Deck 22: Viral Pathogenesis

Question 1

Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by this virus.

A) herpes simplex II virus
B) HIV
C) papillomavirus
D) retrovirus
E) paramyxovirus

Answer 1

C

Question 2

This is an example of a virus that typically causes a latent infection.

A) rotavirus
B) Norwalk virus
C) herpes virus
D) rhinovirus
E) influenza virus

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)is frequently spread through sexual contact.What type of transmission is this?

A) horizontal
B) vertical
C) vector
D) congenital
E) mechanical

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Viruses may cause some autoimmune diseases.This may occur when:

A) a viral infection causes cells to go into apoptosis.
B) viral toxins are produced that kill cells.
C) tissue destruction occurs as a result of an over-exaggerated cell mediated immune response.
D) viral antigens resemble host antigens and cross react with effector cells and antibodies.
E) viruses destroy certain types of tissues, like nerves.

Question 5

This type of viral infection results in the continuous production of virions over several years.

A) acute infection
B) latent infection
C) persistent infection
D) lytic infection
E) spontaneous infection

Question 6

The polio virus and hepatitis A virus are both spread by a ___________ route of transmission.

A) respiratory
B) sexual
C) blood-borne
D) fecal-oral
E) vector-borne

Question 7

Many viral-infected cells will undergo apoptosis and die.Why is this important for the organism as a whole?

A) It limits the production of new viruses by the cell.
B) It triggers a strong adaptive immune response.
C) It causes considerable tissue destruction.
D) It triggers a strong cell-mediated immune response.
E) It prevents tissue necrosis.

Question 8

What produces the sneezing associated with a rhinovirus infection?

A) A toxin produced by the virus.
B) The destruction of ciliated epithelial cells in the trachea.
C) The host inflammatory response.
D) A secondary respiratory infection.
E) Macrophage activation.

Question 9

Which is TRUE of an acute viral infection?

A) They rarely occur.
B) They occur over a long period of time.
C) They result in a slow onset of symptoms.
D) They have a relatively short duration.
E) They are always very mild in nature.

Question 10

By which mechanism is the yellow fever virus is transmitted to humans?

A) a zoonosis
B) a mosquito bite
C) respiratory route
D) direct contact
E) fecal-oral route

Question 11

Viral transfer by a mechanical mechanism involves which of these?

A) Direct host to host contact.
B) Transfer from mother to fetus.
C) An insect vector.
D) Fecal-oral route of transmission.
E) Blood-borne transmission.

Question 12

The type of viral infection in which the viral genome is present in infected cells but the virus only replicates sporadically.

A) acute
B) latent
C) persistent
D) lytic
E) chronic

Question 13

Bunyaviruses causes cell death by a process called "cap-snatching".This process results in:

A) destruction of host cell mRNA.
B) inhibition of DNA replication.
C) deterioration of the cytoplasmic membrane.
D) inhibition of translation.
E) destruction of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 14

What are syncytia?

A) transformed cells
B) cell lysed by viruses
C) cells undergoing apoptosis
D) multinucleated giant cells
E) cells with inclusion bodies

Question 15

How does the polio virus cause cell death?

A) By preventing host cell protein synthesis.
B) Through destruction of the cytoplasmic membrane.
C) By inhibition of DNA replication.
D) Through destruction of the nuclear membrane.
E) By repression of host cell transcription.

Question 16

Which of these causes the common "cold sore"?

A) rhinovirus
B) varicella zoster virus
C) rotavirus
D) coronavirus
E) herpes simplex I virus

Question 17

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)can be transmitted by ALL of the following mechanisms EXCEPT:

A) through a mosquito bite.
B) mother to fetus.
C) blood transfusion.
D) sexual contact.
E) through breast milk.

Question 18

The influenza virus is spread by a ______________ route of transmission.

A) respiratory
B) sexual
C) blood-borne
D) fecal-oral
E) vector-borne

Question 19

Rhinovirus is a cause of the common cold.What type of infection does it usually cause?

A) acute
B) latent
C) persistent
D) latent or persistent, with equal likelihood
E) acute or latent, with equal likelihood

Question 20

The Ebola virus is transmitted by a ____________ mechanism.

A) respiratory
B) zoonotic
C) fecal-oral
D) sexual
E) mechanical

Question 21

The process of mutational change in the surface proteins of viruses.

A) antibody drift
B) antigenic drift
C) receptor modification
D) antigen destabilization
E) antibody destabilization

Question 22

How does the papillomavirus causes tumor formation?

