Deck 16: A: Treatment of Psychological Disorders

Question 1

What are the two most common problems faced by those who seek psychotherapy

A) excessive anxiety and depression 
B) loneliness and boredom 
C) low self-esteem and irrational thinking 
D) marital conflicts and a sense of emptiness

Answer 1

 excessive anxiety and depression 

Question 2

What is the main practical difference between a clinical psychologist and a counselling psychologist

A) Only the clinical psychologist can prescribe drugs. 
B) The severity of the problems that they tend to deal with. 
C) Clinical psychologists provide behaviour therapy; counselling psychologists provide insight therapy. 
D) The clinical psychologist has a doctorate; the counselling psychologist has a master's degree.

Answer 2

 The severity of the problems that they tend to deal with. 

Question 3

Which statement best describes psychiatrists

A) They have essentially the same education as clinical psychologists. 
B) They are physicians who specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. 
C) They are less likely to use psychoanalytic methods than psychologists. 
D) They focus exclusively on biomedical therapies in treating psychological disorders.

Answer 3

 They are physicians who specialize in the treatment of mental disorders. 

Question 4

Which academic degree is associated with being a psychiatrist

A) Ph.D. 
B) Ed.D. 
C) M.D. 
D) Psy.D.

Question 5

What do psychoanalytic,client-centred,and cognitive therapies have in common

A) They all require a Ph.D. degree to practise. 
B) They are only effective in conjunction with drug therapy. 
C) They are each used in the treatment of psychosis. 
D) They all promote insight into the self.

Question 6

Which disorder would be least likely to be treated by psychiatrists

A) schizophrenia 
B) mood disorder 
C) anxiety disorder 
D) marital problems

Question 7

Gilbert just graduated from medical school and has entered a four-year residency at a local hospital.He plans to specialize in the treatment of mental disorders.What is Gilbert training to be

A) counselling psychologist 
B) clinical psychologist 
C) psychiatrist 
D) psychiatric nurse

Question 8

Which type of psychotherapist participates in complex verbal interactions with clients in order to enhance clients' understanding of themselves and their problems

A) biomedical therapist 
B) insight therapist 
C) homeopathic therapist 
D) behaviour therapist

Question 9

What is NOT one of the main categories of treatment

A) insight therapies 
B) biomedical therapies 
C) behaviour therapies 
D) revelation therapies

Question 10

Clive is a clinical psychologist,and his sister Grace is a psychiatrist.What would Clive be more likely to do

A) treat young children, while Grace would treat more adults 
B) deal with patients who have more severe problems than the patients Grace sees 
C) take a psychoanalytic approach to therapy, while Grace takesa behavioural approach 
D) have a degree in psychology, while Grace would have a medical degree

Question 11

What happens in free association

A) Clients spontaneously express their thoughts and feelings exactly as they occur. 
B) Clients relate the events of their dreams as they remember them. 
C) Clients are restricted to talking about their sexual conflicts only. 
D) Therapists openly express their interpretations of clients' thoughts and feelings.

Question 12

Which type of psychologist is most likely to deal with the most severe mental health problems

A) applied 
B) school 
C) clinical 
D) counselling

Question 13

Which type of therapy is based on interactions designed to help a client develop self-knowledge,and thus progress to healthy changes in personality and behaviour

A) emotive therapy 
B) insight therapy 
C) psychopharmacological therapy 
D) behavioural therapy

Question 14

Which statement best describes psychotherapy

A) Since Freud's time, all forms of treatment for psychological disorders have involved verbal interaction. 
B) The first systematic psychotherapy procedure was Freud's psychoanalysis. 
C) All psychotherapies employ essentially the same method of treatment. 
D) Insight therapy is the most effective method for treating psychological disorders.

Question 15

Belle has her master's degree,and she helps people integrate back into the community after treatment in a mental health facility.Which type of mental health professional is Belle

A) a psychiatrist 
B) a clinical social worker 
C) a psychiatric nurse 
D) a counselling psychologist

Question 16

What modern practitioners are most likely to use psychoanalysis

A) psychiatrists 
B) clinical psychologists 
C) social workers 
D) counselling psychologists

Question 17

Claude has been seeing a therapist in an attempt to finally stop smoking.The therapist has described a number of specific techniques using reward and punishment that Claude might try to eliminate his behaviour of smoking.Which type of therapy is most consistent with this example

