describes Stella and Andre's love?

A)attached love
B)companionate love
C)mature love
D)passionate love

Question 27

Nicole tends to attribute her friends' behaviour to their personalities, rather than to the situations that they are in. What type of error does Nicole tend to make?

A)the fundamental attribution error
B)the self-effacing error
C)the signal detection error
D)the self-serving error

Question 28

Kerry says that anyone who loses money on an internet scam must be an idiot. He knows that he would never be taken advantage of like that. Which of the following is best illustrated by Kerry's belief?

A)the self-serving bias
B)the fundamental attribution error
C)defensive attribution
D)offensive attribution

Question 29

According to Bernard Weiner, when people make attributions for success and failure, which type of causes of behaviour do people tend to focus on?

A)internal-external
B)unique-common
C)stable-unstable
D)optimistic-pessimistic

Question 30

Which of the following proposes that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness will select each other as partners?

A)similarity hypothesis
B)matching hypothesis
C)reciprocity effect
D)least-common-denominator effect

Question 31

As Serena enters a homeless shelter seeking help, she looks around at the other people who are staying there and thinks, "I don't want to be here. These people are lazy and dangerous." Even though Serena requires the assistance of the shelter, she doesn't see herself as being similar to the other people who are in the same situation. Which of the following is this consistent with?

A)internal, stable attributions for behaviour
B)actor-observer bias
C)ingroup versus outgroup distinctions
D)external, unstable attributions for behaviour

Question 32

According to the fundamental attribution error, what explanation would you likely use when an acquaintance fails an exam?

A)bias of the professor
B)lack of intelligence
C)difficulty of the exam
D)complexity of the subject matter

Question 33

Which type of love involves a romantic relationship characterized by high levels of commitment and intimacy?

A)mature love
B)companionate love
C)passionate love
D)erotic love

Question 34

Which of the following couples is likely to be most happy?

A)Tim and Tina, who have very different interests and skills
B)Dawn and Dan, who are the same age
C)Lesley and Lee, who are not very attractive
D)Sam, who is average looking, and Sally, who is very attractive

Question 35

If Mike and Fred both exhibit the same behaviours, what type of factor will Mike tend to attribute Fred's behaviour to?

A)situational
B)defensive
C)external
D)dispositional

Question 36

Although physical attractiveness strongly influences interpersonal attraction, many individuals of average and below-average attractiveness are involved in long-term relationships. What hypothesis explains this apparent paradox?

A)companionate love hypothesis
B)matching hypothesis
C)similarity hypothesis
D)least-common-denominator hypothesis

Question 37

Which type of love is characterized by a couple's complete absorption in one another and includes strong emotions and tender sexual feelings?

A)committed love
B)intimate love
C)companionate love
D)passionate love

Question 38

In regards to interpersonal attraction, which saying is most accurate?

A)Birds of a feather flock together.
B)Opposites attract.
C)He who hesitates is lost.
D)To know me is to love me.

Question 39

As a result of the fundamental attribution error, if you observe a construction worker relaxing under a tree, what would you be most likely to conclude about that worker?

A)He is taking a break because it is hot and humid today.
B)He was fired.
C)He is lazy.
D)He is taking his scheduled work break.

Question 40

Which statement concerning cultural variations in attribution is false?

A)The self-serving bias may be more prevalent in Western societies.
B)People from collectivist societies appear to be more likely to make the fundamental attribution error.
C)People from collectivist societies are more likely to assume behaviour reflects conformity to group norms.
D)Japanese individuals tend to exhibit a self-effacing bias.

Question 41

Angela has a strong negative attitude about a sports team. Which statement illustrates the cognitive component of her attitude?

A)She believes that the team encourages cheating.
B)She says horrible things about the team to her friends.
C)She changes the channel when she sees the team on TV.
D)She gets very angry when she sees the team logo.

Question 42

In many cultures, what key element is associated with physical attractiveness?

A)facial symmetry
B)body type
C)height
D)hair colour

Question 43

Which statement concerning cultural variations regarding marriage relationships is false?

A)People from collectivist societies say that romantic love is very important in marriage.
B)Arranged marriages are common in collectivist societies.
C)Cultures vary in the emphasis placed on passionate love.
D)Cultures are often similar in what traits people look for in a potential mate.

Question 44

Larry thinks poorly of a particular political party. According to a social psychologist, what is the term for Larry's thoughts?

A)opinion
B)preference
C)schema
D)attitude

Question 45

Which of the following is influenced by the expertise and trustworthiness of the source of a persuasive communication?

A)credibility
B)likability
C)honesty
D)message

Question 46

According to Sternberg, which component of love peaks early in a relationship and then decreases?

