Deck 2: Heredity and Prenatal Development

Question 1

Babies with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are often larger than normal, and so are their brains.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Meiosis is responsible for the production of sperm and ova.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Dizygotic (DZ) twins run in families.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Genotypes reflect both genetic and environmental influences.

Question 5

Sperm are much larger than ova.

Question 6

Sebaceous glands cause a developing organism to grow arms or wings, skin or scales.

Question 7

Color blindness is a sex-linked abnormality.

Question 8

The fetus begins to turn and respond to external stimulation at about the second or third week.

Question 9

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a sex-linked abnormality.

Question 10

A low sperm count, or lack of sperm, is the most common infertility problem in men.

Question 11

Monozygotic (MZ) twins are known as fraternal twins.

Question 12

Rh incompatibility occurs when an Rh-positive woman is carrying an Rh-negative fetus.

Question 13

Amniocentesis is a procedure used in abortion.

Question 14

Typical human cells contain 50 chromosomes organized into 25 pairs.

Question 15

As women reach the end of their childbearing years, ovulation becomes more regular.

Question 16

The mother usually feels the first fetal movements during the first month of pregnancy.

Question 17

Neural tube defects cause an elevation in the alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level in the mother's blood.

Question 18

The probability of having a child with Down's syndrome increases with the age of the parents.

Question 19

The actual sets of traits that people exhibit are called their genotypes.

Question 20

A blastocyst gains mass only when it receives nourishment from outside.

Question 21

The typical sex chromosome pattern for males is _____.

A) XX
B) XYY
C) XY
D) XXY

Question 22

Chromosomes are _____ structures found in cells.

A) rod-shaped
B) circular
C) cone-shaped
D) octagonal

Question 23

Chromosomes contain thousands of segments called:

A) nuclei.
B) nodes.
C) capillaries.
D) genes.

Question 24

The typical sex chromosome pattern for females is _____.

A) XX
B) XYY
C) XY
D) XXY

Question 25

According to a study in the year 2013 by Fellman, which of the following statements is true of fertility drugs?

A) They enhance the chances of multiple births.
B) They stop ova from ripening.
C) They should be taken orally and not injected.
D) They suppress the process of hormone secretion.

Question 26

Which of the following pairs of bases is present in the rungs of the ladder-like structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?

A) Cytosine with guanine
B) Rhodamine with biotin
C) Diaminopurine with ribozyme
D) Serine with tyrosine

Question 27

A human zygote contains _____ pairs of autosomes.

A) 46
B) 44
C) 23
D) 22

Question 28

Which of the following processes happen during mitosis?

A) Strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) break apart.
B) Adenine combines with its appropriate partner, cytosine.
C) Sperm and ova cells are created.
D) Twenty-three chromosomes are created.

Question 29

Polygenic traits are those that are:

A) developed during adolescence.
B) transmitted by the mother.
C) uncommon in humans.
D) determined by several pairs of genes.

Question 30

Twins that derive from a single zygote that has split into two are called:

A) monozygotic (MZ) twins.
B) non-identical twins.
C) fraternal twins.
D) dizygotic (DZ) twins.

Question 31

Humans begin life as a single cell that divides repeatedly. This cell is known as a(n):

A) zygote.
B) gonadotrope.
C) embryo.
D) chromaffin.

Question 32

The determination of a child's sex depends on the:

A) presence of teratogens at the time of conception.
B) sex chromosome received from the mother.
C) presence of teratogens at the time of ovulation.
D) sex chromosome received from the father.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of mutations?

A) Mutations can only occur by chance.
B) Mutations produce sperm and ova cells.
C) Mutations occur through radiation or other environmental influences.
D) Mutations help adenine combine with guanine to form the single spiral structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

Question 34

Which of the following most accurately describes the function of genes?

A) They regulate the development of traits.
B) They prevent foreign particles from entering the body.
C) They work together with lutein to influence development.
D) They transfer oxygen from the bloodstream to other parts of the body.

Question 35

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) takes the form of a:

A) single spiral.
B) double helix.
C) sphere.
D) cube.

Question 36

In the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which of the following bases combines with thymine?

A) Cytosine
B) Adenine
C) Rhodamine
D) Serine

Question 37

The field of biology that studies heredity is called:

A) etiology.
B) ecology.
C) genetics.
D) eugenics.

Question 38

After meiosis, each new cell nucleus contains _____ chromosomes.

A) 46
B) 35
C) 23
D) 12

Question 39

According to a study in the year 2013 by Fellman, the chances of twins:

A) increase when a woman conceives before she is 21.
B) increase with parental age.
C) decrease with the number of times couples have sex before conception.
D) decrease with the use of fertility drugs.

Question 40

According to a study in the year 2013 by Fellman, if a woman is a twin, if her mother was a twin, or if she has previously borne twins, then:

A) she will bear only monozygotic (MZ) twins.
B) the chances of her becoming pregnant decrease.
C) she is likely to be a healthy mother.
D) the chances rise that she will bear twins.

