Deck 5: B: Variations in Consciousness

Question 1

What would be your dominant brain wave pattern if you were to lie down under a tree and relax,but not fall asleep

A) delta waves
B) beta waves 
C) theta waves
D) alpha waves

Answer 1

 alpha waves

Question 2

Tyler is sleeping,and his brain waves are mainly theta waves.He doesn't stay in this stage for long.What stage is he in

A) stage 1
B) stage 2 
C) stage 4
D) REM

Answer 2

 stage 1

Question 3

Danielle is walking to work,along a route that she knows very well.When she arrives at work she realizes that she didn't notice anything going on around her during most of her walk because she was thinking about various other things.What is the term for Danielle's experience during her walk

A) mind wandering
B) stream of consciousness 
C) subliminal perception
D) unconscious processing

Answer 3

 mind wandering

Question 4

Which of the following is a concept proposed by William James to describe the continually changing aspect of consciousness

A) flow of consciousness
B) mind wandering 
C) circadian rhythm
D) stream of consciousness

Question 5

What would be most likely to help someone adjust their biological clock,if it were taken as a supplement

A) androgen
B) adrenalin 
C) melatonin
D) glutamate

Question 6

If a species has a circadian cycle of fluctuations in cortisol,how long is the cycle

A) 90 minutes
B) 24 hours 
C) one month
D) one season

Question 7

Which pattern of shift work would allow for the easiest adjustment of sleep-wake cycles?

A)shifting from starting at 7 p.m.to starting at 7 a.m.
B)shifting from starting at 7 a.m.to starting at 7 p.m.
C)shifting from starting at 3 p.m.to starting at 7 a.m.
D)shifting from starting at 7 a.m.to starting at 3 p.m.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT particularly influenced by circadian rhythms

A) physical functions such as body temperature and urine production 
B) emotional experiences such as feelings of happiness and sadness 
C) Sleep 
D) cognitive performance on tasks requiring alertness and short-term memory

Question 9

Tracy's brain waves are low frequency and have high amplitude.What stage of sleep is Tracy in

A) stage 1
B) stage 2 
C) stage 3
D) REM

Question 10

For the day-night cycle to reset the human biological clock,where do receptors in the retina direct light information

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus
B) medulla 
C) pineal gland
D) thalamus

Question 11

What is your dominant brain wave pattern at this moment,as you are concentrating on answering this exam question correctly

A) delta waves
B) alpha waves 
C) theta waves
D) beta waves

Question 12

What is a device that records eye movements

A) electroencephalograph
B) electrocardiograph 
C) electrooculograph
D) electromyograph

Question 13

Why might doctors and nurses try to "watch what they say" when performing surgery

A) People under anesthesia occasionally awaken completely during surgery. 
B) The concentration of other members of the surgical team is disrupted by unnecessary comments. 
C) The patient's family members occasionally overhear comments. 
D) People under anesthesia maintain some awareness.

Question 14

Celia just flew home from a trip and she crossed three time zones.How long should it take her to readjust her biological clock

A) one day
B) three days 
C) six days
D) one week

Question 15

Which statement best describes the pattern of sleeping and waking in relation to body temperature

A) We fall asleep as temperature becomes stable and wake as it starts to fluctuate. 
B) We fall asleep as temperature begins to rise and wake as it drops. 
C) We fall asleep as temperature begins to drop and wake as it goes up. 
D) We fall asleep as temperature starts to fluctuate and wake as it becomes stable.

Question 16

You have a personal awareness of both internal and external stimuli,and your thoughts concerning those stimuli.What is this called

A) unconsciousness
B) alertness 
C) consciousness
D) attention

Question 17

Which statement does NOT accurately describe the adverse effects of sleep deprivation

A) Loss of sleep affects one's ability to regulate one's emotions. 
B) Many traffic accidents occur because drivers get drowsy and fall asleep at the wheel. 
C) Sleep deprivation may undermine efficiency at work. 
D) Sleep deprivation decreases serotonin.

