Deck 9: Experimental Design

Question 1

The idea of signal-enhancing and noise-reducing experimental design is analogous to true score theory.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

If an experimental design is well implemented,the experiment is probably the strongest design with respect to internal validity.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Blocking designs are a type of signal-enhancing design.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

What type of design is shown above?

A)basic analysis of covariance experiment
B)randomized block with homogenous groups experiment
C)2 x 2 factorial experiment
D)basic two group post-test only randomized experiment

Question 5

Experimental design is generally strong against diffusion threats.

Question 6

The foundational randomized clinical trial,of polio vaccine,was conducted by ____.

A)Edward Jenner
B)Jonas Salk
C)Benjamin Waterhouse
D)John Snow

Question 7

The Latin-square design derives from the work of ____.

A)William James
B)John Watson
C)Louis Thurstone
D)William McCall

Question 8

Experimental design is generally strong against selection-history threats.

Question 9

The factorial design is research design's equivalent to stratified random sampling.

Question 10

Factorial designs are classified as ____ designs.

A)signal-enhancing
B)signal-reducing
C)noise-enhancing
D)noise-reducing

Question 11

The first clinical trial was conducted by ____.

A)Austin Bradford Hill
B)B.F.Skinner
C)Sigmund Freud
D)William McCal

Question 12

Who is credited with the invention of experimental design?

A)Ronald Fisher
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)Louis Thurstone
D)William James

Question 13

The null case is a situation in which treatments have no effect.

Question 14

The statement "If X then Y" is a statement of ____.

A)causality
B)covariance
C)plausibility
D)independence

Question 15

Sue,an instructor,wonders whether using a red pen to correct papers is really necessary,as it has always seemed rather harsh to her.When her students complete a pretest,she randomly assigns them to a "Red Pen" group and a "Gold Pen" group,corrects their papers using the corresponding colored pens,and returns the students' papers.After her students complete the real exam,Sue compares the average scores of the Red and Gold groups.This is an example of a(n)____.

A)basic analysis of covariance experiment
B)randomized block with homogenous groups experiment
C)2 x 2 factorial experiment
D)basic two group post-test only randomized experiment

Question 16

Experimental design is particularly vulnerable to single group threats.

Question 17

As early as 1901,____ recognized the need for a control group.

A)Ronald Fisher
B)E.L.Thorndike
C)Louis Thurstone
D)John B.Watson

Question 18

The statement "If X then Y and if not X then not Y" is a statement of ____.

A)causality
B)covariance
C) 
Plausibility
D)independence

Question 19

The simplest of all experimental designs is the two-group posttest-only randomized experiment.

Question 20

Random assignment depends on the idea of probabilistic equivalence.

Question 21

​Figure TB 9-4

What is illustrated in the accompanying figure?

A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case

Question 22

Covariance designs are classified as ____ designs.

A)signal-enhancing
B)signal-reducing
C)noise-enhancing
D)noise-reducing

Question 23

Figure TB 9-2

What effect is illustrated in the accompanying figure?

A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case

Question 24

A design that includes the pairing of every combination of factor levels is said to be ____.

A)fully crossed
B)filled out
C)completed
D)totaled

Question 25

​Figure TB 9-5

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)basic analysis of covariance
B)randomized block with homogenous groups
C)2 x 2 factorial
D)incomplete factorial

Question 26

​Figure TB 9-3

What is illustrated in the accompanying figure?

A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case

Question 27

Figure TB 9-10

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)fully crossed
B)filled out
C)completed
D)totaled

Question 28

Figure TB 9-7

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)randomized block
B)covariance
C)switching-replications
D)factorial

Question 29

​Figure TB 9-6

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)basic analysis of covariance
B)randomized block with homogenous groups
C)2 x 2 factorial
D)incomplete factorial

Question 30

Figure TB 9-1

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)basic analysis of covariance experiment
B)randomized block with homogenous groups experiment
C)2 x 2 factorial experiment
D)basic two group post-test only randomized experiment

Question 31

A(n)____ is a consistent difference between levels of a factor.

A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case

Question 32

A(n)____ exists when differences on one factor depend on your level on another factor.

A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case

Question 33

​
What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)randomized block
B)covariance
C)switching-replications 
D)factorial​

Question 34

A design in which some cells or combinations in a factorial design are intentionally left empty is said to be ____.

A)imperfect
B)incomplete
C)partial
D)limited

Question 35

James is a clinical researcher who is interested in methods for reducing the intrusiveness of auditory hallucinations in individuals with paranoid schizophrenia.He has three treatments: dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT),medication,and deep brain stimulation (DBS).He also has three treatment settings: inpatient,day hospital,and outpatient.Although the participants in all three settings can receive DBT and medication,only those who are inpatient can receive DBS.As a result,James has a total of seven groups: DBT-Inpatient,DBT-Day Hospital,DBT-Outpatient,Medication-Inpatient,Medication-Day Hospital,Medication-Outpatient,and DBS-Inpatient.This design is best classified as a(n)____ factorial.

