Deck 3: The Cellular Level of Organization

Question 1

Briefly describe the driving force for the movement of water across plasma membranes.

Answer 1

No Answer

Question 2

Which of the following types of membrane proteins function by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?

A)transporters
B)receptors
C)enzymes
D)linkers
E)cell identification markers

Answer 2

B

Question 3

If the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside the cell,water will move by osmosis

A)into the cell.
B)out of the cell.
C)into and out of the cell at the same rate resulting in no net water movement.
D)All of these answer choices are correct.
E)None of these answers are correct.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

This type of membrane protein enables cells to catalyze specific chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of their plasma membrane.

A)receptors
B)phospholipids
C)cholesterol
D)enzymes
E)ligands

Question 5

The three main components of the lipid bilayer portion of a plasma membrane are

A)phospholipids,glycoproteins,and water.
B)proteins,cholesterol,and fatty acids.
C)cholesterol,triglycerides,and glycolipids.
D)phospholipids,cholesterol,and glycolipids.
E)phospholipids,cholesterol,and proteins.

Question 6

Which of the following transport processes uses vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete materials into the extracellular fluid?

A)endocytosis
B)exocytosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)osmosis
E)Both endocytosis and exocytosis.

Question 7

Plasma membranes are ________,which means that some chemicals move easily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not.

A)selectively permeable
B)concentration graded
C)electrically graded
D)selectively soluble
E)electrical insulators

Question 8

Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of a chemical across a plasma membrane?

A)concentration gradient of the chemical across the membrane
B)mass of the diffusing chemical
C)distance that the chemical has to diffuse
D)amount of ATP available
E)temperature

Question 9

This type of membrane protein extends across the entire lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane touching both intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid.

A)complement protein
B)transmembrane protein
C)peripheral protein
D)lipoprotein
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 10

Briefly describe the fluid mosaic model.

Question 11

What transport process uses the energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients?

A)primary active transport
B)secondary active transport
C)facilitated diffusion
D)passive diffusion
E)osmosis

Question 12

In this transport process,the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.

A)primary active transport
B)secondary active transport
C)facilitated diffusion
D)passive diffusion
E)osmosis

Question 13

Describe five different functions of integral membrane proteins.

Question 14

What are the nonpolar parts of phospholipids?

A)phosphate-containing head groups
B)fatty acid tail groups
C)Both the head and tail groups are nonpolar.
D)Neither the head nor tail groups are nonpolar.

Question 15

The polar portion of a cholesterol molecule,which forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of neighboring phospholipids and glycolipids,consists of a

A)-OH group.
B)-CH3 group.
C)-CH4 group
D)-COOH group
E)None of these choices is correct.

Question 16

This type of membrane protein anchors cells to neighboring cells and to protein filaments found outside or inside the cell.

A)transporters
B)receptors
C)ligands
D)ion channels
E)linkers

Question 17

What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell?

A)plasma membrane,organelles,cytoplasm
B)plasma membrane,organelles,nucleus
C)plasma membrane,cytoplasm,organelles
D)plasma membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus
E)plasma membrane,cytosol,organelles

Question 18

This is the transport process by which gases,like O2 and CO2,move through a membrane.

A)osmosis
B)active transport
C)secondary active transport
D)simple diffusion
E)endocytosis

Question 19

This is a measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.

A)filtration
B)normality
C)tonicity
D)equivalency
E)facilitation

Question 20

In this type of transport process,a solute (e.g.glucose)binds to a specific carrier protein on one side of the membrane.This binding induces a conformational change in the carrier protein that results in the solute moving down its concentration gradient to the other side of the membrane.

A)osmosis
B)active transport
C)secondary active transport
D)facilitated diffusion
E)endocytosis

Question 21

List the steps involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Question 22

What is the major function of histones?

A)needed for helix formation of the DNA
B)add negative charge to the DNA
C)help organize coiling and folding of the DNA
D)degrade faulty proteins in the nucleus
E)catalyze methylation of the DNA

Question 23

The major function of mitochondria is to

A)move the cell.
B)generate ATP.
C)produce proteins.
D)oxidize organelles.
E)synthesize glycolipids.

