Deck 11: B: Human Development Across the Life Span

Question 1

Which structure passes oxygen and nutrients from the mother to a developing embryo

A) pupa
B) zygote 
C) amniotic sac
D) placenta

Answer 1

 placenta

Question 2

When is the embryonic stage of prenatal development

A) the first two weeks after conception 
B) the first three months after conception 
C) from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception 
D) from two months after conception through birth

Answer 2

 from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception 

Question 3

What is the name for the one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg

A) embryo
B) conception 
C) fetus
D) zygote

Answer 3

 zygote

Question 4

During which stage of development does the cell mass that develops from the fertilized egg implant itself in the uterine wall

A) embryonic stage
B) fetal stage 
C) germinal stage
D) fertilization stage

Question 5

When is the germinal stage of prenatal development

A) the first three months after conception 
B) the first two weeks after conception 
C) from two weeks until the end of the second month after conception 
D) from two months after conception through birth

Question 6

When during prenatal development does the placenta begin to form

A) at conception
B) germinal stage 
C) embryonic stage
D) fetal stage

Question 7

Which of the following is true of most prenatal dangers to the developing fetus

A) They are related to maternal nutrition. 
B) They are a problem only in developing countries. 
C) They are preventable. 
D) They are related to exposure to toxins.

Question 8

What is the sequence of phases during the approximately nine months of prenatal development

A) germinal, fetal, embryonic
B) germinal, embryonic, fetal 
C) embryonic, germinal, fetal
D) fertilization, germinal, fetal

Question 9

During which stage of prenatal development would you call the developing organism a zygote

A) embryonic stage
B) conceptive stage 
C) fetal stage
D) germinal stage

Question 10

What is the term used to categorize alcohol,prescription drugs,environmental toxins,and other substances that can harm a developing embryo or fetus

A) tetrodotoxin
B) teratogen 
C) semiochemical
D) maladaptation

Question 11

Which stage of prenatal development lasts from two months after conception through birth

A) zygote stage
B) fetal stage 
C) embryonic stage
D) germinal stage

Question 12

Which of the following,during gestation,has been linked to vulnerability to schizophrenia

A) exposure to folic acid
B) maternal stress 
C) smoking
D) malnutrition

Question 13

Carrie is pregnant,and her fetus has just reached the age of viability.What does this mean

A) Her fetus is fully developed. 
B) Her fetus is very likely to survive if born at this stage of development. 
C) She is at least 8 months pregnant. 
D) She is at least 22 weeks pregnant.

Question 14

Both Emma and Molly are pregnant.Currently Emma's pregnancy is in the shortest stage of prenatal development and Molly's is in the longest stage.Which stages are their pregnancies in

A) Emma's is germinal; Molly's is fetal. 
B) Emma's is germinal; Molly's is embryonic. 
C) Emma's is embryonic; Molly's is fetal. 
D) Emma's is fetal; Molly's is germinal.

Question 15

What is the likelihood that a fetus will survive if born at 26 weeks of gestation

A) 0 percent
B) 10-20 percent 
C) 50 percent
D) 75 percent

Question 16

Joyce was severely malnourished during her pregnancy.Which risk is most likely for her child

A) complications at birth and neurological deficits 
B) heart defects and irritability 
C) malformations of the arms and legs 
D) attention deficit disorder and death from sudden infant death syndrome

Question 17

Which of the following does NOT occur during the final three months of prenatal development

A) maturation of respiratory and digestive systems 
B) rapid multiplication of brain cells 
C) formation of a layer of fat under the skin 
D) beginning of sex organ development

Question 18

During which stage of prenatal development would the developing organism be most vulnerable to the effects of a toxin or other environmental influence

A) fetal stage
B) embryonic stage 
C) germinal stage
D) last two months

Question 19

If the developing organism is about 2.5 cm long and has already developed most of the vital organs and bodily structures,which stage of prenatal development is just ending

A) embryonic stage
B) germinal stage 
C) zygote stage
D) fetal stage

Question 20

If a child is born with a small head,heart defects,irritability,hyperactivity,and retarded mental and motor development,which of the following is most likely true

A) The child's mother was severely malnourished during pregnancy. 
B) The child's mother had a disease such as rubella, syphilis, or mumps during pregnancy. 
C) The child's mother smoked excessively during pregnancy. 
D) The child's mother consumed excessive amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.

Question 21

Which term is defined as the characteristic mood,activity level,and emotional reactivity of an infant

A) temperament
B) personality 
C) behavioural qualities
D) attachment

Question 22

To determine whether early weaning has an influence on later personality,you design a study where you monitor 100 infants from the time they are born until they complete elementary school.What type of study is this

A) cross-sectional study
B) experimental study 
C) naturalistic observation
D) longitudinal study

Question 23

In a culture where infants are carried everywhere,what would you predict in terms of the age at which children begin to walk in that culture

A) They will walk earlier than children in cultures where children are kept in the home. 
B) They will walk at the same average age that children in all cultures begin to walk. 
C) They will walk earlier than children in most cultures. 
D) They will walk later than children in cultures with greater motor freedom.