Question 41

Which of the following statements is true of Down's syndrome?

A) Down's syndrome is usually caused by a defect in the sex chromosomes of an individual.
B) The symptoms of Down's syndrome are similar to those of sickle-cell anemia.
C) Down's syndrome is caused by a sexually transmitted infection (STI) during conception.
D) The probability of having a child with Down's syndrome increases with the age of the parents.

Question 42

Down's syndrome is caused by:

A) alcohol abuse by the mother at the time of conception.
B) sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities.
C) an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.
D) drug abuse by the mother during pregnancy.

Question 43

According to a study in 2013 by van Gameren-Oosterom, individuals with Down's syndrome:

A) are unlikely to die from cardiovascular problems by middle age.
B) have no specific characteristic features.
C) show deficits in cognitive development.
D) are likely to have only 46 chromosomes.

Question 44

If an individual gets a recessive gene for eye color from both parents, the:

A) gender of the child will determine if that trait is shown.
B) recessive trait will develop in the child.
C) recessive trait will develop 50% of the time.
D) recessive trait will be suppressed, and the dominant trait will be expressed.

Question 45

Sickle-cell anemia is caused by:

A) a chromosomal abnormality.
B) a single segment found only on the Y chromosome.
C) a recessive gene.
D) a decrease in estrogen levels.

Question 46

Rico is a man who has enlarged breasts and suffers from mild mental retardation. He has a problem learning languages, and his body produces less of the male sex hormone testosterone than normal males. Rico is most likely suffering from:

A) Klinefelter syndrome.
B) Tay-Sachs disease.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) Down's syndrome.

Question 47

Each member of a pair of genes is termed a(n) _____.

A) allele
B) zygote
C) autosome
D) node

Question 48

According to a study in 2014 by Skakkebaek et al., who among the following is most likely to have gynecomastia?

A) Jennifer, a dancer, who has Down's syndrome
B) Frank, a teacher, who is diagnosed with XYY syndrome
C) Peter, a fashion designer, who has Klinefelter syndrome
D) Ria, a gym instructor, who is diagnosed with Turner syndrome

Question 49

Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome produce:

A) less estrogen than normal males.
B) less testosterone than normal males.
C) less adenine than normal males.
D) less thymine than normal males.

Question 50

Jill bears the genetic code for Von Willebrand disease, but she has never developed the illness herself. Jill would be considered:

A) a carrier of the recessive gene that causes the disease.
B) susceptible to the disease after adolescence.
C) an acceptor of the recessive gene that causes the disease.
D) susceptible to the disease at late adulthood.

Question 51

Matt is a 36-year-old male. In the past year, he has noticed that his limbs sometimes move on their own, and he has also started having trouble remembering things and doing simple calculations. Matt's father and grandfather were also known to have similar problems during their adulthood. Matt is most likely suffering from:

A) phenylketonuria (PKU).
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) Huntington's disease (HD).

Question 52

Twenty-year-old Jack is extremely tall and has very thick facial hair. Most of his male secondary sex characteristics are also more pronounced than men of his age. In this scenario, Jack is most likely:

A) an XYY male.
B) to be diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome.
C) an XXY male.
D) to be diagnosed with Down's syndrome.

Question 53

Which of the following statements is considered a multifactorial problem?

A) Cystic fibrosis
B) Down's syndrome
C) Diabetes mellitus
D) XYY syndrome

Question 54

When the effects of both alleles are shown, there is said to be:

A) codominance.
B) preponderance.
C) ascendance.
D) concurrence.

Question 55

Girls with Turner syndrome:

A) possess more thymine than cytosine.
B) are taller than average.
C) produce little estrogen.
D) are more likely to give birth to twins.

Question 56

Tim, a 27-year-old man, has unusually narrow shoulders, low muscle mass, and has no facial and body hair. His doctor recently prescribed testosterone replacement therapy to him. Tim is most likely suffering from:

A) phenylketonuria (PKU).
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) Klinefelter syndrome.
D) Huntington's disease (HD).

Question 57

When both of the alleles for a trait, such as hair color, are the same, the person is said to be _____ for that trait.

A) monozygotic
B) dizygotic
C) homozygous
D) hemizygous

Question 58

Which of the following statements is true of sickle-cell anemia?

A) It is typically treated with testosterone replacement therapy.
B) Children with this problem cannot metabolize an amino acid called phenylalanine.
C) It leads to the obstruction of small blood vessels and decreased oxygen supply.
D) Girls with this problem are shorter than average and infertile.

Question 59

Which of the following statements is a characteristic of supermales?

A) They are somewhat taller than average.
B) Their facial hair growth is minimal when compared to normal males.
C) They suffer from gynecomastia.
D) They are typically impotent.