Question 18

If a person has damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus,which process would likely be altered

A) muscle strength
B) vision 
C) digestion
D) sleep cycles

Question 19

Malik is a participant in a research study and will be hooked up to physiological devices while sleeping in a sleep lab for several nights.How many nights is it likely to take Malik to adapt to sleeping in the sleep lab

A) one
B) two 
C) three
D) five

Question 20

Compared to employees who have set work schedules,which of the following represents the sleep of employees who work rotating shifts

A) less, and poorer quality
B) more, but poorer quality 
C) less, but higher quality
D) more, and higher quality

Question 21

How many sleep cycles typically occur during a night's sleep

A) 1
B) 2 
C) 4
D) 6

Question 22

What do the midday napping practices of "siesta cultures" allow individuals to do

A) avoid working during the hottest part of the day 
B) have time to digest their large midday meal 
C) sleep at the same time as their young infants 
D) take a necessary break from their extremely physical labour

Question 23

Which brain structure results in continuous sleep when severely damaged and produces arousal and alertness when electrically stimulated

A) ascending reticular activating system
B) thalamus 
C) pons
D) hypothalamus

Question 24

Which stages of sleep does NREM consist of

A) stages 1 and 2
B) stages 1, 2, and 3 
C) stages 3 and 4
D) stages 1, 2, 3, and 4

Question 25

If you were awakened while you were experiencing rapid eye movements,what would you probably report

A) that you were afraid
B) that you had a headache 
C) that you had not really been asleep
D) that you had been dreaming

Question 26

If you were a researcher doing research on selective deprivation of REM sleep,what pattern would you see after a subject had been in the study for a few nights

A) The subject would hallucinate or become delusional. 
B) The subject would have to be wakened more frequently to prevent REM sleep. 
C) The subject would stop having REM sleep, to avoid being wakened. 
D) The subject would have a corresponding improvement in mood.

Question 27

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights,Luka was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep.What effect would this have on Luka's waking performance the next day

A) It would have little effect.
B) He would hallucinate. 
C) He would be exhausted all day.
D) He would be emotionally unstable.

Question 28

During which stage of sleep does the brain wave pattern resemble that observed when the individual is awake and alert

A) stage 1
B) stage 4 
C) REM
D) NREM

Question 29

Which of the following does NOT characterize REM sleep

A) minimal bodily movement
B) beta waves 
C) regular breathing and pulse rate
D) dreaming

Question 30

When,during a night's sleep,does the majority of slow-wave sleep occur

A) in the middle
B) early 
C) it is evenly distributed throughout the night
D) late

Question 31

Which statement best describes the typical last dream period of the night

A) It is the longest.
B) It is the scariest. 
C) It is the shortest.
D) It is the best.

Question 32

Compared to young adults,how do infants sleep

A) for a shorter time, but with a greater proportion of REM sleep 
B) for a shorter time and with minimal REM sleep 
C) for a longer time, but less time in REM sleep 
D) for a longer time, and with a greater proportion of REM sleep

Question 33

Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low-frequency delta waves.Which stage of sleep is Peter experiencing

A) stage 1
B) stage 2 
C) stage 3 or 4
D) REM

Question 34

What tends to occur to REM periods of sleep as the night goes on

A) lengthen
B) shorten 
C) lighten
D) deepen

Question 35

What are sleep stages 3 and 4 known as

A) slow-wave sleep
B) high-amplitude sleep 
C) fast-wave sleep
D) low-amplitude sleep

Question 36

Which statement best describes siesta cultures

A) They also practise co-sleeping.
B) They are industrialized. 
C) They are nomadic.
D) They are located in tropical regions.

Question 37

What is the paradox concerning REM sleep

A) It is a deep sleep, but the person is easy to awaken. 
B) It is a deep sleep, but the brain waves resemble alert and awake patterns. 
C) The person is dreaming, but all muscles are very tense. 
D) The person is dreaming, but the brain wave pattern resembles that of relaxation.

Question 38

If you normally sleep eight hours each night,and last night you slept for only six hours,which stage of sleep would be most affected by the loss of total sleep time

A) stage 2
B) slow-wave 
C) NREM
D) REM

Question 39

As adults age,what happens to the proportion of time spent in slow-wave sleep

A) It remains stable.
B) It increases. 
C) It ceases after puberty.
D) It decreases.

Question 40

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that sleep has an adaptive function

A) People who sleep longer also tend to live longer. 
B) Sleep deprivation reduces fertility. 
C) Our brains use 30 percent less energy when we sleep. 
D) Species that sleep more are more competitive.