A)passion
B)commitment
C)playfulness
D)intimacy

Question 47

Rene is very involved in his community and has a strong attitude concerning the mayor of his city. Which of the following statements illustrates the affective component of Rene's attitude concerning the mayor?

A)He believes the mayor has many important issues to deal with in the upcoming year.
B)He volunteers to make phone calls on election day for the mayor's campaign.
C)He feels proud when the mayor represents his city at the provincial capital.
D)He believes the mayor has initiated some excellent programs.

Question 48

According to the perspective that views romantic love as attachment, which type of attachment predicts the pattern or form of your intimate relationships in adulthood?

A)attachment to caregivers in infancy
B)attachment to the first romantic partner in adolescence
C)attachment to peers in childhood
D)attachment to role models in childhood

Question 49

Denise genuinely believes that she is very egalitarian and that she treats people equally. When she interacts with people who dress shabbily, however, she doesn't smile very much and she avoids eye contact with them. Which of the following is illustrated by Denise's behaviour around shabbily-dressed people?

A)an expectancy
B)an implicit attitude
C)a self-fulfilling prophesy
D)a stereotype

Question 50

Ted has a strong positive attitude about his university. Which statement illustrates the behavioural component of his attitude?

A)He volunteers his time to the university as a student ambassador.
B)He believes that his university has higher standards than other schools.
C)He feels a sense of pride associated with being a student at his university.
D)He dislikes the sports teams associated with other universities.

Question 51

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to inconsistencies between attitudes and behaviour?

A)Often, attitudes are measured in general ways while the predicted behaviours are usually specific.
B)People tend to be deceptive in describing their attitudes and honest in describing their behaviour.
C)Situational constraints influence behaviour.
D)Many behaviours occur spontaneously and are not products of thoughtful deliberation.

Question 52

Which type of attachment is exhibited by adults who experience love relationships that are volatile and marked by jealousy, and reflect expectations of rejection?

A)immature attachment
B)secure attachment
C)avoidant attachment
D)anxious-ambivalent attachment

Question 53

Denise genuinely believes that she is very egalitarian and that she treats people equally. When she interacts with people who dress shabbily, however, she doesn't smile very much and she avoids eye contact with them. Which of the following is illustrated by Denise's belief that she is egalitarian?

A)a self-serving bias
B)a self-fulfilling prophesy
C)an explicit attitude
D)an implicit attitude

Question 54

David has a friend he met through an online forum. They talk online on a regular basis about mutual interests and they regularly provide social support and advice for each other. Which of the following is likely to be true about David's friendship?

A)It is superficial and likely to be based on deceptive statements.
B)It prevents David from developing in-person friendships.
C)It is more genuine and free of bias compared to an in-person relationship.
D)It is equally as strong as a face-to-face friendship would be.

Question 55

What are the four basic elements involved in persuasion?

A)credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, likeability
B)force, suggestion, coercion, demonstration
C)conformity, obedience, suggestibility, reception
D)message, channel, source, receiver

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT one of the major components of an attitude?

A)cognitive
B)affective
C)behavioural
D)perceptual

Question 57

In persuasion, what is the term for the person who sends or conveys the communication?

A)medium
B)transmitter
C)source
D)spokesperson

Question 58

What was demonstrated in Richard LaPiere's study from the 1930s concerning whether restaurants would serve a Chinese couple?

A)Attitudes did predict behaviour very well.
B)Attitudes did not predict behaviour very well.
C)Attitudes did predict behaviour and behaviour did predict attitudes.
D)While attitudes did predict behaviour, behaviour did not predict attitudes.

Question 59

According to evolutionary psychologists, what is the basis for sex differences in attitudes toward relationships?

A)Men and women can't ever truly understand each other, and make inaccurate assumptions.
B)Social status and resource availability will dictate which sex has "power" in relationships.
C)Social roles differ for males and females, and this leads to different expectations.
D)Males and females differ in terms of how much each sex must invest in offspring.

Question 60

Leslie tends to engage in sex to reduce her feelings of insecurity and to enhance the closeness of her relationship. Which type of attachment style does this reflect?

A)manipulative attachment
B)secure attachment
C)avoidant attachment
D)anxious-ambivalent attachment

Question 61

Imagine that you are writing a "persuasive speech" for your public speaking course. Currently, you have two strong and three weak arguments to support your position. Which of the following changes to your speech would be most likely to negatively impact the overall effect of your speech?

A)adding another strong argument
B)adding another weak argument
C)removing two of the weak arguments
D)removing one of the weak arguments

Question 62

A person experiences an unpleasant state of tension when related attitudes or beliefs are inconsistent or contradict each other. Which of the following explains this discomfort?

A)cognitive dissonance theory
B)the elaboration likelihood model
C)the persuasion model
D)observational learning

Question 63

A small public relations firm has four employees who are all opposed to the death penalty (anti-death penalty). Which employee would be most likely to change his attitude concerning the death penalty?