A)imperfect
B)incomplete
C)partial
D)limited

Question 36

Blocking designs are classified as ____ designs.

A)signal-enhancing
B)signal-reducing
C)noise-enhancing
D)noise-reducing

Question 37

A(n)____ is a situation in which treatments have no effect.

A)null case
B)main effect
C)interaction effect
D)crossover case

Question 38

A measured variable that is correlated with the dependent variable is called a(n)____.

A)covariate
B)independent variable
C)signal-enhancer
D)regressor

Question 39

​
Figure TB 9-9

What is illustrated in the accompanying figure?

A)null case
B)main effect
C)intervention
D)crossover

Question 40

​Figure TB 9-8

What type of design is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)randomized block
B)covariance
C)switching-replications
D)factorial

Question 41

​Figure TB 9-12

What type of treatment effect is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)short-term persistent
B)short-term
C)long-term continuing
D)long-term

Question 42

A(n)_______________ is a subdivision of the major independent variable.

Question 43

A(n)_______________ design is a two-group design in two phases defined by three waves of measurement.

Question 44

If a study reports performance on a measure "controlling for the effects of education" or some other variable,it is likely the design is one involving ____.

A)randomized blocks
B)covariance
C)factorial design
D)switching

Question 45

In contrast to many other experimental designs,the covariance design necessarily includes ____.

A)randomization
B)a pre-program measure
C)a control group
D)blinding

Question 46

Michelle is conducting an experiment in which she is evaluating the effects of reward magnitude and reward immediacy on classroom behavior.She has two levels of reward (Low and High)and two levels of immediacy (Daily and Weekly)with four groups: Low-Daily,Low-Weekly,High-Daily,and High-Weekly.Michelle's design is best described as ____.

A)fully crossed
B)filled out
C)completed
D)totaled

Question 47

The purpose of a covariate is to ____.

A)reduce the noise
B)increase the signal
C)reduce the signal
D)increase the signal

Question 48

Subgroups are to stratified random sampling as ____ is/are to the randomized block design.

A)homogeneity
B)randomization
C)blocks
D)order effects

Question 49

The blocks in the randomized block design are ____.

A)constructed to be homogeneous
B)randomly constructed
C)constructed to be representative of the population
D)self-selected

Question 50

Variables that are "adjusted for" in a study are called _______________.

Question 51

Experimental design in vulnerable to selection-_______________ threats.

Question 52

The two major types of _______________ experimental designs are covariance designs and blocking designs.

Question 53

​Figure TB 9-11

What type of treatment effect is shown in the accompanying figure?

A)short-term persistent
B)short-term
C)long-term continuing
D)long-term

Question 54

The notion that two groups,if measured infinitely,would on average perform identically is called _______________.

Question 55

A(n)_______________ is a major independent variable in an experiment.

Question 56

Random assignment depends on the idea of _______________.

Question 57

The key idea in the randomized block design is that variability within each block____.

A)is greater than the variability of the entire sample
B)is less than the variability of the entire sample
C)can be used to estimate the variability in the entire sample
D)cancels out variability in the entire sample

Question 58

The signal-enhancing experimental designs are also called _______________ designs.

Question 59

A switching-replications design is good at defending against _______________ threats to internal validity.

Question 60

The switching-replications design's strength against social threats comes from ____.

A)its use of the double-blind methodology
B)the fact that everyone will eventually get the treatment
C)the use of random selection and random assignment
D)the careful selection of covariates

Question 61

Although any continuous variable can be used as a covariate,a(n)_______________ is usually best.

Question 62

What is the reasoning behind the randomized block design?

Question 63

In the _______________,the treatment has no effect.

Question 64

What are some of the limitations of an experimental design?

Question 65

Brice is interested in helping children learn to make healthier food choices.She has developed two interventions,a series of traditional worksheets and a series of game-based worksheets.The children will either complete the worksheets in school or at home.She plans to randomly assign students to the groups and her outcome measure is nutrition knowledge.
70. Brice is interested in helping children learn to make healthier food choices. She has developed two interventions, a series of traditional worksheets and a series of game-based worksheets. The children will either complete the worksheets in school or at home. She plans to randomly assign students to the groups and her outcome measure is nutrition knowledge.
1. Diagram Brice's factorial design.
2. Draw a graph that shows the null case for both experimental variables.
3. Draw a graph that shows a main effect for both independent variables but no interaction.
4. Draw a graph that shows an interaction.

Question 66

What are the strengths of the switching-replications design with respect to threats to internal validity and why does it have these strengths?

Question 67

In a(n)_______________ design some of the cells are intentionally left empty and subjects are not assigned to certain combinations of factors.

Question 68

A(n)_______________ effect occurs when differences on one factor depend on the level of another factor.

Question 69

A(n)_______________ is a consistent difference between levels of a factor.

Question 70

What are main effects and what are interactions? Provide an illustrative example for each.