Question 60

Daisy was always unusually short for her age. She was unable to conceive a child after marriage, and upon visiting a doctor, she was prescribed estrogen replacement therapy. Daisy is most likely suffering from:

A) phenylketonuria (PKU).
B) cystic fibrosis.
C) Turner syndrome.
D) Huntington's disease (HD).

Question 61

Before meiosis, a sperm cell:

A) contains 46 chromosomes.
B) contains two X chromosomes.
C) is significantly larger than an egg cell.
D) contains both an X and a Y chromosome.

Question 62

A(n) _____ is a procedure for using ultrasonic sound waves to create a picture of an embryo or fetus.

A) phenotype
B) sonogram
C) genotype
D) alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay

Question 63

According to a survey by Adhikari and Liu in the year 2013, at birth, women have:

A) close to 100,000 ova.
B) around 300,000 to 400,000 ova.
C) around 100 to 200 ova.
D) only 500 ova.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is a symptom of cystic fibrosis in children?

A) They suffer from a genetic disorder that decreases the blood's capacity to carry oxegen.
B) They suffer from excessive production of thick mucus that clogs the pancreas and lungs.
C) They suffer from a loss of intellectual functioning and personality change.
D) They produce less of the male sex hormone testosterone than normal children.

Question 65

Who among the following share 100% of their genes?

A) Biovular twins
B) Fraternal twins
C) Dizygotic (DZ) twins
D) Monozygotic (MZ) twins

Question 66

Which of the following statements is a symptom of cystic fibrosis in children?

A) Cystic fibrosis leads to uncontrollable muscle movements and personality change.
B) Cystic fibrosis leads to the excessive production of thick mucus that clogs the pancreas and lungs.
C) Cystic fibrosis causes red blood cells to clump together, obstructing small blood vessels and decreasing the oxygen supply.
D) Cystic fibrosis causes the central nervous system to degenerate, resulting in death.

Question 67

The _____ is the inner layer of the embryo from which the lungs and digestive system develop.

A) neural tube
B) mesoderm
C) endoderm
D) umbilical cord

Question 68

When children who are reared by adoptive parents are nonetheless more similar to their natural parents in a trait, it can be concluded that:

A) the genetic characteristics of the children change over time.
B) heredity is solely responsible for how a child grows.
C) the environment is solely responsible in the development of those characteristics.
D) genetics play a role in the development of those characteristics.

Question 69

Which of the following statements is true about Tay-Sachs disease?

A) it is most commonly found among children in Jewish families of Eastern European background.
B) Children who have this disease suffer from excessive production of mucus in the lungs and pancreas.
C) It is most commonly found among children in Asian American families.
D) Children who have this disease suffer from muscular dystrophy characterized by a weakening of the muscles.

Question 70

Which of the following illnesses causes a degeneration of the central nervous system?

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) Cystic fibrosis
C) Turner syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 71

Most victims of _____ die of respiratory infections in their 20s.

A) Tay-Sachs disease
B) cystic fibrosis
C) Turner syndrome
D) Klinefelter syndrome

Question 72

Which of the following statements is true of menstruation?

A) During this time, the endometrium is not discharged.
B) During this time, an unfertilized egg is discharged.
C) During this time, a female cannot have sex with her partner.
D) During this time, a fertilized egg undergoes mitosis.

Question 73

Once the testes have developed in the embryo, they begin to produce male sex hormones, or _____.

A) androgens
B) genotypes
C) blastocysts
D) teratogens

Question 74

_____ is used to detect neural tube defects such as spina bifida and certain chromosomal abnormalities.

A) Artificial insemination
B) Amniocentesis
C) Endometriosis
D) Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) assay

Question 75

Which of the following statements is true of a sperm cell?

A) A sperm cell is significantly larger than an egg cell.
B) A sperm cell contains two Y chromosomes.
C) A sperm cell travels randomly inside a woman's reproductive tract.
D) A sperm cell is one of the smallest types of cells in the body.

Question 76

Which of the following is most likely to develop sickle cell anemia?

A) European American.
B) Native American.
C) African American.
D) Asian American.

Question 77

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a(n):

A) sex-linked abnormality.
B) abnormality in the 21st pair of chromosomes.
C) recessive gene.
D) single segment found only on the Y chromosome.

Question 78

An individual's _____ reflects both genetic and environmental influences.

A) phenotype
B) chromosome
C) allele
D) genotype

Question 79

In the context of an average ejaculation, which of the following statements is true about sperm?

A) The average count of sperm in the ejaculate is 2.5 billion.
B) Sperm in the ejaculate find the ovum by following the current of the fluid coming from the cervix.
C) Only 1 in 1,000 sperm in the ejaculate will ever approach an ovum.
D) Most of the sperm in the ejaculate move about in a random pattern in the vagina.

Question 80

The _____ is the central layer of the embryo from which the bones and muscles develop.

A) neural tube
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) umbilical cord