Question 24

Which of the following is a teratogen

A) herbal tea
B) white sugar 
C) endorphins
D) stress

Question 25

Alice is a generally happy baby and until recently she interacted very well with anyone who would come to visit.She didn't mind being picked up or held by anyone,and she did not get upset if her mother left the room.Recently,however,she has been quite clingy with her mother and doesn't want to be held by people who are not really familiar to her.Which of the following age ranges fits Alice's behaviour

A) 2-4 months
B) 6-8 months 
C) 9-11 months
D) 12-15 months

Question 26

Sophia is very worried about the development of her daughter,especially regarding major changes like rolling over,sitting up,and walking.Sophia has been given a list by her pediatrician indicating the median age at which children typically exhibit such abilities.Sophia's daughter typically exhibits the various abilities approximately one month after the ages noted on the list.What should Sophia's pediatrician tell her about her concerns

A) Her daughter is still developing at a rate that is within the range of normal. 
B) Her daughter may have some developmental disabilities. 
C) Her daughter may be slightly delayed, but so long as she develops each of the skills, it doesn't matter if she matures a bit late. 
D) Her daughter is perfectly normal, because the milestones are estimated for males.

Question 27

Which of the following early developmental factors has been associated with risk of heart disease in adulthood

A) low birth weight
B) gestational diabetes 
C) maternal stress
D) heroin exposure

Question 28

According to Thomas and Chess's research on infant temperament,which type of temperament is most common

A) anxious temperament
B) difficult temperament 
C) easy temperament
D) slow-to-warm-up temperament

Question 29

To determine whether a new teaching method is effective for children who struggle with math,you design a study where you implement the method with a group of six-year olds,a group of eight-year olds,and a group of ten-year olds.What type of study is this

A) naturalistic observation
B) longitudinal study 
C) experimental study
D) cross-sectional study

Question 30

You're conducting a study to determine whether children can learn to use a new type of educational software on a touch-screen tablet computer.You try the software in a group of ten-year-olds and a group of eight-year-olds and are surprised to find that the younger children perform better with the new software.You then find out that the younger group had been exposed to touch-screen tablets in the first grade,but the technology wasn't available when the older group had been in first grade.Which of the following effects has had an impact on your research results

A) cohort effect
B) placebo effect 
C) inhibition
D) bias

Question 31

What is considered to be a weakness of Erikson's psychosocial theory

A) It does not depend enough on illustrative case studies. 
B) It provides an "idealized" description of "typical developmental patterns. 
C) It accounts for both continuity and transition in personality development. 
D) It generates a fair amount of research.

Question 32

Which type of study is most sensitive to developmental changes

A) cross-sectional
B) naturalistic observation 
C) case study
D) longitudinal

Question 33

In Harlow's studies of attachment in infant monkeys,which "mother" did the monkeys seek out when frightened or otherwise distressed

A) the foster-mother
B) the cloth-covered mother 
C) the natural mother
D) the feeding mother

Question 34

Which term is defined as close,emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

A) temperament
B) disinhibition 
C) bonding
D) attachment

Question 35

What did Bowlby assert that adults are programmed by evolutionary forces to do in response to infants and small children

A) Think about them constantly. 
B) Protect them even if it means dying for them. 
C) Keep a distance from them so as to not become too attached. 
D) Be captivated by their behaviour and respond with warmth, love, and protection.

Question 36

What type of temperament would you say that one-year-old Jasmina has if the only information you have concerning her is that she is wary or hesitant when having a new experience

A) a slow-to-warm-up temperament
B) an easy temperament 
C) a difficult temperament
D) an anxious temperament

Question 37

Ahlam is 10 years old and has serious emotional and behaviour problems that require counselling.Based on research conducted by Thomas and Chess,what type of temperament would Alham have been most likely to display in infancy

A) an easy temperament
B) a slow-to-warm-up temperament 
C) an ambivalent temperament
D) a difficult temperament

Question 38

Jerome Kagan's research on temperament focused on children who displayed traits at opposite ends of a spectrum.What were these temperaments called

A) easy or difficult
B) inhibited or uninhibited 
C) secure or anxious
D) active or passive

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT one of the main aspects of temperament outlined in your text

A) mood
B) activity level 
C) emotional reactivity
D) intellect

Question 40

What has been consistently demonstrated in research on infant attachment

A) It is ambivalent in most mother-infant pairs. 
B) It is nearly instantaneous, and infants show a profound preference for their mothers within days of birth. 
C) It is not prominent during the early months of life, and during this time infants show little preference for their mothers. 
D) It is truly seen only between infants and mothers, not other caregivers.