A) biomedical 
B) insight 
C) psychoanalysis 
D) behaviour

Question 18

Vicki is seeing a therapist in an attempt to improve her relationship with her father.During her meetings with her therapist,the two of them often engage in lengthy discussion,and her therapist tries to help Vicki work through a variety of potential solutions for the problems she is facing.Which type of therapy is most consistent with this example

A) behaviour 
B) systematic desensitization 
C) insight 
D) biomedical

Question 19

Which statement best describes an early advancement in psychology

A) Anna O called the treatment she received from Josef Breuer "the talking cure." 
B) The first systematic psychotherapy procedure is the early days of psychological science was Becks' cognitive therapy for depression. 
C) Breuer was so interested in the progress made by Anna O in therapy that he followed through on his discovery and subsequently developed more interventions. 
D) Biomedical approaches to psychological treatment include drug therapy, however no longer include electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT) as it is no longer practiced.

Question 20

Leslie has been feeling depressed for a number of weeks.She thinks she may need to see a therapist to help her overcome her depression,but she doesn't want to see anyone who is going to dwell on her childhood and try to work through any problems she experienced years ago.She wants to see someone who will focus on direct treatment of her current symptoms.In this example,which type of therapy does Leslie want

A) behavioural 
B) psychoanalysis 
C) insight 
D) humanist

Question 21

What is the term for treating the therapist as though he were a very important person from one's past,such as a parent

A) frustration 
B) resistance 
C) reaction formation 
D) transference

Question 22

What is NOT a Freudian technique that is used to bring unconscious material to consciousness

A) analysis of transference 
B) free association 
C) dream analysis 
D) systematic desensitization

Question 23

Josie has been in therapy for five years.Her therapist analyzes the symbolism in her dreams and other comments,and helps Josie understand the unconscious conflicts that underlie the dreams.In this case,which approach does Josie's therapist use

A) psychoanalysis 
B) client-centred approach 
C) biofeedback therapy 
D) rational-emotive therapy

Question 24

Jorge has been in psychotherapy for several months.When he first started therapy,Jorge had a very positive relationship with his therapist.However,over the past two weeks he has shown increasing hostility,and he often yells and becomes threatening when his therapist offers her interpretations of the things that Jorge says during therapy.According to Freud,what does Jorge's behaviour represent

A) evidence of psychosis 
B) evidence that his psychological problems are worsening 
C) a sign of transference 
D) a sign of repressed free association

Question 25

What would Freud consider to be the most direct means of access to the unconscious mind

A) the content of dreams 
B) the client's attempts to hinder the progress of therapy 
C) the client's feelings toward the therapist 
D) transference

Question 26

What would be an example of transference in psychoanalytic therapy

A) The patient takes charge of the therapeutic process. 
B) The patient changes her behaviour toward her loved ones. 
C) The patient falls in love with the therapist. 
D) The patient moves to a deeper understanding of himself.

Question 27

Clifton has been in psychotherapy for several months,but during the last few sessions he has been distracted and inattentive.When his therapist asks him to describe any dreams he has had recently,Clifton insists that he doesn't remember any of his dreams.According to Freud,what does Clifton's behaviour represent

A) defensive neurosis 
B) resistance 
C) insight 
D) transference

Question 28

How does the psychoanalytic therapist deal with transference

A) by allowing the patient to work through the associated feelings 
B) by moving to a new topic for discussion 
C) by ignoring the diversion and focusing on the real problem 
D) by modelling new behaviour for the client

Question 29

What is a therapist looking to discover by using free association and dream analysis

A) the unconscious 
B) irrational thoughts 
C) maladaptive behaviours 
D) the conscious

Question 30

Which statement is the best example of transference

A) A therapist encourages a client to see the symbolism in her dreams. 
B) A client starts skipping appointments in order to take control of his life. 
C) A client starts dreaming about the therapist and the therapeutic process. 
D) A client reacts toward the therapist in the way that used to react to his father.

Question 31

Mario recently started seeing a therapist.During each session,Mario is expected to talk about whatever pops into his mind.He often rambles,and he sometimes thinks that the things he describes seem trivial or silly,but his therapist encourages him to say it all.With which approach is this technique associated

A) psychoanalytic 
B) behavioural 
C) cognitive 
D) client-centred

Question 32

According to Freud,why do people use defense mechanisms

A) to avoid confronting their inner conflicts 
B) to keep people from guessing their secrets 
C) to increase the congruency between real and ideal selves 
D) to promote adaptive behaviours

Question 33

Tasha has been in psychotherapy for just over a year.Lately,she has started to express a strong sexual desire for her therapist.Unconsciously,she is acting toward him the way she wishes she could act toward her own husband.According to Freud,what does Tasha's behaviour represent

