Deck 2: The Meaning of Progress and Development

Question 1

What did Mark Nathan Cohen conclude was a driving force that caused so many groups to abandon foraging and take up agriculture in a relatively short period of time?

A)population increase
B)agricultural improvements
C)merchant class pressure
D)desire for an easier life

Answer 1

population increase

Question 2

Which of the following features can be attributed to swidden agriculture?

A)development of a military
B)development of simple occupational roles
C)development of early educational systems
D)development of feudalism

Answer 2

development of simple occupational roles

Question 3

As human groups became more sedentary,what type of agriculture did they start to practice?

A)swidden agriculture.
B)irrigation agriculture.
C)plow agriculture.
D)foraging agriculture.

Answer 3

swidden agriculture.

Question 4

Which of the following is a key organizational feature of hunting-and-gathering societies?

A)hierarchical
B)egalitarian
C)agricultural
D)multicultural

Question 5

Lewis Henry Morgan theorized that human societies have evolved through three stages.What are those three stages?

A)nomadism,agriculturalism,industrialism
B)nomadism,sedentism,agriculturalism
C)savagery,barbarism,civilization
D)savagery,barbarism,westernization

Question 6

What did occupational specialization lead to an increase in?

A)pluralism
B)trade
C)hoarding
D)communalism

Question 7

Lewis Henry Morgan and Leslie White both saw technological discovery and advancement as motivating factors in cultural evolution.What is a negative social consequence of both their theories?

A)the belief that technology is the true measure of human progress
B)the belief that irrigation agriculture is harder than swidden agriculture
C)the belief that a surplus of goods led to a merchant class
D)the belief that technology cannot solve development issues

Question 8

What types of cultures have become more vulnerable as a result of globalization and the assumption that economic trade is the means to improved standards of living?

A)large nomadic cultures
B)small egalitarian cultures
C)large nation-state cultures
D)small factory based cultures

Question 9

Cotton from the United States was in great demand in Britain.What consequence did that have for people living in the United States?

A)improved living standards
B)increased education levels
C)secured land ownership
D)forced removal off land

Question 10

Which of the following is a cultural development attributed to agriculture?

A)nomadism
B)egalitarian social structure
C)extended family groups
D)non-specialized occupational roles

Question 11

In England,the growth of the textile industry resulted in the economic decline and colonization of India and China.What was another consequence of the same industrial growth?

A)increase in slave trade
B)abolition of slavery
C)establishment of workers' unions
D)creation of workplace health care

Question 12

Approximately 10,000 years ago,what type and size of social group did most humans live in?

A)suburban nuclear family units (5 people)
B)sedentary small groups (30-100 people)
C)nomadic small groups (30 to 100 people)
D)sedentary large groups (1,000 to 10,000 people)

Question 13

Approximately how many hours a day did the Hadza people,from Tanzania in eastern Africa,spend obtaining food,according to the research conducted by James Woodburn in the 1960s?

A)2
B)7
C)10
D)15

Question 14

What did the industrial revolution in the United States depend on?

A)fair wage policies
B)economic partnership with England
C)slave labour
D)construction of large modern factories

Question 15

What societal organization would be found amongst a group practicing swidden agriculture?

A)large state societies
B)small informal nomadic groups
C)small kinship-based groups
D)large formal nomadic groups

Question 16

What feature was typical of larger,more sedentary,groups but not smaller nomadic groups?

A)merchant class
B)banking system
C)formal leadership
D)egalitarian system

Question 17

In early hunting-and-gathering groups,what was the main organizing principle?

A)state
B)kingdom
C)chiefdom
D)kinship

Question 18

Worldwide,what percentage of deaths can be attributed to environmental factors such as organic and chemical pollutants?

A)20%
B)30%
C)40%
D)50%

Question 19

During his research amongst the Ju/′hoansi,what did Richard Lee conclude was their major source of food?

