Deck 10: A: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

What is the foremost motivation for all organisms, according to drive theorists?

A)maintain homeostasis
B)ensure their own survival and the survival of their species
C)achieve self-actualization
D)experience as much pleasant stimulation as possible

Answer 1

maintain homeostasis

Question 2

What is the term for an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour?

A)drive
B)incentive
C)expectancy
D)homeostatic mechanism

Answer 2

incentive

Question 3

Rita has just finished a large meal at her favourite restaurant. Although she is quite full, when the waiter brings the dessert tray, she orders a piece of chocolate cheesecake. Which of the following theories of motivation is Rita's behaviour is least consistent with?

A)self-awareness
B)drive
C)expectancy-value
D)incentive

Answer 3

drive

Question 4

What do the following have in common: achievement, autonomy, play, and dominance?

A)They are all social needs.
B)They are all biological needs.
C)They are all drives.
D)They are all social-based biological motives.

Question 5

Imogene grew up in a small town in northern England, Dexter grew up in a large city in West Germany. What should you expect about their various needs?

A)They have the same biological needs, but different social needs.
B)They have the same social needs, but different biological needs.
C)They have the same biological and social needs.
D)They have different biological and social needs.

Question 6

How many biological needs are identified within most motivation theories, according to K. B. Madsen?

A)fewer than 5
B)10-15
C)25-30
D)more than 40

Question 7

Patrick ate a large breakfast. When he arrived for his 8:00 a.m. class, the student next to him offered Patrick a large raisin muffin. Even though Patrick was still quite full from breakfast, he ate the muffin that he was offered. Which of the following theories of motivation best explains Patrick's behaviour in this instance?

A)instinctive
B)drive
C)incentive
D)self-awareness

Question 8

Food-deprived rats will learn a new response if given non-nutritive, saccharine-sweetened water as a reward. Thus, the sweet-tasting water is motivating even though no actual hunger reduction takes place. For which of the following theories of motivation is this evidence problematic?

A)sociobiological
B)instinct
C)incentive
D)drive

Question 9

What motive is associated with the need to associate with others and maintain social bonds?

A)sociological
B)affiliation
C)psychosocial
D)competence

Question 10

Psychologists who take an evolutionary view argue that natural selection favours behaviours that maximize which of the following?

A)acquisition of territory
B)self-actualization
C)reproductive success
D)material wealth

Question 11

Rory is hungry and decides to go to the kitchen to make some toast. What is the state that precedes the trip to the kitchen, according to a motivation theorist?

A)fugue
B)drive
C)homeostasis
D)biostate

Question 12

Which of the following is a simple definition of motivation?

A)Motivation is a precursor to dominance.
B)Motivation involves goal-directed behaviour.
C)Motivation includes all voluntary behaviour.
D)Motivation requires intentional behaviour.

Question 13

What state is referred to as homeostasis?

A)psychological stability
B)psychological instability
C)physiological instability
D)physiological stability

Question 14

Expectancy-value models of motivation suggest that a person's actions result from a balance between which of the following factors?

A)person's perception of the goal and of reality
B)strength of the person's drive and size of the reward
C)size of the reward and effort demanded
D)chance of succeeding and value of the incentive

Question 15

Which of the following should we expect when we compare people's various needs, according to motivation theorists?

A)Males and females have quite different biological needs.
B)People are highly varied in both social and biological needs.
C)Children and adults are quite similar in both biological and social needs.
D)People are more similar in biological than in social needs.

Question 16

What is the term for the needs, wants, interests, and desires that lead people to behave in particular ways?

A)deficiencies
B)ideals
C)motives
D)incentives

Question 17

What is a drive?

A)internal state of equilibrium that is nonmotivating
B)internal state of tension that is nonmotivating
C)internal state of equilibrium that is motivating
D)internal state of tension that is motivating

Question 18

Dr. King is studying the effects of gender on motivation to achieve in competitive sports. Her hypothesis is that males should have a greater motivation to win in sports with physical contact because males are genetically predisposed to seek dominance and status using physical prowess, whereas females should have a lower motivation in contact sports, because females are predisposed to base dominance and status on other skills and traits. Which of the following motivational theories is guiding Dr. King's research?