A) transference 
B) resistance 
C) free association 
D) defensive neurosis

Question 34

In treating an abnormal behaviour,what is a psychoanalyst trying to discover

A) the unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour 
B) inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behaviour 
C) ways in which the behaviour keeps the client from becoming self-actualized 
D) the environmental conditions that are maintaining the behaviour

Question 35

What did Freud theorize about events that occur in dreams

A) They have no connection to the client's real life and thus are irrelevant in therapy. 
B) They are symbolic representations of recent events in the client's life. 
C) They are logical interpretations of random neural activation. 
D) They need to be analyzed by the therapist and interpreted for the client.

Question 36

What is resistance,in the context of therapy

A) unconscious defensive manoeuvres intended to hinder the progress of therapy 
B) conscious efforts to hinder the progress of therapy 
C) the client's reaction to sexual advances from the therapist 
D) unconscious ways in which young children rebel against their parents' demands

Question 37

Michelle has been having a recurring dream for the past four months.Her therapist proposed one possible explanation that might give meaning to the images in Michelle's dream.In providing an explanation for the meaning of the dream,what is the therapist doing

A) clarification 
B) free association 
C) interpretation 
D) transference

Question 38

Dr.Paat believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated by bringing unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness.Whose theories is Dr.Paat's belief consistent with

A) Joseph Wolpe 
B) Hans Eysenck 
C) Carl Rogers 
D) Sigmund Freud

Question 39

You make an appointment to see a therapist,and as you are waiting,you notice that a large number of the books on the therapist's shelves deal with the work of Sigmund Freud.What would you expect this therapist to do

A) Emphasize the need to bring unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness. 
B) Help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. 
C) Provide a supportive emotional environment while allowing you to determine the pace and direction of your therapy. 
D) Use counterconditioning to reverse maladaptive behaviours.

Question 40

After several months of psychoanalysis,Andy begins to feel intensely angry with his therapist,although the therapist has been consistently warm and supportive.How would a psychoanalyst interpret Andy's feelings

A) They are a result of sudden insight about some childhood experience. 
B) They are due to a misinterpretation of the therapist's behaviour. 
C) They are signs of an impending psychosis. 
D) They are a result of transference.

Question 41

What is NOT one of the characteristics that Carl Rogers believed is necessary in client-centred therapy

A) genuineness 
B) empathy 
C) unconditional positive regard 
D) authority

Question 42

Rogers named his technique "client-centred therapy." What belief was he trying to emphasize with this term

A) The client is in a position of natural status and authority over the therapist. 
B) Clients should play a major role in determining the pace and direction of therapy. 
C) Therapists should share all of their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with clients. 
D) Clients should always be the centre of attention.

Question 43

What is a primary goal of client-centred therapy

A) to help clients understand how repressed childhood conflicts can affect their behaviour 
B) to help clients realize they don't have to have approval from others 
C) to change the ways clients think 
D) to modify clients' maladaptive behaviour patterns

Question 44

Dr.Benz always tries to be honest with her clients,and she never becomes defensive,even if the clients ridicule her feedback or her methods of therapy.According to Carl Rogers,which quality does Dr.Benz display in dealing with her clients

A) empathy 
B) unconditional positive regard 
C) genuineness 
D) validity

Question 45

Charlene is talking with her father,and she confesses that she lied about where she had been on the weekend.Her father tells Charlene that he loves her,but that he doesn't approve of her lying.According to Carl Rogers,which quality does Charlene's father display

A) validity 
B) unconditional positive regard 
C) genuineness 
D) empathy

Question 46

Emotion-focused couples' therapy is a treatment approach developed by Greenberg and Johnson in which couples are encouraged to identify their needs and express their needs.Which approach is this therapy based on

A) rational-emotive therapy 
B) psychoanalysis 
C) client-centred therapy 
D) cognitive-behavioural therapy

Question 47

What is the difference between group therapy and family therapy

A) the types of techniques that work best 
B) the importance of unconditional positive regard 
C) In group therapy, the clients don't typically interact outside of therapy. 
D) In family therapy, the clients are not expected to provide feedback to each other during sessions.

