Deck 3: Living Primates

Question 1

Gorillas are primarily ground dwellers.​

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Humans and apes are classified as strepsirhines.​

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Bonobos are the only primate species, besides humans, to routinely engage in sexual behavior when females are not ovulating.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Object placement is considered a form of visual communication.​

Question 5

Tree-living primates have an acute sense of touch.​

Question 6

Young apes take longer to reach adulthood than most other mammals.​

Question 7

No primates today are currently endangered.​

Question 8

Binocular and stereoscopic vision developed as a response to arboreal life.​

Question 9

Among primates, the limb pattern structure allows for speed.​

Question 10

The varied diet available to arboreal primates required specialized teeth.​

Question 11

Among all African apes, as with humans, there is no fixed breeding season.​

Question 12

Mammals possess a skeleton in which the limbs are positioned to the sides of the body.​

Question 13

Most primates form monogamous bonds within families.​

Question 14

Closely related species have shared part of their evolutionary history.​

Question 15

Lemurs and lorises have longer front limbs than back ones that allow them to climb trees easily.​

Question 16

There are dominance hierarchies among chimpanzees.​

Question 17

All living prosimian species are small.​

Question 18

All primates have single births.​

Question 19

Chimpanzees in the wild have been observed making and using tools far more than bonobos.​

Question 20

Chimpanzees have been observed administering medicinal plants to each other, especially mothers to infants.

Question 21

Which of the following topics would best be approached by studying primates in their natural habitat?​

A)​language learning skills
B)​social dynamics
C)​comparative intelligence
D)​conceptual capacity

Question 22

Flexible and changing behavioral patterns among nonhuman primates interest scientists because they provide clues about:​

A)​the earliest development of human cultural behavior
B)​the psychological challenge that nonhuman primates face
C)​migration behavior and possible human physical developments
D)​the evolution of the great apes

Question 23

The physical differences between humans and apes are largely a matter of kind rather than degree.​

Question 24

Evidence from ancient skeletons suggests that the first mammals appeared over _______________ million years ago, whereas the earliest primates first evolved approximately _______________million years ago.​

A)​200/65
B)​265/150
C)​175/65
D)​100/5

Question 25

For an arboreal primate, which sense is most important in locating food?​

A)​hearing
B)​taste
C)​vision
D)​smell

Question 26

Chimpanzee females hunt.​

Question 27

Which of the following is the most accurate statement?​

A)​Apes include both the greater apes and also monkeys.
B)​Humans, monkeys, and apes are primates, but only humans are mammals.
C)​Apes and humans are primates, but monkeys are not.
D)​Biologically speaking, humans are apes.

Question 28

Which of the following is the best example of a noninvasive research method for studying primates?​

A)​drawing blood for analysis
B)​caging primates separately to enforce language learning
C)​restructuring primate family groups to study social behavior
D)​taking fecal samples to study diet and health

Question 29

Which of the following statements about primate populations is correct?​

A)​All New and Old World monkeys are endangered today.
B)​All New World monkeys and apes are endangered today.
C)​All of the great apes are endangered today.
D)​All primates everywhere are endangered today.

Question 30

For primates, what was the primary advantage of arboreal life?​

A)​It opened up an abundant food supply.
B)​It allowed them to escape from predators and hide in trees.
C)​It allowed them to build nests up off of the cold and damp ground.
D)​It allowed them to see their prey and become better hunters.

Question 31

What statement best describes the role of ethics in field research of nonhuman primates?​

A)​Field research is unethical for primatologists.
B)​Ethics is not as significant an issue for primatologists as for cultural anthropologists.
C)​Ethics is more important to research on primates in captivity than those in nature.
D)​Field studies raise important ethical issues for primatologists.

Question 32

Western lowland gorilla populations are growing today.​

Question 33

All of the following favored the emergence of the Primate order except:​

A)​extinction of dinosaurs
B)​mild climate
C)​glaciation
D)​spread of dense tropical forests

Question 34

Primate behavioral patterns derive from:​

A)​diurnal mammalian evolution
B)​mammalian primate biology
C)​reptilian evolution
D)​random change

Question 35

All primates are classified as endangered today.​

Question 36

Mammals have all of the following characteristics except:​

A)​a diaphragm involved in breathing
B)​a four-chambered heart
C)​a merging of nasal and mouth cavities
D)​milk from mother's mammary glands

Question 37

Chimpanzees throw objects as weapons.​

Question 38

What amazing discovery did primatologist Jane Goodall make in her studies of chimpanzees in 1960?​

