Deck 5: A: Variations in Consciousness

Question 1

What types of awareness are included in the concept of consciousness

A) awareness of internal and external stimuli 
B) awareness of internal stimuli and awareness of thinking 
C) awareness of self and awareness of internal stimuli 
D) awareness of external stimuli and perceptions of those external stimuli

Answer 1

 awareness of internal and external stimuli 

Question 2

What can be said about the optimal amount of sleep

A) It is 10 hours per night. 
B) It is between 10pm and 5am. 
C) It is 8 hours per night. 
D) IT varies from person to person.

Answer 2

 IT varies from person to person.

Question 3

What metaphor did William James use to describe the changing nature of consciousness

A) stream 
B) flower garden 
C) incomplete picture puzzle 
D) partially submerged iceberg

Answer 3

 stream 

Question 4

Nicole has just slipped into a light sleep.If Nicole were being monitored by an electroencephalograph,what type of brain wave would likely be recorded

A) beta 
B) delta 
C) theta 
D) alpha

Question 5

Kayla's core body temperature has risen 1.5 degrees in the last half-hour.Which of the following is most likely

A) Kayla has been meditating for the past 30 minutes. 
B) Kayla has just fallen asleep. 
C) Kayla will fall asleep in the next 60 minutes. 
D) Kayla has just woken up.

Question 6

Brandon's endocrine system is releasing high levels of growth hormones.Which of the following is most likely

A) Brandon woke up less than an hour ago. 
B) Brandon will fall asleep in the next 60 minutes. 
C) Brandon fell asleep less than an hour ago. 
D) Brandon will wake up in less than 60 minutes.

Question 7

What happens to the average amount of total sleep time with advancing age

A) increases 
B) declines in men but increases in women 
C) declines in women but increases in men 
D) declines

Question 8

With what state of consciousness is the delta wave electroencephalograph pattern associated

A) deep sleep 
B) dreaming 
C) agitation 
D) a waking state

Question 9

If your brainwaves change from a beta pattern to a delta pattern,what aspect has changed

A) amplitude 
B) frequency 
C) location of activity 
D) number of active areas

Question 10

What does an electroencephalograph measure

A) duration of sleep stages 
B) glucose metabolism in the brain 
C) electrical activity of the brain 
D) variations in conscious awareness

Question 11

In which period of sleep are dreams best remembered

A) the first REM period of the night 
B) Stage 4 deep sleep 
C) Stage 1 light sleep 
D) the last REM period of the night

Question 12

Dr.Harrigan is reading an EEG from a patient in his sleep lab,and he notices the brainwaves change from being very short to being very tall.What aspect of the brainwave is Dr.Harrigan noticing

A) amplitude 
B) frequency 
C) channel 
D) distribution

Question 13

Which statement does NOT accurately describe REM sleep

A) REM sleep is not unique to humans but also occurs in most mammals and birds. 
B) REM sleep does not occur in dolphins 
C) REM sleep involves paralysis of the major muscles of the body. 
D) There is one period during the night in which rapid eye movements are observed in the sleeper, and it is immediately following Stage 4 deep sleep.

Question 14

Which term refers to the experience of task-unrelated thoughts

A) mind wandering 
B) variations in awareness 
C) controlled daydreaming 
D) consciousness

Question 15

When are we most likely to fall asleep,according to recent research

A) when our brainwaves increase in frequency 
B) when it gets dark 
C) as our body temperature begins to climb 
D) as our body temperature begins to drop

Question 16

What electroencephalograph pattern is associated with normal,waking,alert states

A) beta 
B) delta 
C) alpha 
D) gamma

Question 17

What is a circadian rhythm

A) the secretion of growth hormone 
B) changes in pupil dilation in response to light changes 
C) a woman's menstrual cycle 
D) the yearly migration patterns of birds

Question 18

Jacob is attached to an electroencephalograph,and it is recording brain waves at 20 cycles per second.What state is Jacob most likely in

A) deeply relaxed and meditating 
B) in very deep sleep 
C) alert and awake 
D) lightly sleeping

Question 19

Megan is working through an extremely difficult calculus problem.What sort of brain wave pattern would be recorded if the overall electrical activity in her brain was being recorded at this time

A) fewer than 4 cycles per second 
B) between 4 and 7 cycles per second 
C) between 8 and 12 cycles per second 
D) between 13 and 24 cycles per second

Question 20

There is evidence that people under surgical anesthesia occasionally hear and remember comments that were made during their surgeries.What does this evidence suggest

A) There is no difference between conscious and unconscious processes. 
B) Psychic abilities are more pronounced when certain types of drugs are administered. 
C) We have the ability to resist the effects of anesthesia. 
D) People continue to maintain some awareness during times of unconsciousness.

