Deck 14: Religion

Question 1

__________ is/are invocations, prayers, prophecies, songs of praise, and curses that are powerful means of transmitting messages about the world and also how the world was created.

A) Religion
B) Religious specialists
C) Ceremonies
D) Religious speech

Answer 1

Religious speech

Question 2

__________ is belief in the existence of souls.

A) Religion
B) Animatism
C) Polytheism
D) Animism

Answer 2

Animism

Question 3

__________ are governments by god.

A) Theocracies
B) Priestly tyrannies
C) Cults of personality
D) Pantheons

Answer 3

Theocracies

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for religion as a human universal?

A) social cohesion
B) economic adaptation
C) social control
D) science cannot explain everything in the world around us

Question 5

Anthropologists analyze religious beliefs and rituals using __________ and __________ perspectives, reviewing objective conditions and subjective experiences.

A) narrative, personal
B) etic, emic
C) emic, etic
D) ethnographic, statistical

Question 6

Monotheistic religions are prevalent in societies that __________.

A) are tribal
B) are egalitarian
C) have a supreme ruler
D) have ritual specialists

Question 7

In the Dine creation story, the first man and woman were created from __________.

A) a white and a yellow eagle
B) clay and water
C) a white and a yellow ear of corn
D) two buckskin blankets

Question 8

The household unit in classical Greece and Rome was represented by __________.

A) special priests
B) married male and female deities
C) child deities
D) kitchen goddesses

Question 9

Although rituals have symbolic meanings, performing rituals is aimed at __________.

A) teaching moral values
B) obtaining practical results
C) training religious specialists
D) proving the existence of deities

Question 10

__________ is the most potent and sacred of all Dine symbols of life.

A) Blood
B) Corn
C) The eagle
D) The raven

Question 11

A __________ is the religious worldview of a people, including beliefs about the origin of the world, the pantheon of deities that exist, and their relationship to the spirit realm.

A) cosmology
B) religion
C) belief system
D) superstition

Question 12

According to the Dine creation story, all people live in the __________ world.

A) second
B) fourth
C) lower
D) lowest

Question 13

The Tsembagas of Papua New Guinea practice a complex set of rituals concerning __________.

A) warfare
B) food acquisition
C) weather
D) funeral rites

Question 14

__________ is thoughts, actions, and feelings based on belief in the existence of spirit beings and supranormal forces.

A) Religion
B) Superstition
C) Magic
D) Sorcery

Question 15

The number __________ is sacred for the Dine and many other Native Americans.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) seven

Question 16

Ranked pantheons of deities are most usually found in __________ societies.

A) egalitarian
B) non-hierarchical
C) stateless
D) hierarchical

Question 17

In __________ societies, relationships between deities or spirit-beings tend to reflect the human relationships in that society.

A) democratic
B) egalitarian, stateless
C) Buddhist
D) modern

Question 18

Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a reason for the origins of religion in anthropology?

A) explaining the world
B) emotional release
C) social control
D) divine revelation

Question 19

Religions include __________ that teach people ethical values and attitudes.

A) superstitions
B) rituals
C) worldviews
D) practices

Question 20

The term "supernatural" may not be the most fitting term to describe religion, as some societies __________.

A) do not know the meaning of the word "supernatural"
B) do not understand nature
C) regard the spirit realm as ever-present and a part of the natural world
D) think the spirit realm hardly ever communicates with humans

Question 21

Animists believe that even __________ possess spirits.

A) women
B) children
C) animals
D) inanimate objects

Question 22

What is the term for a belief system in which people believe they are descendents of spirit beings?

A) polytheism
B) ancestor worship
C) animatism
D) totemism

Question 23

Persons with the power to predict the future through messages and omens from the spirit world are termed __________.

A) mediums
B) shamans
C) religious specialists
D) diviners

Question 24

The Hopi believe in __________, or powerful spirits who can bring rain.

A) gods
B) goddesses
C) kachinas
D) kivas

Question 25

In Japan, the keeping of tablets which record the lives of dead male and female relatives and the performance of commemorative rituals for these tablets is known as __________.

A) Buddhism
B) Confucianism
C) animatism
D) ancestor worship

Question 26

One nation where ancestor worship is a common feature of religion is __________.

A) Iran
B) Uruguay
C) Japan
D) Morocco

Question 27

Which of the following is best described as a taboo?

A) Avoiding the ghosts of dead ancestors.
B) Performing certain rituals only on certain occasions.
C) Avoiding certain foods at certain times such as during pregnancy.
D) Failing to perform the correct rituals for honoring dead ancestors.