Question 41

Which of the following psychologists contributed significantly to our understanding of the cognitive development of children

A) Erik Erikson
B) Sigmund Freud 
C) Jean Piaget
D) Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 42

Which pattern of infant attachment is far more common in Japan than in the United States

A) secure attachment
B) insecure attachment 
C) anxious-ambivalent attachment
D) avoidant attachment

Question 43

How do evolutionary theorists view attachment styles

A) Only secure attachment is adaptive. 
B) Attachment style enhances survival and reproductive success. 
C) Attachment is a genetically determined trait that guides development. 
D) Avoidant attachment is maladaptive.

Question 44

Typically,during which stage of cognitive development are individuals concerned with the crisis of trust versus mistrust

A) concrete operational stage
B) preoperational stage 
C) sensorimotor stage
D) formal operational stage

Question 45

Based on the results of Harlow's studies of attachment in infant monkeys,which of the following aspects of a caregiver seems to be more important for the development of attachment in primates

A) likelihood of punishment
B) mere presence 
C) nutritional reward
D) comfort

Question 46

Which of the following is consistent with a stage theory approach to child development

A) A child who is at one stage will be distinctly different from a child in a different stage. 
B) Children will reach all stages but may attain particular stages in any order. 
C) Children change very gradually and there are no clear transition points between stages. 
D) The age of a child is independent of the developmental stage that child is in.

Question 47

During Erik Erikson's crisis of industry versus inferiority,a child should learn to function well in the broader social structure of the neighbourhood and school.When does this stage occur

A) birth-1 year of age
B) 1-3 years of age 
C) 3-6 years of age
D) 6 years of age through puberty

Question 48

According to Jean Piaget,what does assimilation involve

A) interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them 
B) the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what the learner can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners 
C) the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects 
D) changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

Question 49

Typically,during which stage of cognitive development are individuals concerned with the crisis of initiative versus guilt

A) preoperational stage
B) concrete operational stage 
C) sensorimotor stage
D) formal operational stage

Question 50

What type of attachment is associated with toddlers who exhibit little,if any,distress when their mothers leave the room

A) anxious-ambivalent attachment
B) avoidant attachment 
C) especially strong attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 51

Which of the following tends to be exhibited by children who were securely attached as infants

A) gifted cognitive development
B) difficulty learning how to share 
C) resistance to change
D) high self-esteem

Question 52

According to the concept of "internal working models," how does infant attachment influence later social behaviour

A) Secure attachment facilitates social bonds. 
B) Infants learn how relationships work and apply that pattern to future interactions. 
C) Attachment is genetically determined and pushes development in a particular direction. 
D) Early negative treatment of infants makes them shy and withdrawn.

Question 53

According to Erik Erikson,which crisis or developmental stage will an infant successfully resolve if the infant's basic biological needs are met by others and sound attachments are formed during the first year of life

A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt 
C) industry versus inferiority
D) initiative versus guilt

Question 54

One-year-old Beth will explore a room when her mother is present.She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room and is quickly calmed when her mother returns.Which type of attachment does Beth display

A) an anxious-ambivalent attachment
B) an avoidant attachment 
C) a disorganized-disoriented attachment
D) a secure attachment

Question 55

Five-year-old Stefan gets along well with his parents and siblings,has self-confidence,and believes that he is a good person.Which crisis has Stefan recently resolved

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) industry versus inferiority 
C) initiative versus guilt
D) trust versus mistrust

Question 56

During Erik Erikson's crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt,a child should gain a sense of self-sufficiency.At what age does this stage occur

A) 1-3 years of age
B) 3-5 years of age 
C) 5-6 years of age
D) 6-7 years of age

Question 57

One-year-old Beth will explore a room when her mother is present.She becomes upset when her mother leaves the room and is quickly calmed when her mother returns.What is the term used for this type of methodology if Beth is in a study where this pattern is repeated several times,while a researcher records Beth's response

A) avoidance procedure
B) inhibition evaluation 
C) temperament test
D) strange situation

Question 58

What were Erik Erikson's stages of development associated with

A) psychosocial crises
B) cognitive development 
C) physical development
D) moral development

Question 59

According to Erik Erikson's theory,if an elementary school-age child does poorly in school,and does not get along well with classmates,what is she likely to develop a sense of

A) mistrust
B) inferiority 
C) shame and doubt
D) industry

Question 60

Which type of attachment are infants more likely to exhibit when their mothers are inconsistent or insensitive in responding to their infants

A) separation attachment
B) especially strong attachment 
C) anxious-ambivalent attachment
D) secure attachment

Question 61

What is considered to be one weakness of Piaget's stage theory

A) Piaget seems to have overestimated young children's cognitive development. 
B) Children often simultaneously display patterns of thinking that are characteristic of several of Piaget's stages. 
C) It accounts for continuity in personality development. 
D) It generates an enormous amount of research.