A)fish
B)beef
C)betel nuts
D)mongongo nuts

Question 20

What is one reason given for the small,mobile,and simple political and social organization of early hunting-and-gathering groups?

A)It was dangerous to live in large groups without formal leadership.
B)Their lower intelligence did not allow proper group organization.
C)Primitive people were driven by greed and unable to share.
D)Searching for food required ease of mobility.

Question 21

Many anthropologists have suggested that the life of a nomadic forager was not as hard and dangerous as many suppose.Some anthropologists,such as Marshall Sahlins,have gone so far as to suggest that foraging represented "the original affluent society."

Question 22

With advances in agricultural technology,the amount of labour required to produce food increases,rather than decreases.

Question 23

As an alternative to aggressive and environmentally damaging single crop farming practices,Ronald Nigh suggests a new approach that incorporates indigenous farming techniques.What is the name of the approach he uses?

A)irrigation approach
B)agro ecological approach
C)nomadic approach
D)archaeological approach

Question 24

The wealth of the United States early in its history came as a result of white farmers using land claimed from displaced Native Americans,and worked by slave labour,to produce cotton for the textile industries of England and the United States.

Question 25

Britain's growth in the textile industry depended on military manoeuvres as much as it did on technological advancements.

Question 26

What type of population is most likely to impede the spread of infectious disease?

A)small and scattered
B)large and close-knit
C)technologically advanced
D)developed urban

Question 27

Swidden agriculture remains efficient only if the population and the amount of land available remain constant.

Question 28

The Hadza of Tanzania often experience periods of starvation because there is limited food available for them to forage for on the rocky "barren land" savannah where they live.

Question 29

While conducting his research among the Ju/′hoansi,Richard Lee witnessed numerous times when they exhausted their food supply.

Question 30

As societies increase in complexity,what happens to incidences of infectious diseases?

A)a decrease
B)an increase
C)no change
D)fluctuations

Question 31

Famine is NOT caused by overpopulation and inefficient agricultural technology.

Question 32

Worldwide,what percentage of deaths can be attributed to infectious diseases?

A)20%
B)36%
C)42%
D)55%

Question 33

In Latin America,what does the medical condition called susto (also known as pasmo,espanto,or perdida de la somba refer to?

A)soul detaching from the body
B)spirit possession
C)witchcraft attack
D)schistosomiasis disease

Question 34

Britain demanded that the United States abolish slavery as a condition of buying American cotton.

Question 35

Foraging societies chose to adopt an agricultural lifestyle because agriculture is easier.

Question 36

Mark Cohen,in contrast to Leslie White,saw population density,and not technological advancement,as the motivating factor behind the development of agriculture.

Question 37

According to Ronald Nigh,what is the reason for the destruction of the rainforest at a rapid rate?

A)drought
B)need for habitable land
C)insect infestations
D)factory model of agriculture

Question 38

Which of the following is explicitly recognized as a cause of illness in the curing techniques of the Ndembu people?

A)viral infection
B)spirit possession
C)magic
D)stress

Question 39

For the Ndembu,illness or disease may be caused by the actions of a witch or sorcerer,or by the disciplinary action of an ancestral ghost.What reason could be given for why a ghost ancestor would punish someone?

A)Kin are not living well together.
B)The crops failed.
C)Not enough money had been earned.
D)A buffalo sacrifice had not been made.

Question 40

Increased cultural complexity has decreased our exposure to infectious agents (pathogens).

Question 41

Development projects,which helped foraging groups adopt modern agricultural practices and Western ways of living,have successfully preserved indigenous cultures while also reducing environmental damage in the focus regions.

Question 42

The Ndembu believe that illness is caused by eating pork that has not been properly ritually treated.

Question 43

Canadians,like the Ndembu,understand that illness is not directly tied to social causes,such as stress or family fighting.

Question 44

An individual's income and cultural situation are determining factors in whether a person exposed to an infectious pathogen lives or dies.

Question 45

Susto is recognized as a severe parasitic infection in Latin America.