Question 28

A __________ is a person who has special gifts to make contact with the spirit world, often in a state of trance.

A) medium
B) faith healer
C) priest
D) prophet

Question 29

Belief in the existence of numerous deities that have specific attributes, powers, and functions is called __________.

A) monotheism
B) animatism
C) polytheism
D) animism

Question 30

Hinduism is a __________ religion.

A) polytheistic
B) monotheistic
C) animist
D) animatistic

Question 31

The __________ consider ancestral spirits to be harmful, while the __________ consider them to be beneficial.

A) Ju/'hoansi, Hopi
B) Hopi, Ju/'hoansi
C) Japanese, Dani
D) Hopi, Dani

Question 32

Semi-divine or human __________ are lesser religious beings who are important in stories and myths.

A) demons
B) souls
C) heroes
D) angels

Question 33

What is the term for a force, power, or essence that endows people, animals, other living things, and possibly inanimate objects with special qualities or powers?

A) ghosts
B) mana
C) totemism
D) animism

Question 34

What is the term for belief systems that hold to the existence of one supreme deity who has powers and knowledge that affect all aspects of life?

A) animism
B) monotheism
C) animatism
D) polytheism

Question 35

Which of the following leads groups of related people or kin networks to worship their own particular deity?

A) secret societies
B) polytheism
C) totemism
D) animism

Question 36

__________ is the belief that all things are endowed with some spirit form or essence.

A) Animatism
B) Animism
C) Monotheism
D) Polytheism

Question 37

The concept of mana was first described in __________ societies.

A) Polynesian
B) Mexican
C) South African
D) Australian Aboriginal

Question 38

Which of the following societies considers ancestral spirits to bring rain?

A) Japanese
B) Hopi
C) Dani
D) Ju/'hoansi

Question 39

Taboos are __________.

A) bad behaviors
B) restrictions on which people may have contact with religiously powerful objects
C) rulings on behaviors passed down from priests or shaman
D) the punishments for breaking religious rules decreed by theocratic governments

Question 40

An example of a secret society would be __________.

A) Catholic monasteries
B) Christian seminaries
C) Australian Aboriginal men who are allowed to handle special ritual objects
D) Islamic madrasas

Question 41

A funeral pyre is also known as __________.

A) a gathering after a funeral
B) an above-ground cremation
C) a waste of time
D) a cemetery

Question 42

Which of the following would be best described as a secular ritual?

A) Christmas
B) Independence Day
C) Easter
D) Lent

Question 43

__________ are rituals performed with the goal of renewing the bounty of the earth.

A) Calendric rituals
B) Rites of passage
C) Rites of renewal
D) Sacred rituals

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a specific end toward which a ritual is aimed?

A) purification
B) sanctification
C) veneration
D) codification

Question 45

__________ are activities, places, or objects that are connected to the spirit realm and are imbued with power.

A) Totemic rituals
B) Shamanistic rituals
C) Priestly rituals
D) Sacred rituals

Question 46

In Korea female shamans are called __________.

A) kut
B) witches
C) totemic healers
D) mudang

Question 47

__________ are part-time religious specialists who make contact with the spirit world through prayer, ritual, and trance.

A) Oracles
B) Diviners
C) Shamans
D) Mediums

Question 48

__________ are religious practitioners who acquire spirit power to diagnose the spirit cause of illness and effect cures.

A) Shamans
B) Diviners
C) Healers
D) Mediums

Question 49

Western Apache girls undergo the nai'es ceremony at what point?

A) marriage
B) first menstruation
C) first pregnancy
D) the death of their mother

Question 50

Thanksgiving in the United States is an example of a __________.

A) ritual
B) rite of renewal
C) secular ritual
D) feasting ritual

Question 51

Offerings that honor spirits by giving up something important are known as __________.

A) sacrifices
B) prayers
C) rituals
D) shamans

Question 52

The most direct form of communication with the spirit realm is through __________.

A) an oracle
B) a shaman
C) a healer
D) possession

Question 53

Arnold van Gennep classified rites of passage as a three-step process. The correct order of this process is which of the following?

A) separation, reincorporation, and transition
B) separation, transition, and reincorporation
C) transition, separation, and reincorporation
D) separation, intensification, and transition

Question 54

In some cultures, such as Amish, puberty is a period during which deviant behavior is permitted in order to __________.

A) show the harmful side effects of such behaviors
B) ease tensions in societies that expect strict codes of behavior to be followed thereafter
C) catch young people in compromising positions and correct them
D) embarrass young people

Question 55

What is the term for activities, including religious speech, ceremonies, and behaviors, that are demonstrations of belief?