Question 48

What is the term for recovery from a disorder without formal treatment

A) reified recovery 
B) placebo effect 
C) countertransference 
D) spontaneous remission

Question 49

In therapy,Sarah is learning to appreciate the little things in her life and to focus on personal growth.Which theoretical approach is consistent with this type of therapy

A) psychodynamic theory 
B) systematic desensitization 
C) behaviourism 
D) positive psychology

Question 50

Which statement best represents the approach of a client-centred therapist in treating a chronically anxious client

A) "Let's see if we can identify the irrational beliefs that are producing your anxiety." 
B) "So, you feel that your world is a very scary place to be." 
C) "Let's look for ways in which you might actually be benefiting from your anxiety." 
D) "Do you feel that your mother adequately met your need for emotional support when you were a child?"

Question 51

What is the most important role for group members in group therapy

A) reduce both transference and resistance 
B) challenge one another's false belief structures 
C) increase conformity and compliance 
D) provide acceptance and emotional support

Question 52

What was the basis for Carl Rogers's client-centred therapy

A) behaviourist tradition 
B) psychoanalytic tradition 
C) humanistic tradition 
D) cognitive tradition

Question 53

What is the therapist's role in group therapy

A) to function as just another client 
B) to be authoritative and provide clear structure and boundaries for each client 
C) to observe the interactions of the group by keeping therapeutic distance 
D) to subtly manage and guide the group while participating

Question 54

Dr.Yosef is a psychotherapist who is extremely supportive of all his clients.He often acts as a sounding board,restating and clarifying the themes that come to the surface as his clients speak freely about their concerns and problems.Which type of therapist does Dr.Yosef appear to be

A) a psychoanalyst 
B) a rational-emotive therapist 
C) a client-centred therapist 
D) a cognitive behaviourist

Question 55

According to Rogers,when does personal distress occur

A) when a person engages in negative thinking 
B) when there is incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality 
C) when unconscious conflicts threaten to rise to the surface of conscious awareness 
D) when a person is lacking in self-control

Question 56

Lance tells his therapist,"My whole world is a mess and nobody cares for me or is concerned about what happens to me." Lance's therapist knows that he has many friends who are concerned about him,but she tells him,"I understand why you might feel that way right now,and it must be difficult for you to deal with your feelings of abandonment." In this interaction,what quality does Lance's therapist display

A) clarification 
B) unconditional positive regard 
C) empathy 
D) genuineness

Question 57

Which therapeutic technique encourages clients to play a major role in determining the pace and direction of therapy

A) psychoanalytic therapy 
B) client-centred therapy 
C) rational-emotive therapy 
D) social skills training

Question 58

Client: "I've had a bad week.I'm really down." Therapist: "You've had some unpleasant experiences lately and are feeling quite depressed as a result." What is the therapist's statement in this interaction intended to communicate to the client

A) unconditional positive regard 
B) empathy 
C) interpretation 
D) genuineness

Question 59

Gerry has been diagnosed with depression and is seeing a therapist.His therapist encourages Gerry to think about his strengths and has asked him to keep a journal in which he notes all the good things that happen to him.Which approach is Gerry's therapist using

A) positive psychotherapy 
B) behavioural therapy 
C) systematic desensitization 
D) psychoanalysis

Question 60

What is the key task for the therapist in client-centred therapy

A) clarification 
B) cognitive evaluation 
C) behaviour modification 
D) interpretation

Question 61

When Donovan was 4 years old,he was startled and began to cry when a car backfired just as he was walking past a fire hydrant.As an adult,Donovan is still fearful of fire hydrants and avoids walking near them.Based on principles of classical conditioning,what is Donovan's current fear of fire hydrants

A) conditioned response 
B) unconditioned stimulus 
C) unconditioned response 
D) conditioned stimulus

Question 62

In systematic desensitization,what type of response is supposed to replace the fear response

A) cognitive response 
B) unconditioned response 
C) relaxation 
D) defensive response

Question 63

When Ling was 8 years old,she was startled and began to cry when a car backfired just as she was walking under a ladder.As an adult,Ling is still terrified of ladders.Based on principles of classical conditioning,what term is used to label the sound of the car backfiring

A) unconditioned stimulus 
B) conditioned stimulus 
C) counterconditioning 
D) transference

Question 64

Given the results of studies that have examined the effectiveness of insight therapy,which portion of therapy tends to result in the greatest improvement

A) the first 10 to 20 sessions of therapy 
B) any portion of therapy that shows evidence of transference 
C) the latter portions of therapy, after approximately 20 weeks of treatment 
D) the therapy portion that follows the onset of drug treatment

Question 65

With regard to psychological disorders,what does spontaneous remission refer to

A) failure to recover despite extensive treatment 
B) recovery from a disorder that occurs because of formal treatment 
C) sudden recurrence of a disorder in a client who had apparently been cured 
D) recovery from a disorder that occurs without formal treatment

Question 66

You make an appointment to see a therapist and,as you are waiting,you notice that a large number of the books on the therapist's shelves deal with the work of Joseph Wolpe.What should you expect from this therapist

A) He will emphasize the bringing unconscious conflicts and defences into conscious awareness. 
B) He will help you recognize and change negative thoughts and maladaptive beliefs. 
C) He will use counterconditioning to reduce anxiety responses. 
D) He will provide a supportive environment while allowing you to determine the pace and direction of your therapy.