Question 21

Which instrument would be most useful for documenting the eye movements associated with REM sleep

A) electromyograph 
B) electrocardiograph 
C) electrooculograph 
D) electroencephalograph

Question 22

What does an electromyograph record

A) contractions of the heart 
B) eye movements 
C) brain wave activity 
D) muscular activity and tension

Question 23

What helps to reduce the effects of rotating shift work

A) avoiding caffeine 
B) consuming caffeine 
C) cycling through progressively later start times 
D) cycling through progressively earlier start times

Question 24

Which statement best describes people who work on rotating shift schedules (e.g.,sometimes days,other times evenings or nights)compared to people who work the same shift all the time (e.g.,always days,evenings or nights)

A) Rotating shift workers have more accidents and are less productive. 
B) Rotating shift workers are more likely to have accidents but are more productive. 
C) Rotating shift workers are more likely to have accidents but are equally productive. 
D) Rotating shift workers have fewer accidents but are less productive.

Question 25

What is likely to occur after signals are sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland

A) Circadian rhythms will be reset. 
B) Alpha rhythms will be generated. 
C) Sleep will end. 
D) The individual will begin to dream.

Question 26

Which instrument is NOT usually used to monitor sleep in the laboratory

A) electromyograph 
B) positron emission tomography 
C) electroencephalograph 
D) electrooculograph

Question 27

What happens when we set the clock ahead in the spring for Daylight Savings Time

A) There is a reduction in industrial accidents associated with changing day length. 
B) There is an increase in traffic accidents for a week after the switch. 
C) There are damaging effects to the pineal gland. 
D) There is an improvement in quality of sleep for people in the Southern Hemisphere.

Question 28

Which EEG brain wave patterns are found in stage 1 sleep

A) theta 
B) REM 
C) delta 
D) alpha

Question 29

What causes the human pineal gland to secrete melatonin

A) signals from the retina 
B) detection of light by the pineal gland 
C) hard-wired circadian rhythms 
D) signals from the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 30

After which flight would a flight attendant experience the most jet lag,based on what is known about circadian rhythms and jet lag

A) Montreal to Vancouver (east to west) 
B) Victoria to Toronto (west to east) 
C) Edmonton to Los Angeles (north to south) 
D) Orlando to Halifax (south to north)

Question 31

Which area of the brain receives signals directly from the retina to adjust your biological clock

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus 
B) pineal gland 
C) thalamus 
D) medulla

Question 32

If you are on a sports team that must travel across several time zones for a big game,which situation would result in the best odds of your team winning

A) travel west the night before the game 
B) travel east the day of the game 
C) travel west two days before the game 
D) travel east the night before the game

Question 33

Which trip would cause the most problems with your sleep cycle

A) flying three hours north 
B) flying three hours south 
C) flying three hours west 
D) flying three hours east

Question 34

What is the state of consciousness known as sleep,according to behavioural and physiological research

A) active in terms of mental changes, but inactive in terms of physiological changes 
B) several distinct stages, each with its own characteristic level of mental and physical activity 
C) a relatively uniform experience, with the exception of periods of dreaming 
D) a uniform state in which the brain is "turned off" temporarily

Question 35

Sleepwalking occurs when a person arises and wanders about while remaining asleep.What is another term for sleepwalking

A) somliloquay 
B) walking apnea 
C) REM sleep disorder 
D) somnambulism

Question 36

Which individual is likely to get the least amount of sleep

A) someone who works overtime 
B) someone who works a steady night shift 
C) someone who works a steady day shift 
D) someone who works a rotating shift

Question 37

Which area of the brain secretes melatonin as part of the sleep cycle

A) suprachiasmatic nucleus 
B) pineal gland 
C) thalamus 
D) medulla

Question 38

Gunther is a news anchor who just flew from Vancouver to Paris,crossing eight time zones.What can you predict for Gunther,based on what is known about jet lag

A) He will take 48 hours to adjust to the new time zone. 
B) He will not experience any jet lag because he has flown west to east. 
C) He will take just over a week to adjust to the new time zone. 
D) He will take about four days to adjust to the new time zone.