A) worship
B) totemism
C) rituals
D) sacred rituals

Question 56

The Aztecs of central Mexico believed their sun god thrived on human blood. Therefore, a daily human sacrifice was made, which nearly led to __________.

A) the spread of blood-borne pathogens
B) the downfall of the Aztec Empire
C) the Spanish losing in battle against the Aztecs
D) the Mayans to reign supreme

Question 57

In Latino populations, a traditional spiritual disease that healers treat is susto, which is believed to be __________.

A) spirit possession
B) illness brought on by jealousy
C) soul loss
D) similar to mononucleosis

Question 58

Full-time religious specialists are called __________.

A) monks
B) priests
C) shamans
D) mediums

Question 59

Puberty rites are also known as __________.

A) calendric rites
B) rites of renewal
C) initiation rites
D) purification rites

Question 60

The Nuna and Bwa peoples of Burkina Faso utilize the __________ in their rituals.

A) visual and performing arts
B) rites of passage
C) gifts from the gods
D) Judeo-Christian creation story

Question 61

Fundamentalism has arisen as a movement, especially in Christianity and Islam, as a reaction to __________.

A) increasingly global and heterogeneous interpretations of sacred texts
B) persecutions of religious worship
C) syncretic movements
D) newer messianic religions

Question 62

A belief in witchcraft may be a vehicle for __________.

A) explaining observations made of the natural world
B) the expression of anger of envy
C) more serious crimes against humanity
D) other, more complex religious beliefs to take hold later

Question 63

__________ are revitalization movements attempting to rid society of foreign elements and return to what is conceived to be a prior state of cultural purity.

A) Fundamentalist movements
B) Messianic movements
C) Nativistic movements
D) Millenarian movements

Question 64

What is the term for magic that operates on the principle that positive and negative qualities can be transferred through proximity or contact?

A) witchcraft
B) contagious magic
C) imitative magic
D) shamanism

Question 65

The attempt to convert a person or group from one religion to another is called __________.

A) conversion
B) proselytism
C) post-conversion
D) fundamentalism

Question 66

Cargo cults relied upon the principle of __________ in following ritualized behaviors modeled on Europeans by which they expected to receive wealth from divine entities.

A) witchcraft
B) sorcery
C) contagious magic
D) imitative magic

Question 67

Maasai women in Tanzania have experienced a rise in __________ as the economic situation has changed and gender roles have become more rigid.

A) male on female violence
B) female on male violence
C) spirit possessions
D) secular rituals

Question 68

After her husband's death, a widow in what type of society is NOT expected to remarry?

A) matriarchal
B) unilineal
C) patrilineal
D) patriarchal

Question 69

What is the term for magic that operates on the principle of "like causes like"?

A) witchcraft
B) contagious magic
C) imitative magic
D) shamanism

Question 70

Most spirit causes for disease are __________.

A) incurable
B) metaphors for imbalance
C) deadly
D) never studied by anthropologists

Question 71

Witches are in many ways the opposite of __________.

A) priests
B) mediums
C) shamans
D) healers

Question 72

Siddhartha Gautama, Jesus, and Muhammad are all __________.

A) revitalizationists
B) nativistic
C) prophets
D) fundamentalists

Question 73

One explanation for the value of spirit possession is that it provides __________.

A) a vehicle for emotional release
B) a reason for community wide rituals
C) a rational for the punishment of social deviants
D) a means for religious specialists to make a living

Question 74

Witchcraft is also called __________.

A) sorcery
B) terrifying
C) voo doo
D) magic

Question 75

Fundamentalism is on the rise in Christian and Muslim groups. This can be attributed to __________.

A) the moral decline in society
B) the realization that most people in the world are either Christian or Muslim
C) a response to perceived social crises
D) a contagious psychological disorder

Question 76

Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam began as __________.

A) fundamentalisms
B) cults
C) revitalization movements
D) political movements

Question 77

In Korea, spirit possession more commonly affects women who __________.

A) have agreed to arranged marriages
B) experience tensions and conflicts in their home life
C) have been unable to have children
D) are shamans

Question 78

The majority of Muslims are known as __________.

A) Shi'ite
B) Orthodox
C) Islamic
D) Sunni

Question 79

An example of benign imitative magic is __________.

A) spirit possession
B) witchcraft
C) couvade
D) spirit healing

Question 80

In Brazilian __________ ceremonies, mediums who are possessed by spirits provide advice and guidance to clients.

A) orisha
B) trance
C) macumba
D) susto