Question 41

Which sleep disorder is reported by approximately 35 percent of adults,tends to increase with age,and is more common in women than in men

A) narcolepsy
B) sleep apnea 
C) insomnia
D) night terrors

Question 42

Charlie experiences vivid dreams during REM sleep and he often acts them out in his sleep.For example,he once woke up to find that he had ripped apart his pillow after dreaming about digging for buried treasure with his bare hands.Which of the following disorders fits this example

A) somnambulism
B) sleep apnea 
C) REM sleep behaviour disorder
D) night terrors

Question 43

Which therapeutic intervention has been demonstrated to be just as effective as medication for treating insomnia

A) cognitive-behavioural therapy
B) psychoanalytic therapy 
C) light therapy
D) aromatherapy

Question 44

Which of the following best reflects the term "insomnia"

A) chronic problems in getting adequate sleep 
B) chronic difficulties in remaining asleep 
C) chronic difficulties in falling asleep 
D) occasional problems in getting adequate sleep

Question 45

During which stage of sleep do nightmares usually occur

A) REM
B) stage 1 
C) stage 4
D) NREM

Question 46

When is sleepwalking most likely to occur

A) when a person has emotional or psychological problems 
B) during REM sleep 
C) during slow-wave sleep 
D) after a person has been asleep for several hours

Question 47

Tammy uses a benzodiazepine sedative to help her get to sleep,on a regular basis.What is likely to occur with Tammy's use of this "downer"

A) She will spend more and more time in REM sleep. 
B) She will develop an aversion to the drug. 
C) The placebo effect will begin to interfere with the drug effect. 
D) She will consume more of the drug than is prescribed for medical purposes.

Question 48

Which stage of sleep appears to promote creative insights related to previous learning

A) stage 1
B) slow-wave sleep 
C) REM sleep
D) NREM sleep

Question 49

Which of the following is typical of nightmares,but not of night terrors

A) It is relatively easy to fall asleep afterward. 
B) They are very frightening but not vivid. 
C) They occur during REM sleep. 
D) They occur early in the night.

Question 50

Rachel has bouts of sudden uncontrollable sleepiness during the day.She has fallen asleep while driving,and in the middle of conversations.Which sleep problem does Rachel experience

A) narcolepsy
B) insomnia rebound 
C) somnambulism
D) sleep apnea

Question 51

According to research concerning the content of dreams,what are most dreams about

A) frightening events
B) relatively normal activities 
C) strangers
D) surreal perceptions or activities

Question 52

Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air.What does he likely suffer from

A) sleep paralysis
B) somnambulism 
C) narcolepsy
D) sleep apnea

Question 53

Which of the following is associated with lower mortality rates

A) sleeping less than seven hours per night
B) sleeping seven to eight hours per night 
C) sleeping at least eight hours per night
D) sleeping more than ten hours per night

Question 54

Last night,five-year-old Ross let out a piercing cry and abruptly awakened in a state of panic.What did Ross most likely experience

A) sleep apnea
B) a nightmare 
C) a night terror
D) narcolepsy

Question 55

Fatima is in the middle of a dream,and she realizes that she is dreaming.As a result,she is able to control some aspects of the dream.What is this phenomenon called

A) somnambulism
B) focal dreaming 
C) N-REM dreaming
D) lucid dreaming

Question 56

Which statement best describes the relationship between culture and dreaming

A) People across cultures vary in the proportion of sleep time they spend dreaming. 
B) Cultures are very similar in the significance they place on dreaming. 
C) People across cultures vary in the total amount of sleep time they spend dreaming. 
D) Cultures vary in the significance they place on dreaming.

Question 57

After being deprived of REM sleep for several days,people tend to spend additional time in REM sleep when allowed to sleep uninterrupted.What is this increase called

A) rebound effect
B) dream-rebound effect 
C) dream effect
D) catch-up effect

Question 58

Which sleep stages seem to be important for consolidation of memory

A) stages 1 and 2
B) all NREM sleep 
C) REM and slow-wave sleep
D) stages with alpha waves

Question 59

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights,Corvel was awakened whenever he entered REM sleep.As the number of nights in the study increased,what would happen to Corvel

A) He would enter REM sleep less frequently. 
B) He would enter REM sleep more and more frequently. 
C) He would increase the total number of hours he slept each night. 
D) He would reduce the total number of hours he slept each night.