Question 39

Which instrument would be used to measure muscle tension

A) polygraph 
B) electroencephalograph 
C) electrooculograph 
D) electromyograph

Question 40

What regulates sleep and waking and consists of the afferent fibres running through the reticular formation that influence physiological arousal

A) cerebellum 
B) nucleus accumbens 
C) medulla 
D) ascending reticular activating system

Question 41

What sleep state is associated with the emergence of sleep spindles

A) stage 1 sleep 
B) stage 2 sleep 
C) slow wave sleep 
D) REM sleep

Question 42

Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG)in a sleep lab.She has been asleep for just over an hour now,and her EEG is showing low-amplitude,irregular brain wave patterns.Her breathing and pulse rate are irregular,and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids.What can the researcher conclude about Bailey's state of consciousness

A) She is in stage 2 sleep. 
B) She suffers from a sleep disorder. 
C) She has just entered REM sleep. 
D) She has just entered stage 4 sleep.

Question 43

Which statement best describes voluntary muscle activity during sleep

A) It does not occur in NREM sleep. 
B) It does not occur during either REM or NREM sleep. 
C) It is at its lowest during REM sleep. 
D) It is at its highest during REM sleep.

Question 44

What does the sleep cycle tend to contain as it recurs through the night

A) more stage 4 and less REM 
B) more stage 4 and more REM 
C) less stage 4 and less REM 
D) less stage 4 and more REM

Question 45

During which activity are you most likely to have prominent alpha waves

A) being hypnotized 
B) meditating 
C) programming a computer 
D) dancing

Question 46

An electroencephalograph (EEG)is recording Juan's brain activity,and the recording is currently dominated by delta waves.At the same time,there are a series of beeps from one of the other machines.Which of the following is likely

A) There will be no change in the EEG, and Juan's sleep will not be interrupted. 
B) There will be a sleep spindle recorded on the EEG at the time of the beeps. 
C) The noise of the beeps will be incorporated into the dream Juan is currently experiencing. 
D) The beeps will wake Juan from his relatively light sleep.

Question 47

Harpreet is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG)in a sleep lab.As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG,theta waves appear.What can the researcher conclude,based on this information

A) Harpreet is still awake but is relaxed and drowsy. 
B) Harpreet is currently in REM sleep. 
C) Harpreet has just entered stage 1 sleep. 
D) Harpreet has just entered stage 3 sleep.

Question 48

"Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep,probably because he was dreaming about boot camp." What is inaccurate with this statement

A) Research shows that no dreaming takes place in REM sleep. 
B) Research shows that we are virtually paralyzed in REM sleep. 
C) Sleep is a relaxed condition of the body and, as such, precludes physical activity. 
D) Manny was never in boot camp so he is not likely to be dreaming about it.

Question 49

When can we expect to do the most dreaming,given the cyclical nature of sleep

A) in the middle of the night's sleep 
B) toward the beginning of the night's sleep 
C) in NREM sleep 
D) toward the end of the night's sleep

Question 50

With which stage of sleep is dreaming typically associated

A) REM sleep 
B) stage 1 sleep 
C) stage 2 sleep 
D) stage 4 sleep

Question 51

An electroencephalograph (EEG)is recording Alyssa's brain activity.She has just entered stage 1 sleep when there is a sudden,loud crash in the sleep lab.What is most likely

A) The EEG will temporarily show a flat line before returning to theta waves. 
B) There will be a sleep spindle recorded on the EEG at the time of the crash. 
C) The crash will wake Alyssa from her relatively light sleep. 
D) The noise of the crash will be incorporated into the dream Alyssa is currently experiencing.