A) By stimulating the host cell to replicate its DNA.
B) By inhibiting tumor suppressor proteins in the host cell.
C) By cap-snatching.
D) By inhibiting apoptosis of the host cell.
E) By inducing meiosis in the host cell.

Question 23

A transducing retrovirus is one that contains a(n)________________ gene from a previous host cell.When this gene is transduced into a new host genome,the cell will be transformed into a cancer cell.

A) phosphorylase
B) oncogene
C) DNA polymerase
D) reverse transcriptase
E) protease

Question 24

The papillomavirus infects keratinocytes that are not actively dividing.What does this virus do to gain nucleotides to support viral replication,?

A) It stimulates the cell to enter into "S-phase" of the cell cycle
B) It contains genes that encodes for enzymes for nucleotide synthesis.
C) It degrades the nuclear DNA of the host cell to release free nucleotides.
D) It stimulates the cell to enter into apoptosis.
E) It lyses the cell to release nucleotides.

Question 25

A herpes simplex I viral infection lasts a lifetime.

Question 26

Evolution of viruses by reassortment causes dramatic changes to the virus.This is referred to as _____________ .

A) transformation.
B) transduction.
C) antigenic shift.
D) antigenic drift
E) transmutation.

Question 27

Some viruses are able to evolve at a fast rate,resulting in implications for

A) developing an effective immune response through vaccination.
B) treatment of the viral infection.
C) developing an immune response to the initial infection.
D) Both a and b are correct implications.
E) The implications in a, b, and c are all correct.

Question 28

How do retroviruses cause cancer?

A) Through the inhibition of tumor suppressor genes.
B) By encouraging frequent cell lysis.
C) By directly inducing the cell to enter into S-phase.
D) By preventing the cell from entering into apoptosis.
E) Through the integration of their DNA into a proto-oncogene.

Question 29

The coronavirus that causes SARS is thought to have evolved from other coronaviruses through this process.

A) spontaneous mutation
B) recombination
C) errors in DNA replication
D) induced mutation
E) reassortment

Question 30

Most cancer causing viruses are RNA viruses.

Question 31

Some viruses,like the influenza virus,are able to cause disease in humans multiple times because they quickly alter their antigenic proteins through mutation.

Question 32

This is an example of a virus known to undergo evolutionary change by reassortment.

A) influenza virus
B) papilloma virus
C) hepatitis type B virus
D) herpes virus
E) adenovirus

Question 33

RNA viruses have much higher spontaneous mutation rates than DNA viruses.

Question 34

Which virus group has played a pivotal role in helping us understand the cell cycle and the identification of proto-oncogenes?

A) papillomaviruses
B) herpes viruses
C) retroviruses
D) adenoviruses
E) polioviruses

Question 35

Which of these would lead to a recombination in viruses?

A) Crossover events during meiosis.
B) Errors during DNA replication.
C) Crossover events during mitosis.
D) Errors during RNA replication.
E) Co-infection of a cell by two different strains of the virus.

Question 36

Which of the following processes does NOT contribute to virus evolution?

A) point mutations
B) recombination
C) transformation
D) reassortment
E) spontaneous mutations

Question 37

Viral infections are always acute and cause extensive damage to host cells.

Question 38

Many of the clinical symptoms associated with viral infection are caused by the host immune response.

Question 39

Why do RNA viruses have a high mutation rate?

A) Their RNA is a single stranded molecule.
B) Their RNA contains unusual nucleotides.
C) Their RNA-dependent RNA polymerases lack a proofreading function.
D) Their RNA is quickly degraded by nucleases.
E) Their RNA is not methylated after synthesis.

Question 40

Some viruses cause certain types of cancer.

Question 41

Evolution of viruses by reassortment causes dramatic changes to the virus.This is referred to as __________ __________.

Question 42

A viral infection of short duration is referred to as a(n)________ infection.

Question 43

Warts are caused by the _______________.

Question 44

Multinucleated giant cells that are formed as a result of a viral infection are called _______.

Question 45

Explain how the immune response contributes to the clinical symptoms of the common cold caused by the rhinovirus.

Question 46

Herpes viruses produce a type of infection in which the viral genome is present in the host cell with only sporadic production of viruses.This type of infection is referred to as a(n)___________ infection.

Question 47

Genes capable of transforming normal cells into cancer cells are called ____________ .

Question 48

Distinguish between an acute viral infection and a persistent viral infection.

Question 49

The transmission of a virus from mother to fetus is referred to as ___________ transmission.

Question 50

Describe how the papilloma virus is able to transform a normal cell into a cancer cell.