A)drive
B)cognitive
C)organizational
D)evolutionary

Question 19

Which of the following pairs of terms characterizes drive theories and incentive theories of motivation, respectively?

A)sociobiological; sociological
B)push; pull
C)external; internal
D)constrained; unconstrained

Question 20

Which of the following statements regarding human motives is least accurate?

A)Humans have a larger number of social needs than biological needs.
B)Most biological motives reflect survival needs.
C)Everyone shares the same set of social needs.
D)The strength of social needs varies from person to person.

Question 21

When Giselle was in the hospital recently, she received glucose continuously through an intravenous line. What would Giselle have begun to experience as her blood glucose levels started to rise?

A)satiation
B)agitation
C)decreased autonomic arousal
D)thirst

Question 22

What does an organism experience if you experimentally decrease its blood glucose levels?

A)increase in general arousal
B)decrease in hunger
C)decrease in general arousal
D)increase in hunger

Question 23

Which of the following states are you in if you are currently secreting both insulin and ghrelin?

A)hunger
B)thirst
C)anxiety
D)sexual arousal

Question 24

Which of the following manipulations would you employ if you wanted to use the phenomenon of sensory-specific satiety to alter your food intake?

A)Change the colour of your dining room.
B)Alter the variety of foods served at each meal.
C)Change the size of the bowls you eat from.
D)Alter the times of day that you eat.

Question 25

In which area of the brain does information about the body's levels of leptin, CCK, insulin and ghrelin converge?

A)olfactory lobe
B)prefrontal cortex
C)cerebellum
D)hypothalamus

Question 26

What should you expect if laboratory rats have artificially reduced levels of insulin, based on the interaction between glucose levels and insulin levels in the body?

A)They will stop eating and lose weight.
B)They will show an increase in activity in the ventromedial hypothalamus.
C)They will stop eating, but still gain weight.
D)They will tend to overeat and gain weight.

Question 27

What did Cannon and Washburn propose as the cause of hunger?

A)lack of food
B)stomach contractions
C)changes in leptin levels
D)low blood sugar

Question 28

Which of the following statements regarding the role of insulin in hunger is least accurate?

A)Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas.
B)Insulin is secreted primarily when the stomach is full.
C)Increased insulin secretion causes increased hunger.
D)Insulin must be present for cells to utilize glucose.

Question 29

What typically happens to animals that have lesions in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus?

A)They overeat and become obese.
B)They go for days without sleep.
C)They lose all interest in sex.
D)They ignore food and often starve.

Question 30

In general, which of the following do contemporary theories regarding brain regulation of hunger tend to focus on?

A)anatomical centres
B)overall size of the brain
C)neural circuits
D)amount of electrical activity in the hindbrain

Question 31

What does an organism experience if you experimentally increase its blood glucose levels?

A)decrease in general arousal
B)decrease in hunger
C)increase in general arousal
D)increase in hunger

Question 32

How do ghrelin and CCK influence hunger?

A)Ghrelin and CCK both suppress hunger.
B)Ghrelin suppresses hunger and CCK stimulates hunger.
C)Ghrelin stimulates hunger and CCK suppresses hunger.
D)Ghrelin and CCK both stimulate hunger.

Question 33

Which of the following represents current thinking about the role of various areas of the hypothalamus for regulation of hunger?

A)The lateral and ventromedial portions of the hypothalamus are parts of the neural circuit, but that circuit originates in the cortex.
B)The lateral and ventromedial portions of the hypothalamus are parts of the neural circuit, but the paraventricular nucleus may play a larger role.
C)The lateral hypothalamus is the off-switch and the ventromedial hypothalamus is the on-switch.
D)The lateral hypothalamus is the on-switch and the ventromedial hypothalamus is the off-switch.

Question 34

Which of the following manipulations could help you with a goal to reduce the amount of food that you eat at a meal?

A)Serve only one type of food.
B)Place foods on the table in larger bowls than usual.
C)Serve better tasting food.
D)Eat in the presence of a lot of other people.

Question 35

Which of the following statements best reflects the current view regarding the role of leptin in hunger regulation?