A)​that chimpanzees use tools
B)​that chimpanzees use social mediation and peacemaking
C)​that chimpanzees share 98 percent of the same DNA with humans
D)​that apes have opposable thumbs

Question 39

A creature that is active at night is considered to be:​

A)​arboreal
B)​diurnal
C)​noxious
D)​nocturnal

Question 40

Which of the following are not considered hominoids?​

A)​humans
B)​lemurs
C)​siamangs
D)​bonobos

Question 41

Which of the following statements about primate growth and development is most correct?​

A)​Young apes take more time to reach adulthood than do most mammals.
B)​Young apes leave during early adolescence and quickly establish their own groups.
C)​Nonhuman primates reach an early adulthood, but they are slow breeders with long birth intervals.
D)​Primates move from specific to more generalized development as they age.

Question 42

A prehensile monkey would be found:​

A)​swinging from the trees with both limbs
B)​grasping on a tree limb by the tail
C)​cracking nuts through use of opposable thumbs
D)​walking bipedally for short distances

Question 43

Monkeys, apes, and humans are taxonomically grouped together as:​

A)​hominoids
B)​anthropoids
C)​anthropoids.
D)​hominids

Question 44

Which of the following is a true statement?​

A)​The shape of the primate collarbone varies between species.
B)​The collarbone (clavicle) in primates is long and narrow, allowing flexible movements.
C)​The collarbone (clavicle) in primates is short and stout, allowing for firm posture.
D)​Primates do not have collarbones.

Question 45

A second toe, called a "grooming claw," is found on:​

A)​bonobos
B)​baboons
C)​marmosets
D)​lemurs

Question 46

Which of the following is not an evolutionary trend specific to primate skeletons?​

A)​eyes rotated more forward
B)​reduction of size of snout
C)​more forward position for the opening at the base of the skull
D)​hands and feet have five radiating digits

Question 47

Which Old World monkey is of special interest to paleoanthropologists because it lives in savannahs like those in which we expect ancestral humans may have lived?​

A)​baboons
B)​chimpanzees
C)​lemurs
D)​bonobos

Question 48

What do we call the ability to grasp and manipulate objects between the thumb and other digits?​

A)​opposability
B)​prehensility
C)​brachiation
D)​radiation

Question 49

Which of the following best describes gorillas?​

A)​They are the largest ape, bipeds, carnivores, and big "bluffers."
B)​They are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, vegetarians, and big "bluffers."
C)​They are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, vegetarians, and aggressive.
D)​They are the largest ape, knuckle-walkers, carnivores, and big "bluffers."

Question 50

Recent molecular evidence shows that which primate is more closely related to monkeys, apes, and humans than lemurs?​

A)​lorises
B)​tarsiers
C)​bush baby
D)​panda

Question 51

Which of the following is more arboreal?​

A)​baboons.
B)​baboons
C)​gorillas
D)​chimpanzees

Question 52

The primary form of locomotion found among African apes is:​

A)​bipedalism
B)​brachiation
C)​knuckle-walking
D)​tripedalism

Question 53

Where are lemurs found today?​

A)​Sub-Saharan Africa
B)​Malaysia and Madagascar
C)​Indonesia and Central Africa
D)​Madagascar only

Question 54

Which of the following represent the primate group, prosimians?​

A)​loris, tarsier, marmoset
B)​siamang, tarsier, lemur
C)​tarsier, loris, lemur
D)​lemur, loris, siamang

Question 55

Which of the following is the most solitary ape?​

A)​human
B)​gibbon
C)​bonobo
D)​orangutan

Question 56

Which of the following does not accurately describe the primate visual system?​

A)​Nerve cells integrate the images derived from each eye.
B)​Visual field is three-dimensional, registering height, width, and depth.
C)​Nerve connections in the back of the eyes process visual information.
D)​Eyes sit next to each other on the same plane with overlapping visual fields.

Question 57

Which of the following statements best describes the primate brain?​

A)​It has an increasingly integrated cerebellum that restricts primates to only the most adaptive environments.
B)​It has an increasingly integrated cerebral cortex that restricts primates to only the most adaptive environments.
C)​It has an enlarged cerebral cortex that provides the basis for flexible behavior patterns.
D)​It has an enlarged cerebellum that is responsible for flexible behavior patterns.

