Deck 7: Nutrients Involved in Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

MOST water is lost daily via the

A) skin.
B) lungs.
C) kidneys.
D) colon.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The "command center" of fluid intake is located in the

A) kidneys.
B) adrenal glands.
C) skin.
D) hypothalamus.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Up to what percentage of an adult's healthy body weight is fluid?

A) 20
B) 30
C) 40
D) 70

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A) maintains blood volume
B) transports nutrients through the body
C) lubricates body joints
D) maintains body temperature

Question 5

Which of the following stimulates the thirst mechanism?

A) decreased concentration of solutes in the blood
B) elevated blood volume and pressure
C) dryness of the mouth and throat tissues
D) eating sweet-tasting foods

Question 6

Which of the following statements about the movement of substances across the cell membrane is TRUE?

A) Water freely moves across the cell membrane.
B) Water moves across the cell membranes only through protein channels.
C) Electrolytes freely move across cell membranes.
D) Water and electrolytes cannot move across cell membranes.

Question 7

Hyponatremia is associated with

A) insufficient intake of dietary sodium.
B) excessive intake of dietary sodium.
C) dehydration.
D) overhydration.

Question 8

Diets rich in which of the following nutrients are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels?

A) sodium
B) chloride
C) potassium
D) phosphorus

Question 9

What is the primary reason we sweat?

A) to maintain blood volume
B) to maintain sodium balance
C) to excrete waste products
D) to regulate body temperature

Question 10

The ability of a muscle to contract and relax is dependent on the flow of what substance out of and into its storage site in the muscle cell?

A) phosphorus
B) calcium
C) iron
D) chloride

Question 11

Water has a high heat capacity.What does this term mean?

A) Water is relatively resistant to an increase in temperature.
B) Water heats up or cools down readily.
C) Water provides a useful source of stored kilocalories.
D) Water provides excellent insulation for the body.

Question 12

Ian is hospitalized for dehydration after experiencing severe vomiting and diarrhea.Which of the following is NOT associated with Ian's dehydrated condition?

A) Fluid will be lost from the extracellular fluid environment.
B) The extracellular electrolyte concentration will be very low.
C) The intracellular fluid will leave the cells creating a fluid imbalance.
D) The fluid imbalance will result in an irregular heartbeat.

Question 13

Diets high in sodium are associated with

A) breast cancer.
B) diabetes mellitus.
C) obesity.
D) hypertension.

Question 14

Water functions as an excellent solvent,which means that

A) it helps to regulate body temperature.
B) it helps to maintain blood volume.
C) it flushes toxins out of the body.
D) it is capable of dissolving a wide variety of substances.

Question 15

Which of the following can contribute to dehydration?

A) release of ADH from the pituitary gland
B) water reabsorption by the kidneys
C) the thirst mechanism
D) diarrhea

Question 16

Which is NOT a symptom of low blood pressure?

A) stroke
B) confusion
C) dizziness
D) fatigue

Question 17

Matt has just been diagnosed with hypertension,and his physician has instructed him to reduce his sodium intake.Which of the following would be good advice for Matt?

A) Snack on fresh fruits and vegetables instead of salty snacks.
B) Use condiments such as ketchup and relish rather than salting foods.
C) Eat a variety of canned and dried soups.
D) When shopping for processed foods, choose foods containing monosodium glutamate instead of sodium.

Question 18

The water that comes from lakes,rivers,and reservoirs is characterized as what kind of water?

A) surface
B) ground
C) spring
D) distilled

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of insensible water loss?

A) vomiting
B) sweating
C) respiration
D) urination

Question 20

Which of the following will likely result if the concentration of electrolytes outside the cell is higher than in the intracellular environment?

A) The cell will burst.
B) The cell will shrink and dry up.
C) The cell will undergo mitosis and divide.
D) The cell will be unaffected.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding phosphorus?

A) Phosphorus from animal sources is more readily absorbed than the phosphorus from plant sources.
B) Phosphorus is a component of ATP.
C) On average, Americans do not consume enough phosphorus in their diets.
D) The GI flora can break down the phosphorus from plant sources.

Question 22

Widely distributed in many foods,phosphorous is especially abundant in foods high in

A) starches.
B) protein.
C) dietary fiber.
D) fat.

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism to maintain the body's internal temperature?

