Question 1

Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?&#10;A) valences&#10;B) reinforcement&#10;C) referents&#10;D) instrumentality&#10;E) expectancy

Accepted Answer

Referents, or the people we compare ourselves to in terms of outcomes and inputs, are a fundamental component of equity theory. Valences, expectancies, and instrumentality are part of expectancy theory, while reinforcement is a concept from operant conditioning.

Question 2

In general, extrinsic rewards are more important to workers than intrinsic rewards.

Accepted Answer

Both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards are identified as among the most important rewards to workers in general.

Question 3

Distributive justice refers to the perceived fairness of the process used to make reward allocation decisions.

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of procedural justice. Distributive justice refers to the perceived degree to which outcomes and rewards are fairly distributed or allocated.

Question 4

On the basis of research evidence, the two basic needs categories are:&#10;A) tangible and intangible needs&#10;B) physiological and psychological needs&#10;C) higher-order and lower-order needs&#10;D) extrinsic and intrinsic needs&#10;E) realized and unrealized needs

Accepted Answer

The answer of On the basis of research evidence, the...

Question 5

In a(n) __________ reinforcement schedule, consequences follow a behavior after different times, some shorter and some longer, that vary around a specified average time.&#10;A) fixed interval&#10;B) variable interval&#10;C) fixed ratio&#10;D) variable ratio&#10;E) continuous ratio

Accepted Answer

The described reinforcement schedule is a variable interval schedule. In this schedule, the reinforcement is given after variable amounts of time have passed since the last reinforcement, but the average time between reinforcements is consistent. This schedule tends to produce consistent and steady rates of behavior.

Question 6

Once lower-order needs are satisfied, it is difficult to predict which higher-order needs will motivate behavior.

Accepted Answer

Once an individual's basic physiological and safety needs are met, it becomes more difficult to predict which specific higher-order needs (such as love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization, etc.) will motivate their behavior, as these needs can vary greatly among individuals.

Question 7

According to the expectancy theory, __________ affect the conscious choices that people make about their motivation.&#10;A) equity, value-added, and instrumentality&#10;B) valence, expectancy, and instrumentality&#10;C) expectancy, reinforcement, and instrumentality&#10;D) instrumentality, equity, and expectancy&#10;E) expectancy, equity, and reinforcement

Accepted Answer

The expectancy theory suggests that the conscious choices people make regarding motivation are based on three factors: valence (the value placed on the outcome), expectancy (the belief that effort will lead to performance), and instrumentality (the belief that performance will lead to specific outcomes).

Question 8

Which of the following statements about goal-setting theory is true?&#10;A) Feedback should not be specific.&#10;B) Goals should be specific, measurable, attainable, and generalized.&#10;C) Workers do not have to truly accept organizational goals for goal-setting theory to be motivational.&#10;D) Goals can energize behavior.&#10;E) None of the above statements about goal-setting theory is true.

Accepted Answer

Feedback should specific and performance-related. Goals, too, should be specific. For goals to be motivational, workers must truly accept them.

Question 9

Goal acceptance is most similar to the idea of:&#10;A) goal congruity&#10;B) goal commitment&#10;C) goal valence&#10;D) goal expectancy&#10;E) groupthink

Accepted Answer

Goal acceptance is the extent to which people consciously understand and agree to goals.

Question 10

Overreward frequently causes inequity.

Accepted Answer

In theory, overreward causes inequity, but in practice, such inequity occurs infrequently.

Question 11

Punishment is also called avoidance learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Punishment is also called avoidance learning....

Deck 13: Motivation: Part A