A)Dane, who writes a brief pro-death penalty piece for a client and is paid
B)Bryce, who writes a brief anti-death penalty piece for a client and is paid
C)Ammon, who writes a brief anti-death penalty piece as a favour for a friend
D)Collin, who writes a brief pro-death penalty piece as a favour for a friend

Question 64

Which of the following types of arguments are perceived as most credible?

A)one-sided
B)emotion-calming
C)two-sided
D)fear-arousing

Question 65

According to research on the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, which route leads to more enduring attitude change and better predicts future behaviour?

A)peripheral route
B)central route
C)objective route
D)subjective route

Question 66

When soft-drink companies provide money to charity events in exchange for having the company logo displayed all over the event, which persuasive tactic is being used?

A)validity effect
B)mere exposure effect
C)forewarning
D)enhancing credibility

Question 67

According to Daryl Bem's self-perception theory, what is the relationship between attitudes and behaviour?

A)People develop cognitive dissonance when exhibiting counter-attitudinal behaviour.
B)People infer their attitudes from their behaviour.
C)People reduce cognitive dissonance when exhibiting counter-attitudinal behaviour.
D)People change their behaviour to reflect their attitudes.

Question 68

While at the dentist, six-year-old Alex listens as his mom tells the dentist she flosses her teeth daily. Alex notices that the dentist complimented his mom on her behaviour. As a result of this brief encounter, which of the following would predict that Alex will develop a favourable attitude toward flossing?

A)operant conditioning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)appetitive conditioning

Question 69

Imagine a popular star baseball player with many endorsement contracts for sports drinks, athletic apparel, and personal care products is arrested for hitting his pregnant wife. Which of the following consequences might cause companies to cancel his endorsement contracts?

A)His likability would decrease.
B)His baseball performance would decline.
C)His stress levels would increase.
D)His expertise would be questioned.

Question 70

In Festinger and Carlsmith's classic study of cognitive dissonance, which group of subjects experienced both a high level of cognitive dissonance and exhibited more attitude change?

A)subjects who were offered $20 to "lie" and refused the offer
B)subjects who were offered $1 to "lie" and accepted the offer
C)subjects who were offered $1 to "lie" and refused the offer
D)subjects who were offered $20 to "lie" and accepted the offer

Question 71

Which component of attitudes is most directly associated with the application of classical conditioning principles?

A)perceptual
B)affective
C)negative
D)cognitive

Question 72

A used-car salesman is trying to persuade a customer to buy a specific car because, "It is a fine car at a great price." Which characteristic related to the effectiveness of persuasion will be most helpful?

A)The salesman has many years of experience.
B)The salesman is very friendly.
C)The salesman knows comparative information concerning other cars.
D)The salesman is perceived as trustworthy.

Question 73

In persuasion, what is the term for the information that is transmitted?

A)medium
B)message
C)sales pitch
D)argument

Question 74

According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, what is it called when people ponder the content and logic of persuasive messages?

A)peripheral route
B)objective route
C)central route
D)subjective route

Question 75

The weekend before the local election, you volunteer to visit every house in a three-block area of town and talk to the residents about voting for your candidate. Which of the following individuals would you be least likely to persuade?

A)someone who was undecided and did not expect you to visit
B)someone who was undecided and expected you to visit
C)someone who was planning to vote for another candidate and expected you to visit
D)someone who was planning to vote for another candidate and did not expect you to visit

Question 76

According to dissonance theory, how do people usually reduce dissonance?

A)by changing their perceptions
B)by changing their emotions
C)by changing their cognitions
D)by changing their behaviours

Question 77

Which component of persuasion would be enhanced if an advertiser chose to use doctors and dentists to promote their vitamin supplements?

A)likability
B)trustworthiness
C)attractiveness
D)expertise

Question 78

According to the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change, what is it called when persuasion depends on factors such as the attractiveness and credibility of the source or emotional responses by the receiver?

A)objective route
B)peripheral route
C)central route
D)subjective route

Question 79

If you are going to attempt to use fear to persuade someone, which characteristic of the feared consequence should you emphasize?

A)It is associated with either physical or mental illness.
B)It is essentially unavoidable.
C)It is unpredictable.
D)It is avoidable if the target audience follows your advice.

Question 80

Emily spent several hours completing a long application to join an honour society at her university. If she is accepted for membership, the initiation fee will be $100. Emily wonders how she could manage to pay the $100 out of her already overextended budget. Emily is accepted into the honour society and pays the initiation fee. Which of the following will Emily likely to do afterward?

A)be relatively neutral about the honour society
B)quit the honour society almost immediately
C)feel very positive about being a member of the society
D)regret that she joined the honour society