Question 24

Briefly state the functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 25

Spermatozoa is the only type of human cell that contains a ________,which is a whip-like structure that helps propel the sperm towards an oocyte.

A)cilium
B)flagellum
C)mitochondria
D)centrosome
E)microvillus

Question 26

During phagocytosis,binding of a particle to a plasma membrane receptor triggers formation of ________,which are extensions of the plasma membrane of the phagocyte that eventually surround the particle forming a phagosome.

A)podocytes
B)exterior vesicles
C)interior vesicles
D)pseudopods
E)lysosomes

Question 27

This cellular organelle is comprised of a pair of centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material.

A)cytoskeleton
B)cilia
C)centrosome
D)flagella
E)peroxisomes

Question 28

This is the set of rules that relates the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids that they specify.

A)proteomics
B)genomics
C)alternative splicing
D)genetic code
E)metabolomics

Question 29

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles contains several oxidases that are involved in oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids during normal metabolism and in detoxification of chemicals like alcohol in the liver?

A)peroxisomes
B)mitochondria
C)proteasome
D)ribosomes
E)lysosomes

Question 30

These gene-containing structures consist of highly coiled and folded DNA along protein molecules.There are 46 of these structures in most cells in the human body.

A)histones
B)chromatids
C)chromosomes
D)centromeres
E)centrosomes

Question 31

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles can engulf a worn-out organelle,digest its chemical components,and recycle those digested components?

A)peroxisomes
B)mitochondria
C)proteasome
D)ribosomes
E)lysosomes

Question 32

Briefly describe how proteins move through the Golgi complex.

Question 33

The major function of proteasomes is to

A)perform extracellular digestion of proteins.
B)perform autophagy.
C)digest dietary proteins for use by other organelles.
D)degrade unneeded,damaged or faulty cellular proteins.
E)degrade excess ATP.

Question 34

Which of the following protects the contents of the nucleus?

A)nucleic acids
B)nuclear membrane
C)centrosome
D)cilia
E)Golgi complex

Question 35

Which of the following transport process uses vesicles formed at the plasma membrane to take up extracellular substances and import them into the cell?

A)endocytosis
B)exocytosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)osmosis
E)Both endocytosis and exocytosis.

Question 36

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles modifies,sorts,and packages proteins destined for other regions of the cell?

A)endoplasmic reticulum
B)Golgi complex
C)peroxisomes
D)nucleus
E)proteasome

Question 37

Microfilaments,intermediate filaments and microtubules are all components of a cell's

A)cytoskeleton.
B)nucleus.
C)plasma membrane.
D)flagella.
E)ribosome.

Question 38

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles is the site of synthesis of membrane proteins and secretory proteins?

A)rough endoplasmic reticulum
B)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C)nucleus
D)centrosome
E)Golgi complex

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cytosol?

A)primarily consists of water
B)cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins
C)site of many important chemical reactions
D)often contains aggregates of triglycerides that form lipid droplets
E)contains the enzymes of glycolysis

Question 40

Specialized structures within a cell that have a characteristic shape and perform specific functions in cellular growth,maintenance and reproduction are called

A)organelles.
B)cytoskeletons.
C)cytoplasm.
D)cytosol.
E)nuclei.

Question 41

Briefly explain the difference between transcription and translation.

Question 42

During this phase of cell division,the centromeres split leading to separation and subsequent migration of the two members of a chromatid pair to opposite poles of the cells.The cleavage furrow also begins to develop during this phase.

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 43

In the diagram,which organelle is used to modify,sort and transport proteins?

A)D
B)I
C)A
D)J
E)G

Question 44

In the diagram,which organelle aids movement of the cell?

A)A
B)G
C)H
D)D
E)I

Question 45

How long does the G₂ phase normally last?

A)8 to 10 hours
B)4 to 6 hours
C)2 to 4 hours
D)24 hours
E)1 to 2 days

Question 46

In the diagram,this structure directs cellular activities.