A)Leptin levels apparently regulate the hunger centres located in the stomach.
B)An excessive amount of leptin in the brain has been associated with obesity in rats.
C)When leptin levels are high, hunger tends to be reduced.
D)The presence of leptin in the bloodstream tends to increase feelings of hunger.

Question 36

In which of the following brain regions would you expect to find neurons that are sensitive to changes in blood glucose?

A)parahippocampal gyrus
B)medial temporal lobe
C)arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
D)prefrontal cortex

Question 37

Dr. McCardle has implanted an electrode in the hypothalamus of a rat. When the rat's brain is electrically stimulated, the rat stops eating. The electrode is most likely activating which area of the hypothalamus?

A)parvocellular
B)lateral
C)magnocellular
D)ventromedial

Question 38

A laboratory rat has had part of its hypothalamus destroyed by lesioning. The rat doesn't seem to know when to stop eating and has ballooned to several times its normal size. In this case, which area of the hypothalamus would you expect to be damaged?

A)lateral
B)ventromedial
C)magnocellular
D)parvocellular

Question 39

What is a primary control mechanism for the regulation of hunger, according to glucostatic theory?

A)levels of glucose in the blood
B)levels of cholecystokinin in the bloodstream
C)numbers of lipids in the liver
D)numbers of metabolites in the pancreas

Question 40

Dr. Linzle has implanted an electrode in the hypothalamus of a rat. When the rat's brain is electrically stimulated, the rat starts to eat again, even if it has just finished a large meal. What area of the hypothalamus is likely being activated?

A)magnocellular
B)ventromedial
C)lateral
D)parvocellular

Question 41

What is suggested by the fact that the correlation in weight between identical twins reared apart is higher than that between fraternal twins reared together?

A)Weight is influenced more by genetics than by environmental factors.
B)Weight is influenced more by environmental factors than by genetics.
C)Weight is affected equally by genetics and environmental factors.
D)Weight not affected by either genetics or environmental factors.

Question 42

What do recent surveys suggest about the incidence of obesity in Canada since 1996?

A)It has decreased.
B)It has remained constant.
C)It has virtually disappeared.
D)It has increased.

Question 43

How does the presence of others affect eating, according to Herman and Polivy's inhibitory norm model?

A)It always inhibits the rate of eating, unless the others are family members.
B)It increases the rate of disordered eating in vulnerable individuals.
C)It always enhances the rate of eating.
D)It generally inhibits eating, but in some situations may increase eating behaviour.

Question 44

What does set point theory suggest about set point and weight change?

A)Those with a low set point will have the hardest time losing weight.
B)Those with a high set point will often lose any weight they gain.
C)Those with a low set point will often regain any weight they lose.
D)Those with a high set point will often regain any weight they lose.

Question 45

Which of the following is most accurate regarding the roles of genetic predispositions and learning for flavour preferences?

A)At birth, we have a preference for only high-fat foods; other preferences are learned.
B)Flavour preferences are innate, and change across the lifespan only due to maturation.
C)Flavour preferences are entirely learned, and dependent upon degree of exposure.
D)Some flavour preferences are innate but learning modifies our preferences.

Question 46

What does the body monitor, according to set-point theory?

A)level of glucose in the bloodstream
B)level of fat stores
C)activity of the hypothalamus
D)basal metabolic rate

Question 47

Which of the following groups of Canadians seems to have the lowest levels of exercise?

A)children in the top income brackets
B)urban individuals with low income
C)rural adults
D)women who are stay-at-home parents

Question 48

Which of the following statements regarding the influence of stress on eating behaviour is least accurate?

A)Stress leads to increased eating in a substantial portion of people.
B)Stress-induced eating appears to be more common among men than among women.
C)It appears to be stress-induced arousal rather than stress itself that stimulates eating.
D)It is essentially a myth that stress is associated with increased eating.

Question 49

What does the set point for body weight refer to?

A)the lowest possible weight at which the person can survive
B)a person's current weight
C)the highest weight the person can attain by unrestricted eating
D)a person's natural point of stability in body weight

Question 50

What has happened to the rate of obesity in Canada in the last two decades?