Question 62

What is the correct order or sequence of Jean Piaget's stages

A) sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational 
B) preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor 
C) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational 
D) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Question 63

According to Jean Piaget,what does accommodation involve

A) interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them 
B) the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects 
C) the gap between what a learner can accomplish alone and what the learner can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners 
D) changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences

Question 64

Gianni watches as a researcher placed five toy dogs and three toy cats on a table.When the researcher asks Gianni if there are more dogs or more animals,Gianni correctly answers more animals.Which of the following operations does Gianni seem to understand,based on this answer

A) centration
B) conservation 
C) hierarchical classification
D) object permanence

Question 65

What is the duration of the preoperational stage of cognitive development

A) birth-age 2
B) ages 2-7 
C) ages 7-11
D) age 11 onward

Question 66

During which stage of development do children first demonstrate a decline in egocentrism and a mastery of conservation

A) concrete operational stage
B) sensorimotor stage 
C) preoperational stage
D) formal operational stage

Question 67

In what stage did Jean Piaget believe that children first become capable of hypothetical thinking

A) concrete operational stage
B) formal operational stage 
C) preoperational stage
D) sensorimotor stage

Question 68

According to Jean Piaget's theory,when do children first show or develop object permanence

A) formal operational stage
B) sensorimotor stage 
C) preoperational stage
D) concrete operational stage

Question 69

If a ball that a five-month-old infant is playing with rolls under a chair (and out of sight),the infant will not look for it.According to Piaget,why does this occur

A) The infant does not understand the concept of roll. 
B) The infant has not developed conservation. 
C) The infant has not developed object permanence. 
D) The infant has a short attention span.

Question 70

Jamie is trying to build a dog house,and she is very systematic and careful about planning how each piece will fit together and in what order she should assemble everything.She's never done this before but she has a logical plan to complete it.What stage of cognitive development has Jamie reached

A) formal operational stage
B) preoperational stage 
C) concrete operational stage
D) sensorimotor stage

Question 71

When Gavin's mother made him a grilled-cheese sandwich for lunch,Gavin complained that he wanted two sandwiches because he was super-hungry.After his mother cut his sandwich in half,Gavin was satisfied that he would have enough to eat.Which stage of cognitive development is Gavin in

A) concrete operational stage
B) preoperational stage 
C) formal operational stage
D) sensorimotor stage

Question 72

Benny has a sister and a brother.When someone asks Benny how many brothers his sister has,Benny says that she has one brother (rather than correctly saying that she has two brothers,including Benny).What does this example illustrate

A) animism
B) egocentrism 
C) abstract thought
D) centration

Question 73

Two short,fat glasses with the same amount of water are placed in front of a group of children.The children watch as water is poured from one short,fat glass into a tall,skinny glass.The children are then asked,"Does the tall,skinny glass have the same,more,or less water than the short,fat glass " At what stage of development would a child first be able to correctly answer that the glasses have equal amounts

A) sensorimotor stage
B) preoperational stage 
C) concrete operational stage
D) formal operational stage

Question 74

Which of the following principles suggests that physical properties of substances,such as volume,number,and mass,remain constant despite changes in their shape or appearance

A) centration
B) conservation 
C) egocentrism
D) object permanence

Question 75

Two short,fat glasses with the same amount of water are placed in front of a group of children.The children watch as water is poured from one short,fat glass into a tall,skinny glass.The children are then asked,"Does the tall,skinny glass have the same,more,or less water than the short,fat glass " Which of the following types of problem does this illustrate

A) sensorimotor problem
B) object permanence problem 
C) animism problem
D) conservation problem

Question 76

What has been demonstrated in more modern research examining Piaget's cognitive stages

A) Children outside of Western cultures do not show evidence of progress through Piaget's stages. 
B) Most children do not pass through the stages in the order that Piaget suggested. 
C) Children likely develop some cognitive skills much earlier than Piaget estimated. 
D) There is no evidence that children can be in more than one stage at a time.

Question 77

What is the approximate duration of the concrete operational stage of cognitive development

A) birth-age 2
B) age 2-7 
C) age 7-11
D) age 11 onward

Question 78

Which stage of cognitive development lasts from approximately age 11 onward

A) concrete operational stage
B) sensorimotor stage 
C) preoperational stage
D) formal operational stage

Question 79

Which of Jean Piaget's stages is associated with the period of cognitive development that lasts from approximately birth to age two

A) sensorimotor stage
B) concrete operational stage 
C) preoperational stage
D) formal operational stage

Question 80

If a child says that the sun shines to keep him warm,what is the child exhibiting

A) conservation
B) animism 
C) centration
D) egocentrism