Question 58

Monkeys, apes, and humans share all of the following in their sense of vision except:​

A)​color vision
B)​stereoscopic vision
C)​binocular vision
D)​two-dimensional vision

Question 59

Today, from a molecular approach, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are classified as:​

A)​prosimians
B)​haplorhines
C)​strepsirhini
D)​hominids

Question 60

Approximately how many years of evolutionary history are shared by Old World monkeys and apes, including humans?​

A)​4 to 5 million years
B)​8 to 10 million years
C)​40 million years
D)​65 million years

Question 61

How do primatologists define a "tool"?​

A)​an object used to facilitate some task or activity
B)​a modified natural object
C)​an object that has been changed in a permanent way
D)​primatologists do not have a definition for "tool"

Question 62

Early primatology studies tended to focus on which type of social structure? (Today, given a more diverse group of primatologists, we understand that primates have many more social behavior options.)​

A)​male dominance hierarchies
B)​mother-infant bonding
C)​hunting behavior
D)​social cooperation

Question 63

In the "Original Study," you read about a surprising characteristic associated with some male orangutans. What was it?​

A)​arrested physical development
B)​homosexual behavior
C)​development of female behaviors in old age
D)​pair bonding

Question 64

What did the field studies of Japanese primatologist Kinji Imanishi reveal about bonobos?​

A)​importance of social ranking and competition
B)​importance of social cooperation
C)​importance of father-child bonds
D)​importance of male dominance hierarchies

Question 65

Chimpanzees use which type of vocalization for group protection, coordination of group efforts, and general social interaction?​

A)​howls
B)​whistles
C)​pant-hoots
D)​lip-smacking

Question 66

All of the following are lessons we can learn from the male orangutans in the "Original Study" except:​

A)​Situations that humans might find stressful are not necessarily so within other primate species.
B)​There is no single blueprint for understanding the evolution of behavior among primates.
C)​Reproductive strategies can vary greatly in different social and ecological settings.
D)​Some primates perform immoral acts as part of a strategy to minimize reproductive potential.

Question 67

Which is the only animal group to use mediators in conflict resolution?​

A)​orangutans
B)​gorillas
C)​chimpanzees
D)​bonobos

Question 68

GG rubbing, found among bonobos, stands for:​

A)​genitor-genital
B)​genuine-genito
C)​genito-genital
D)​genitor-genito

Question 69

Frans de Waal, in his study of bonobos, has found that_______________, which often occurs after an attack, may be more important than the attack itself.​

A)​migration
B)​food sharing
C)​reconciliation
D)​display

Question 70

Bonobos are one of the few primates to establish:​

A)​nuclear families and bonded monogamous pairs
B)​nuclear families and polygamous bonds
C)​polygamous families and shifting pair bonds
D)​polyandrous families with no pair bonds

Question 71

A slow period of growth and development among primates provides for all of the following except:​

A)​built-in behavioral responses
B)​tight social bonds within the community
C)​flexible and changeable behavioral patterns
D)​close mother-infant bonds

Question 72

What is unique about bonobo sexual activity among nonhuman primates?​

A)​They are promiscuous within their social groups.
B)​They do not limit their sexual behavior to times of female fertility.
C)​They restrict themselves to male-female sexual activity.
D)​They do not form pair bonds among sexual partners.

Question 73

The period in which a female nonhuman primate is receptive to impregnation by males is known as:​

A)​ovulation
B)​estrus
C)​heats
D)​GG rubbing

Question 74

A polyandrous bond is primarily found among:​

A)​the apes because pair bonding helps with rearing offspring during a long adolescence
B)​all monkeys because of territorial issues and the need to protect young
C)​some New World monkey species in which males assist with offspring
D)​some Old World monkey species in which females assist each other with offspring

Question 75

Concealed ovulation among nonhuman primates is not common. In which species do we find this?​

A)​chimpanzees
B)​bonobos
C)​gorillas
D)​orangutans

Question 76

Which of the following is a common mechanism used by many primates when relationships need to be maintained despite occasional conflict?​

A)​vocalization
B)​reconciliation
C)​gathering calls
D)​GG rubbing

Question 77

All of the following are secondary sexual characteristics among male orangutans except:​

A)​wide cheek pads
B)​brightly colored hair on the body and face
C)​a well-developed throat sac for long calls
D)​development of color vision

Question 78

Apes generally nurse their young for how many years?​

A)​5 years
B)​4 years
C)​3 years
D)​2 years

Question 79

Among chimpanzees and bonobos, grooming serves all of the following purposes except:​

A)​to beautify the animal
B)​for reconciliation
C)​to show affection
D)​for hygienic purposes

Question 80

All of the following statements about male orangutans are true except:​

A)​Among some males, there is a period of arrested physical development in which they delay the onset of secondary sexual characteristics.
B)​Some orangutans copulate forcibly with females.
C)​Smaller male orangutans are usually spared intense social stress.
D)​Smaller male orangutans have a lower rate of reproduction than larger ones.