A)It has dropped to 15 percent below the American rate.
B)It has remained constant.
C)It has doubled.
D)It has increased 15 percent over the American rate.

Question 51

Juan has been obese for most of his life, maintaining a very high body weight that did not seem to fluctuate much over time. Juan changed his diet and dramatically increased his exercise level, and subsequently lost a lot of weight. Over the next few years, Juan maintained his new, lower, body weight. Which of the following theories best accounts for this type of example?

A)lipostatic theory
B)set-point theory
C)glucostatic theory
D)settling-point theory

Question 52

Which of the following concepts best explains the behaviour of a person who believes she has cheated on a diet, and then proceeds to go on an eating binge because "I've already blown my diet anyway"?

A)genetic predisposition
B)reaction range
C)set point
D)dietary restraint

Question 53

What does set point depend on, according to theorists?

A)bone structure
B)number of fat cells
C)activity level
D)current body weight

Question 54

What have researchers found about adoptees during adoption studies designed to examine the role of genetic disposition in obesity?

A)They were halfway between the two sets of parents in weight.
B)They were more like their adoptive parents in weight.
C)They were more like their biological parents in weight.
D)They did not resemble either set of parents in weight.

Question 55

When does weight remain stable according to settling-point theory?

A)when the individual is healthy
B)when the individual gradually increases food intake across the lifespan
C)when the individual gradually decreases food intake across the lifespan
D)when there are no durable changes in any of the factors that influence it

Question 56

Increases in the rate of obesity in modern industrialized societies may have an evolutionary basis. What is the specific evolutionary hypothesis about body weight?

A)We have genes for obesity.
B)We evolved to have a metabolism that speeds up dramatically whenever we gain weight.
C)Being obese increases your reproductive capacity.
D)It was adaptive to overeat and store fat to survive environments where food was scarce.

Question 57

How should obesity be understood according to evolutionary theorists?

A)It is associated with genetic flaws that will be selected against in future generations.
B)It is the result of adaptations to conserve energy, which are not needed in an environment with constant access to food.
C)It is a result of selection for heavier and heavier bodies over time.
D)It is a modern disorder that results from a series of mutations in the genes associated with hunger control.

Question 58

When Harvey was a child, the only time he ate turnips was when he was at his grandmother's house for Christmas dinner. Now, as an adult, Harvey loves the taste of turnips because he associates them with Christmas at his grandmother's house. Which of the following best explains Harvey's preference for the taste of turnips, in this example?

A)operant conditioning
B)observational learning
C)classical conditioning
D)homeostatic conditioning

Question 59

Which of the following is a measure of weight that controls for variations in height and is increasingly used in research on obesity?

A)reaction range
B)obesity quotient
C)set point
D)body mass index

Question 60

Which of the following would NOT be considered an environmental factor in the regulation of hunger?

A)hormonal fluctuations
B)stress
C)food-related cues
D)learned preferences and habits

Question 61

Which of the following groups are most likely to have sex at an early age?

A)girls who are physically mature
B)girls with weak self-concepts
C)girls with strong self-concepts
D)girls who are emotionally mature

Question 62

What causes penile erection in males and the swelling of the clitoris in females?

A)engorgement of blood vessels
B)decrease in respiration
C)muscular contractions
D)increased blood pressure

Question 63

Eating disorders affect approximately what percentage of Canadian women in their lifetime?

A)1 percent
B)3 percent
C)10 percent
D)13 percent

Question 64

According to recent surveys and reports by government agencies, approximately what proportion of sexually active 20- to24-year-olds reported having more than one sex partner in the past year?

A)one quarter
B)one third
C)one half
D)three quarters

Question 65

Justus is reading an erotic story in a men's magazine when he finds his respiration rate and heart rate increasing. He is also experiencing penile erection. Which phase is Justus experiencing based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson?

A)orgasmic
B)excitement
C)resolution
D)plateau

Question 66

What is the relationship between dietary restraint and overeating?

A)People tend to see themselves as being either restrained or not, and this self-concept drives a great deal of their food-related choices.
B)Some people have a genetic predisposition toward restraint, while others have a predisposition toward overeating.
C)Those who tend to be restrained eaters have a paradoxical tendency to overeat due to their all-or-nothing mentality.
D)Individuals who tend to overeat have a more difficult time learning the behavioural strategies associated with dietary restraint.

