Deck 29: The Fetal Environment

Question 1

Poor maternal intake of calcium increases the risk of what disease in the adult offspring?

A) osteoporosis
B) colon cancer
C) hypertension
D) obesity

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Some of the earliest evidence for the fetal origins theory came from

A) France.
B) South Africa.
C) Japan.
D) the Netherlands.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Research suggests that fetal adaptation has a much more significant impact on adult health than lifestyle choices such as avoiding smoking and engaging in regular physical activity.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

An increased risk of cardiovascular disease is associated with high maternal intake of

A) vitamin A.
B) trans fats.
C) red meat.
D) alcohol.

Question 5

Research has found no association between fetal exposure to overnutrition and future disease risk.

Question 6

Research suggests that there are lifelong consequences to any type of nutrient imbalance during pregnancy.

Question 7

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

Question 8

Which of the following outcomes for offspring has NOT been linked to maternal obesity?

A) increased risk of neural tube defects
B) increased risk of breast cancer
C) increased risk of adult obesity
D) increased risk of cretinism

Question 9

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the consequences of maternal micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy?

A) Poor maternal intake of calcium is associated with an increased risk for hypertension in adult offspring.
B) Poor maternal intake of folate is linked to the development of neural tube defects.
C) Poor maternal intake of folate is associated with an increased risk for insulin resistance in children.
D) Poor maternal intake of sodium is associated with an increased risk for hypertension in adult offspring.

Question 10

The process by which a fetus's metabolism,hormone production,and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called fetal

A) adaptation.
B) accommodation.
C) compromise.
D) modification.

Question 11

According to certain studies,exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what condition in adulthood?

A) osteoporosis
B) celiac disease
C) metabolic syndrome
D) colon cancer

Question 12

Which of the following changes are typical of the fetal physiological response to maternal starvation or malnutrition?

A) The production of hormones shifts to promote energy storage.
B) The activity of certain enzymes important in metabolism ceases.
C) Body cells no longer use DNA to assemble proteins.
D) Nearly all body organs diminish in size.

Question 13

Research into the fetal origins of adult disease suggests that

A) maternal nutritional deficiencies during pregnancy have no effect on the fetus.
B) the harmful effects of prenatal exposure to famine can be reversed if followed by high nutrient intakes shortly after birth.
C) prenatal exposure to famine affects the health of the offspring as well as the health of their children.
D) low birth weight among babies exposed to famine in utero reduces cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood.

Question 14

As compared to the general population,the children of diabetic women are

A) twice as likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
B) four times as likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
C) six times as likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
D) eight times as likely to develop type 2 diabetes.

Question 15

The offspring of Dutch mothers who experienced wartime famine during their first trimester showed an increased risk of obesity in adulthood.

Question 16

Low vitamin D status in pregnant women increases the risk of low bone density in their children.

Question 17

Adults who were exposed in utero,in infancy,and in early childhood to the Leningrad famine had far poorer health,on average,than adults who were exposed to the Netherlands famine.