A)D
B)F
C)G
D)A
E)H

Question 47

In the diagram,which one represents carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)Both A and C
E)Both B and C

Question 48

During this phase of cell division,the chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes that are visible under the microscope.

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 49

Which of the following represents a linker?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 50

In the diagram,which organelle is responsible for autophagy and autolysis?

A)C
B)B
C)F
D)J
E)D

Question 51

In the diagram,which one represents a hypertonic solution

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)Both B and C
E)All of these choices are correct.

Question 52

The overall function of mitosis is

A)production of gametes.
B)creation of more cilia.
C)formation of new flagella.
D)production of proteins.
E)production of new cells.

Question 53

During this phase of cell division,organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begins.

A)interphase
B)prophase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 54

Which of the following represents a carrier protein?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)Both A and B.

Question 55

Define homologous chromosomes.

Question 56

Briefly describe alternative splicing.

Question 57

This structure binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a polypeptide chain during translation.

A)mRNA
B)rRNA
C)tRNA
D)DNA
E)cDNA

Question 58

Which of the following represents a receptor?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 59

This process is division of the cytoplasm.

A)mitosis
B)meiosis
C)cytokinesis
D)cytosol
E)centrioles

Question 60

This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein.

A)RNA
B)introns
C)exons
D)polyribosome
E)ribosome

Question 61

Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure.

Question 62

Which of the following shows catalysis of a reaction outside a cell at its surface?

A)B
B)C
C)D
D)A
E)E

Question 63

In the diagram,which panel shows events occurring during anaphase?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 64

In the diagram,which panel shows the kinetochore of the centromeres aligning along the center of the mitotic spindle of the cell?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 65

What structural component of the membrane is labeled (A)in the diagram?

A)glycoprotein
B)integral protein
C)cytosol
D)glycolipid
E)phospholipids

Question 66

Most intravenous solutions are _________ with respect to blood cells?

A)tonicity
B)isotonic
C)hypertonic
D)osmotic
E)hypotonic

Question 67

What does this figure represent?

A)fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane
B)cytokinesis
C)mitosis
D)gene expression
E)organelle digestion

Question 68

What structural component of the membrane is labeled (B)in the diagram?

A)glycoprotein
B)cholesterol
C)glycolipid
D)channel protein
E)phospholipid

Question 69

What structural component of the membrane is labeled (D)in the diagram?

A)glycoprotein
B)integral protein
C)channel protein
D)glycolipid
E)peripheral protein

Question 70

Compare mitosis to meiosis.

Question 71

Most sports drinks that help rehydrate the body are _________ relative to your body's cells?

A)tonicity
B)isotonic
C)hypertonic
D)hemolytic
E)hypotonic

Question 72

A patient would be infused with a _______ solution in order to ultimately relieve excess interstitial fluid in the brain.

A)tonicity
B)isotonic
C)hypertonic
D)hemolytic
E)hypotonic

Question 73

Which of the following represents an ion channel?

A)F
B)C
C)D
D)A
E)E

Question 74

Which of the following represents an enzyme?

A)F
B)C
C)D
D)A
E)E

Question 75

What structural component of the membrane is labeled (E)in the diagram?

A)glycoprotein
B)cholesterol
C)channel protein
D)glycolipid
E)phospholipid

Question 76

Compare and contrast primary and secondary active transport.

Question 77

Which of the following shows ligand binding at the cell surface?

A)B
B)C
C)D
D)A
E)E

Question 78

In the diagram,which panel shows cells that are in interphase????1 A?2 C?3 F

A)1 only
B)2 only
C)3 only
D)1 and 3
E)1,2,and 3

Question 79

Where would this process occur?

A)nucleus
B)cytoplasm
C)smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D)All of these choices are correct.
E)None of these choices are correct.

Question 80

What structural components of the membrane are labeled (C)in the diagram?

A)peripheral proteins
B)cholesterol molecules
C)pores
D)integral proteins
E)phospholipids