A) Fluid acts as a coolant by increasing the blood flow from the warm body core to the peripheral tissue, thus cooling the body.
B) Fluid has a high capacity for heat, so it requires a great deal of energy to raise its temperature.
C) Fluid is evaporated as sweat from the skin's surface, thus cooling the body.
D) Warmed fluids from the body's surface return to the body's core, thus heating the body.

Question 24

The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane toward solutes is called

A) osmosis.
B) filtration.
C) depolarization.
D) distillation.

Question 25

After completing a 10K run,Bonita notices that her urine is brown and similar to the color of cola.What does this indicate about Bonita's hydration status?

A) She is well hydrated.
B) She may be inadequately hydrated and needs to replace fluids.
C) She is suffering from severe dehydration and needs treatment immediately.
D) The color of urine is not a reliable indicator of hydration status.

Question 26

Which of the following individuals is at greatest risk for hyperkalemia?

A) a marathon runner
B) a newborn
C) an individual who eats only processed foods
D) an individual with kidney disease

Question 27

The two electrolytes most important in enabling nerves to respond to stimuli are sodium and

A) chloride.
B) potassium.
C) phosphorus.
D) iron.

Question 28

Which of the following foods contains the lowest amount of sodium?

A) a medium fresh orange
B) one cup of canned vegetable soup
C) a hot dog
D) a 4-ounce glass of tomato juice

Question 29

The majority of dietary chloride is consumed from

A) animal protein sources.
B) alcohol.
C) vitamin supplements.
D) the salt in foods.

Question 30

One consequence of hypernatremia is

A) swelling of tissues in the brain.
B) dangerously diluted blood sodium levels.
C) rapid drop in blood pressure.
D) movement of water into the intracellular fluid compartment.

Question 31

Mary is 19 years old.She drinks the recommended intake of 2.2 liters of water and other beverages a day.About how many cups is this equivalent to?

A) 3 cups
B) 6 cups
C) 9 cups
D) 12 cups

Question 32

Which is NOT a function of chloride?

A) assists in regulating the body's fluid balance
B) assists in the transmission of nerve impulses
C) in the form of hydrochloric acid, helps prepare food for digestion
D) used in public water supplies to kill harmful bacteria

Question 33

Which of the following does NOT explain why infants have a higher risk of dehydration than healthy young and middle-aged adults?

A) Infants excrete urine at a higher rate than adults.
B) Infants have a greater ratio of body surface area to core body areas.
C) Infants respond more dramatically to heat and cold than adults.
D) Infants have a lower proportion of body water than adults.

Question 34

What is fluid that flows between the cells of tissues and organs?

A) intracellular fluid
B) interstitial fluid
C) intravascular fluid
D) ionic fluid

Question 35

Which of the following does NOT describe tissue fluid?

A) fluid that flows between cells
B) interstitial fluid
C) fluid that is found in the blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
D) synovial fluid found within joints

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a major function of sodium?

A) assists in nerve impulse transmission
B) helps maintain fluid balance
C) contributes to the mineral complex of bone
D) helps maintain blood volume

Question 37

The majority of our body's phosphorus is stored in the

A) kidneys.
B) bones.
C) blood.
D) liver.

Question 38

On average,which of the following individuals would have the highest percentage of body water?

A) 35-year-old overweight man
B) 35-year-old overweight woman
C) 35-year-old lean man
D) 35-year-old lean woman

Question 39

Which of the following is a diuretic?

A) alcohol
B) milk
C) water
D) orange juice

Question 40

Which of the following do sodium and potassium NOT have in common?

A) Rich sources of both include fresh fruits and vegetables.
B) Both participate in maintaining fluid balance.
C) Both are involved in nerve impulse transmission.
D) Dietary levels of both influence the risk for hypertension.

Question 41

Which of the following beverages qualifies as a sugary drink?

A) a can of beer
B) a cup of freshly brewed hot coffee
C) a bottled tea drink sweetened with honey
D) a bottle of sparkling water

Question 42

You are more likely to experience a potentially dangerous sudden surge of caffeine in your bloodstream when you drink

A) hot tea.
B) hot coffee.
C) a cola soft drink.
D) an energy drink.

Question 43

The release of which of the following nutrients from muscle cell storage sites stimulates muscle contraction?

A) phosphorus
B) potassium
C) sodium
D) calcium

Question 44

Which of the following is a substance that increases fluid loss via the urine?