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep

A) irregular breathing 
B) sleep spindles 
C) heightened muscle tension 
D) dreaming

Question 53

Katja is listening to a lecture late on a Friday afternoon.She starts to feel drowsy,and then falls into a light sleep.Which shift would be observed if her brain wave patterns were being monitored

A) theta waves to beta waves and finally to alpha waves 
B) beta waves to theta waves and finally to alpha waves 
C) alpha waves to beta waves and finally to delta waves 
D) beta waves to alpha waves and finally to theta waves

Question 54

Dr.Singh is observing Robert in a sleep lab.Dr.Singh intends to wake Robert each time he begins REM sleep.At what point should Robert be awakened,based on the electroencephalograph (EEG)recordings

A) onset of low-voltage, high-frequency beta waves 
B) onset of alpha wave activity 
C) onset of sleep spindles 
D) onset of theta wave activity

Question 55

Which state of consciousness is associated with beta waves,dreaming,rapid eye movements,and profound muscle relaxation

A) stage 1 sleep 
B) stage 2 sleep 
C) REM sleep 
D) relaxed wakefulness

Question 56

Rowan was relaxing and not really paying attention to anything when his roommate came home.The roommate has asked for help working through some difficulties with a computer program.What will happen to Rowan's brain waves as he helps his roommate

A) They will decrease in both frequency and amplitude. 
B) They will increase in frequency and decrease in amplitude. 
C) They will increase in both frequency and amplitude. 
D) They will decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude.

Question 57

Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG)in a sleep lab.As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG,delta waves appear.What can the researcher conclude about Rebecca's state of consciousness,based on this information

A) She is currently in REM sleep. 
B) She has just entered stage 1 sleep. 
C) She has just entered stage 3 sleep. 
D) She is still awake but is relaxed and drowsy.

Question 58

In which stage of sleep do the slowest brain waves occur

A) stage 1 
B) stage 2 
C) REM 
D) stage 4

Question 59

Which stage of sleep is characterized by sleep spindles,which appear against a background of mixed,mostly lower frequency EEG activity

A) stage 1 
B) stage 2 
C) stage 4 
D) REM

Question 60

Olivia has trouble sleeping for more than four hours each night.What is Olivia likely to experience

A) more sleep spindles than people who sleep for a full eight hours 
B) less deep sleep than people who sleep for a full eight hours 
C) more vivid dreams than people who sleep for a full eight hours 
D) less REM sleep than people who sleep for a full eight hours

Question 61

Ming is 12,and her Aunt Lin has come for a visit.Aunt Lin is using the spare bed in Ming's room.Several times during the night,Aunt Lin awakens briefly and then falls back to sleep.Ming doesn't awaken at all during the night.Which research result best explains this difference in sleep patterns

A) During adulthood, the proportion of REM sleep gradually declines. 
B) The elderly are more affected by jet lag and shifts in their circadian rhythms. 
C) During adulthood, the proportion of slow-wave sleep increases significantly. 
D) During adulthood, the proportion of slow-wave sleep gradually declines.

Question 62

What will a person experience after being selectively deprived of REM sleep

A) emotionality 
B) NREM 
C) hypochondriasis 
D) REM rebound

Question 63

What happens to people who are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights in a row

A) They make up for the lost slow-wave sleep when allowed to sleep without interruption. 
B) They suffer no ill effects whatsoever. 
C) They need to be awakened less and less frequently as the deprivation goes on. 
D) They spend more time in REM sleep to compensate.

Question 64

For the past month,Mikail has been getting only five to six hours of sleep,instead of the eight hours he is used to.What is a likely consequence of Mikail's reduced sleep

A) impaired attention and coordination 
B) hallucinations and general disorientation 
C) development of anxiety symptoms 
D) night terrors when he actually does fall asleep

Question 65

What is the effect of selective REM sleep deprivation on daytime functioning

A) It severely impairs cognitive functioning the next day. 
B) It severely impairs motor functioning the next day. 
C) It has little impact on daytime functioning or task performance. 
D) It impairs functioning in the morning, but those deficits are brief.