Question 60

While serving as a subject in a laboratory sleep study for several nights,Steve was awakened whenever he entered slow-wave sleep.When first allowed an uninterrupted night's sleep,what would Steve do

A) sleep for a longer amount of time than normal 
B) spend less time in slow-wave sleep than normal 
C) sleep for a shorter amount of time than normal 
D) spend more time in slow-wave sleep than normal

Question 61

The dissociation theory of hypnosis states that,while hypnotized,a person's consciousness is divided between two streams of consciousness.One stream is in communication with the external world.What is the other stream called

A) the overt observer
B) the visible monitor 
C) the hidden observer
D) the role-playing partner

Question 62

Nancy is in a state that includes reduced heart rate,reduced consumption of oxygen,and an EEG pattern that includes alpha and theta waves.Which state is Nancy likely to be in

A) hypnosis
B) meditation 
C) slow-wave sleep
D) alcohol intoxication

Question 63

What do we call chemical substances that modify mental,emotional,or behavioural functioning

A) stimulants
B) psychoactive drugs 
C) narcotics or opiates
D) hallucinogens

Question 64

Which of the altered states discussed in your text has been well established as an effective mild anesthetic treatment for both acute and chronic pain

A) circadian rhythms
B) antipsychotics 
C) sleep
D) hypnosis

Question 65

Danielle is walking to work,along a route that she knows very well.When she arrives at work she realizes that she didn't notice anything going on around her during most of her walk because she was thinking about various other things.Which theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is like an extreme version of this experience

A) Spanos's role-playing theory
B) Barber's social cognitive theory 
C) Hilgard's dissociation theory
D) Kirsh's imaginative suggestibility theory

Question 66

Meditation refers to a group of practices.What are those practices designed to do

A) increase relaxation and subjective experiences of well-being 
B) produce a heightened state of suggestibility 
C) stimulate two separate yet simultaneous streams of consciousness 
D) heighten awareness and bring mental processes under voluntary control

Question 67

Which theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness

A) wish fulfillment
B) dissociation 
C) role-playing
D) activation-synthesis

Question 68

Which of the following is an accurate definition of hypnosis

A) a systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened state of suggestibility 
B) a series of techniques for concentration that produce a state similar to meditation 
C) a state of relaxation that produces a sleep-like trance 
D) a process of focused attention that allows an individual to recover memories

Question 69

What percentage of the population are considered to be exceptionally good hypnotic subjects

A) 1 percent
B) 15 percent 
C) 25 percent
D) 50 percent

Question 70

Which theory of dreaming suggests that the cortex constructs dreams in order to make sense out of neural impulses from subcortical areas of the brain

A) activation-synthesis
B) construction 
C) problem solving
D) conservation of energy

Question 71

What are narcotics

A) drugs derived from the hemp plant 
B) drugs that tend to increase central nervous system activation and behavioural activity 
C) drugs that cause distortions in sensory and perceptual experience 
D) drugs derived from opium that are capable of relieving pain

Question 72

Which of the following drugs is NOT a narcotic

A) morphine
B) heroin 
C) codeine
D) cocaine

Question 73

Some people have done bizarre or embarrassing things in public while hypnotized.What term is used to describe the increase in willingness to do such behaviours

A) disinhibition
B) delusion 
C) deindividuation
D) dissociation

Question 74

Which theory of hypnosis is supported by the observation that age-regressed hypnotized individuals recall long-ago events in a vivid but incorrect manner

A) role-playing
B) wish fulfillment 
C) dissociation
D) activation-synthesis

Question 75

Both the discovery of insulin and refinements in the design of the sewing machine were inspired,in part,by dreams.Which theory of dreaming is supported by examples like this

A) cognitive, problem-solving view
B) activation-synthesis 
C) conservation of energy
D) wish fulfillment

Question 76

What has been determined to be an effective treatment for insomnia

A) electroconvulsive shock therapy
B) cognitive-behavioural therapy 
C) hypnosis
D) salt therapy

Question 77

What does Hilgard's dissociation theory suggest about hypnosis

A) It is found only in isolated individuals.
B) It is a form of role-playing. 
C) It is identical to meditation.
D) It is an altered state of consciousness.

Question 78

At the end of a session of hypnosis,a hypnotherapist may tell the client that he will awaken and not remember any of the hypnotic session.What is this procedure called

A) posthypnotic suggestion
B) disinhibition 
C) anterograde amnesia
D) hallucination

Question 79

If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the "student of the year award," with which theory of dreaming would this dream be most consistent

A) fantasy
B) problem solving 
C) activation-synthesis
D) wish fulfillment

Question 80

What did Sigmund Freud theorize about dreams

A) They reflect reality. 
B) They provide a practical approach to problem solving. 
C) They provide a window to the conscious mind. 
D) They reflect wish fulfillment.