A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) plasma
C) caffeine
D) diuretic

Question 45

The GI flora

A) can synthesize small amounts of electrolytes.
B) can help release the phosphorus in plant foods.
C) can help release the potassium in plant foods.
D) can degrade excessive sodium in the GI tract.

Question 46

A potentially fatal condition characterized by the failure of the body's heat-regulating mechanisms is

A) hypertension.
B) fever.
C) dehydration.
D) heat stroke.

Question 47

The MOST serious type of heat illness is heat

A) syncope.
B) cramps.
C) stroke.
D) exhaustion.

Question 48

The United States agency that sets and monitors standards for city water systems is the

A) Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
B) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
C) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
D) Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Question 49

A condition characterized by very high blood sodium levels is

A) hypernatremia.
B) hyponatremia.
C) hyperkalemia.
D) hypokalemia.

Question 50

Sports beverages are a combination of fluid,carbohydrate,and

A) unsaturated fatty acids.
B) electrolytes.
C) diuretics.
D) soluble fiber.

Question 51

Which of the following beverages provides protein,unsaturated fatty acids,calcium,and usually vitamin D?

A) green tea
B) soy milk
C) rice milk
D) nonfat milk

Question 52

A water-treatment method in which water is filtered through a screen to eliminate chemical contaminants and microorganisms is known as

A) micron filtration.
B) chlorination.
C) reverse filtration.
D) distillation.

Question 53

The swelling of tissues associated with hypernatremia is known as

A) osmosis.
B) edema.
C) depolarization.
D) repolarization.

Question 54

Although chloride deficiency is rare,it is most likely to occur in a person experiencing

A) high blood sodium levels.
B) a peptic ulcer.
C) chronic vomiting.
D) constipation

Question 55

Which of the following substances is characterized by its ability to move freely and adapt to the shape of the vessel that contains it?

A) an electrolyte
B) an ion
C) a fluid
D) a diuretic

Question 56

The major intracellular positively charged electrolyte is

A) sodium.
B) chloride.
C) potassium.
D) phosphorus.

Question 57

A condition characterized by dangerously high potassium levels in the blood is

A) hyperkalemia.
B) hypokalemia.
C) hypernatremia.
D) hyponatremia.

Question 58

Which of the following individuals will benefit the MOST from consuming a sports beverage?

A) athlete who exercises intensely for more than one hour
B) child who will not drink milk
C) adult who participates in regular physical activity 30 minutes a day
D) elderly person who is taking a diuretic

Question 59

Which of the following is the MOST effective method used in removing waterborne microorganisms from bottled water?

A) carbon filtration
B) ion exchange
C) reverse osmosis
D) deionization

Question 60

Bert goes to the gym and works out strenuously for about 45 minutes.After his exercise session he weighs himself and notices that he has lost a pound.How much fluid should he drink to rehydrate his body?

A) 1 cup
B) 2 cups
C) 3 cups
D) 4 cups

Question 61

Processed foods tend to be low in sodium and high in potassium.

Question 62

Most Americans exceed the dietary recommendations for sodium.

Question 63

Individuals with hypertension are advised to limit their dietary sodium intake to less than 1.5 grams a day.

Question 64

Extreme dehydration,vomiting,and diarrhea can result in hypokalemia.

Question 65

Typically,water moves from areas of low concentration of solutes toward areas of higher concentration of solutes.

Question 66

Two-thirds of body fluids consist of extracellular fluid.

Question 67

Sodium is an essential nutrient necessary for human health.

Question 68

Lean individuals have a higher percentage of body water than obese individuals.

Question 69

Individuals taking diuretics should always increase their dietary potassium intake.

Question 70

Consuming too much sodium will result in hypernatremia in most healthy individuals.

Question 71

Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of potassium.

Question 72

Congestive heart failure and kidney disease are risk factors for hypernatremia.

Question 73

Lean tissue contains a lower percentage of fluid compared with fat tissue.

Question 74

When solute concentrations are equal on both sides of the cell membrane,osmosis begins.

Question 75

Quenching thirst assures adequate fluid intake.

Question 76

Drinking eight glasses of fluid each day ensures that all healthy adults will meet their fluid needs.

Question 77

Water moves freely in and out of cells.

Question 78

A diet rich in potassium has been shown to help maintain a healthy blood pressure.

Question 79

Bottled water is safer to drink than tap water.

Question 80

Sodium and chloride are the predominant electrolytes in the extracellular fluid.