Question 67

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the phases of the human sexual response?

A)excitement, plateau, resolution, orgasm
B)plateau, excitement, resolution, orgasm
C)plateau, excitement, orgasm, resolution
D)excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

Question 68

During which phase of the human sexual response cycle does a series of muscular contractions pulsate through the pelvic area?

A)phallic
B)resolution
C)orgasmic
D)excitement

Question 69

Alayna and her husband have been kissing and caressing for about 15 minutes. Her level of arousal is still increasing, and she can feel some tightening in her vagina. Which phase is she in based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson?

A)resolution
B)orgasmic
C)plateau
D)excitement

Question 70

Among which of the following groups is development of an eating disorder most common?

A)females, athletes, those who idealize a thin body type
B)males, academics, people with low self-esteem
C)males, athletes, people with high self-esteem
D)females, academics, people with inherently poor appetites

Question 71

Annette was experiencing a high level of sexual excitement as her boyfriend kissed and caressed her. However, the phone rang and interrupted them. Her heart rate and respiration rate are slowly returning to normal, but she feels a sense of frustration. Which phase is Annette in, based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson?

A)post-orgasmic
B)plateau
C)resolution
D)refractory

Question 72

Peter and his wife are having sex when Peter's blood pressure increases sharply, and he experiences a series of muscular contractions throughout his pelvis. Which of the following is likely based on research conducted by Masters and Johnson?

A)Peter's muscular contractions are likely to produce an orgasm in his wife.
B)Peter will be relatively unresponsive to sexual stimulation for a period of time following his orgasm.
C)Peter is likely to experience several more orgasms before he enters a refractory period.
D)Peter will now pass into the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle.

Question 73

Irene is listening to a romance novel on her MP3 player while she is on her daily walk. Although she is not walking especially fast, she finds that as she listens to one of the love scenes in the novel her respiration rate and heart rate increase. She is also experiencing vaginal moistness. Which phase is Irene experiencing based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson?

A)plateau
B)excitement
C)resolution
D)orgasmic

Question 74

Sean and his wife have been kissing and caressing for about 15 minutes. His level of arousal is still increasing, and he has begun to secrete some seminal fluid from the tip of his penis. Which phase is he experiencing based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson?

A)orgasmic
B)plateau
C)resolution
D)excitement

Question 75

Approximately what percentage of 15- to 17-year-olds report engaging in sexual intercourse, according to recent surveys and reports by government agencies?

A)12 percent
B)28 percent
C)50 percent
D)78 percent

Question 76

Which of the following statements regarding the human sexual response is least accurate?

A)It is normal for sexual arousal to vary during lengthy foreplay.
B)Men are more likely than women to engage in intercourse without an orgasm.
C)The subjective experience of orgasm is very similar for males and females.
D)Women are far more likely than men to be multiorgasmic.

Question 77

Scott just experienced an orgasm. For about an hour he cannot achieve another orgasm. Which phase of the sexual response cycle is Scott in?

A)orgasmic
B)plateau
C)resolution
D)excitement

Question 78

Talia and her husband are having sex when Talia suddenly experiences a series of muscular contractions throughout her pelvis. Which of the following is true based on research conducted by Masters and Johnson?

A)Talia will now pass into the plateau stage of the sexual response cycle.
B)It will be at least 20 minutes before Talia can become sexually aroused again.
C)Talia's muscular contractions will prevent her from experiencing the orgasm phase.
D)Talia may experience another orgasm without going through a refractory period.

Question 79

Jarrod experienced an orgasm just over 30 minutes ago. He is still largely unresponsive to sexual stimulation. Which phase is Jarrod in, based on the phases described by Masters and Johnson?

A)post-orgasmic
B)excitement
C)resolution
D)plateau

Question 80

During which two phases of the human sexual response do heart rate, respiration rate, and blood pressure increase sharply?

A)plateau and orgasm
B)excitement and orgasm
C)excitement and plateau
D)orgasm and resolution