Question 67

From where does behaviour therapy derive its principles

A) psychodynamic theories that posit a protective purpose for behaviour 
B) research by B. F. Skinner, Hans Eysenck, and Joseph Wolpe 
C) the holistic perspective of Gestalt psychology 
D) cognitive research into fundamental errors in thought

Question 68

When Kayla was 6 years old,her older brother hid in her closet,then unexpectedly jumped out and grabbed her when she came into her dark bedroom.Kayla is still frightened in dark places,even as an adult.Based on principles of classical conditioning,what term describes the experience of being grabbed unexpectedly by her brother

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) counterconditioning 
C) negative reinforcement 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 69

According to behaviour therapists,how should pathological behaviours be viewed

A) They should be viewed as the expression of an unconscious sexual or aggressive conflict. 
B) They are signs of an underlying emotional or cognitive problem. 
C) They can be modified directly, through the application of established principles of conditioning. 
D) They are the product of irrational thinking.

Question 70

What does behaviour therapy require

A) The client must passively accept suggestions for change. 
B) The client's vague complaints must be translated into concrete behavioural goals. 
C) The client must develop insight into his or her irrational thought processes. 
D) The client's willingness to take the lead on the therapeutic process.

Question 71

Joseph Wolpe launched behaviour therapy in 1958.Which technique did he develop

A) aversion therapy 
B) systematic desensitization 
C) rational emotive therapy 
D) social skills training

Question 72

What type of conditioning is the basis for systematic desensitization

A) instrumental 
B) classical 
C) operant 
D) aversive

Question 73

When evaluating the effectiveness of insight therapies,what is typically found

A) Most clients experience spontaneous remission. 
B) Insight therapy is only effective in combination with some other therapy. 
C) Drug therapy is more effective than insight therapy. 
D) Insight therapy is more effective than placebo treatments.

Question 74

If you think about a snake phobia in classical conditioning terms,what term is used to describe the sight of the snake

A) unconditioned response 
B) conditioned response 
C) conditioned stimulus 
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 75

What would be a behaviour therapist's focus in treating an abnormal behaviour

A) the inappropriate thought patterns that underlie the behaviour 
B) the childhood unconscious conflict that led to the behaviour 
C) the environmental cues and consequences associated with the troublesome behaviour 
D) the ways in which the behaviour keeps the client from becoming self-actualized

Question 76

Dr.Stroetz believes that most psychological disorders can be successfully treated if clients' vague complaints are translated into concrete behavioural goals.Knowing this,you might expect that Dr.Stroetz's bookshelves contain a large number of books written by which authors

A) Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung 
B) Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis 
C) B.F. Skinner and Joseph Wolpe 
D) Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Question 77

Carolyn had been feeling extremely depressed over the loss of her job,and she had considered seeing a therapist for help with her depression.However,for the past week she has been feeling much better and has decided that she doesn't need professional treatment after all.In this case,what appears to have happened to Carolyn

A) personal insight 
B) placebo effect 
C) transference 
D) spontaneous remission

Question 78

When Brett was 6 years old,his older sister hid in his closet,then unexpectedly jumped out and scared him when he came into his dark bedroom.Brett is still terrified of the dark even as an adult.Based on principles of classical conditioning,what is Brett's fear of the dark

A) a result of counterconditioning 
B) an unconditioned response 
C) a conditioned response 
D) a result of observational learning

Question 79

What is the basic learning principle used in Wolpe's systematic desensitization

A) operant conditioning 
B) counterconditioning 
C) negative reinforcement 
D) positive reinforcement

Question 80

If you are evaluating clients' subjective ratings of changes in their feelings,measures of clients' behavioural changes,and therapists' subjective ratings of changes in clients' adaptive functioning,what are you trying to measure

A) personality differences among clients 
B) effectiveness of therapy 
C) placebo effects 
D) therapists' professional competence