Question 66

Kara slips into REM sleep immediately after falling asleep.What has Kara probably experienced recently

A) working a rotating shift 
B) alcohol intoxication 
C) NREM rebound 
D) selective sleep deprivation

Question 67

If you could compare EEG recordings from a teenager and her grandmother,what should you expect

A) Both of these individuals will sleep for the same length of time, but the grandmother will spend substantially less time in REM sleep. 
B) Both of these individuals will sleep for the same length of time, but the grandmother will spend substantially more time in REM sleep. 
C) The grandmother will sleep less than the teenager, but both will spend about 20 percent of their sleep time in REM sleep. 
D) The grandmother will sleep less than the teenager, and also experience proportionately less REM sleep.

Question 68

What would NOT have a higher incidence of sleep apnea

A) postmenopausal women 
B) females 
C) obese people 
D) those with a genetic predisposition to sleep apnea

Question 69

During adulthood,there are changes in the proportions of sleep stages.Which of the following shows a gradual decline as we age

A) stage 1 sleep 
B) stage 2 sleep 
C) slow-wave sleep 
D) all stages of NREM sleep

Question 70

Melanie had a brain injury,and the ascending fibres in her reticular activating system were damaged.What is a likely consequence of the injury

A) She will no longer experience stage 2 or stage 3 sleep. 
B) She will not wake up. 
C) She will not be able to sleep for more than a few minutes at a time. 
D) She will no longer experience REM sleep.

Question 71

Which brain structure appears to be most important to sleep and wakefulness

A) cerebellum 
B) hippocampus 
C) corpus callosum 
D) reticular formation

Question 72

Riley is happy this morning because Jennifer,his four-month-old infant,finally slept through the night for the first time.What would comparisons of EEG recordings show if they were available for both Riley and Jennifer

A) Jennifer spent only half as much time in REM sleep. 
B) Jennifer spent more than twice as much time in REM sleep. 
C) Both Riley and Jennifer spent the same proportion of time in NREM sleep. 
D) Riley spent half as much time in NREM sleep.

Question 73

While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic,Tiana is deprived of dreaming for several nights.What is a likely result

A) She will experience REM rebound and spend more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights. 
B) She will become accustomed to going without dreaming and spend less time in REM sleep on subsequent nights. 
C) She will have difficulty achieving REM on subsequent nights. 
D) She will immediately return to a normal sleep cycle when she is allowed to sleep through the night.

Question 74

What is more common in tropical climates

A) narcolepsy 
B) napping 
C) sleep paralysis 
D) repeated waking during the night

Question 75

Cody is visiting his pen pal in a tropical,non-industrialized village.What is Cody likely to observe about the inhabitants of the village

A) They are less likely than Canadians are to encourage co-sleeping. 
B) They experience less REM sleep than is typical for Canadians. 
C) They experience less slow-wave sleep than is typical for Canadians. 
D) They are more likely than Canadians to take a nap each day.

Question 76

Which stages of sleep appear to be important for consolidation of various types of memory

A) slow-wave and REM sleep 
B) stage 1 and slow-wave sleep 
C) stages 1 and 4 sleep 
D) stage 2 and REM sleep

Question 77

Dakota is taking a prescription drug,and one of the side effects of the drug is an increase in the stimulation of ascending fibres in the reticular activating system.What is Dakota likely to experience

A) He will begin to dream during stage 3 and 4 sleep. 
B) He will have difficulty falling asleep. 
C) He will no longer experience REM sleep. 
D) He will want to sleep all the time.

Question 78

Imagine that a human was born with no pons.What would you predict about sleep for this person

A) no REM sleep 
B) constant sleep 
C) no sleep 
D) no NREM sleep

Question 79

Shelby took part in a research study in which,for three consecutive nights,she was awakened each time she entered REM sleep.What will happen when Shelby is back at home

A) She will spend extra time in REM sleep for several nights. 
B) She will develop insomnia and show general disturbances in her sleep patterns. 
C) She will spend less time in REM sleep than she did before she took part in the study. 
D) She will spend extra time in both slow-wave and REM sleep for several nights.

Question 80

Pascal took part in a research study in which,for three consecutive nights,he was awakened each time he entered slow-wave sleep.What will happen when Pascal is back at home

A) He will develop insomnia and show general disturbances in his sleep patterns. 
B) He will spend extra time in both slow-wave and REM sleep for several nights. 
C) He will spend less time in slow-wave sleep than he did before he took part in the study. 
D) He will spend extra time in slow-wave sleep for several nights.