Deck 9: Nutrients Essential to Healthy Tissues

Question 1

A T-score between +1 (plus 1)and -1 (minus 1)on a DXA signifies

A) lower than normal bone density.
B) osteoporosis.
C) normal bone density.
D) growing bone.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following dairy foods would provide the most calcium?

A) 8 ounces of skim milk
B) 8 ounces of Greek yogurt
C) 8 ounces of regular yogurt
D) 1 ounce of Swiss cheese

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The first period of rapid bone growth is

A) during fetal development.
B) from birth to age 2.
C) from age 2 through age 5.
D) during adolescence.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In addition to proper growth and development,bone remodeling is critical in maintaining

A) blood glucose levels.
B) blood calcium levels.
C) blood coagulation.
D) vitamin D production.

Question 5

Which of the following is FALSE concerning calcium?

A) Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.
B) Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue.
C) When blood calcium falls, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton.
D) Calcium is a major mineral.

Question 6

What catalyst converts 7-dehydrocholesterol to provitamin D₃?

A) calcium
B) sunlight
C) intestinal bacteria
D) calcitriol

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?

A) transmission of nerve impulses
B) muscle contraction
C) maintenance of blood pressure
D) stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

Question 8

The average person will absorb no more than how many mg of calcium at one time?

A) 200
B) 500
C) 1000
D) 1500

Question 9

Which of the following is the MOST abundant mineral in our body?

A) calcium
B) iron
C) phosphorus
D) fluoride

Question 10

Which of the following refers to the two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled?

A) bone growth
B) bone modeling
C) bone remodeling
D) bone regeneration

Question 11

The fluid portion of the blood is called

A) lymph.
B) hemoglobin.
C) platelets.
D) plasma.

Question 12

The oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells is called

A) homocysteine.
B) hemocysteine.
C) hemoglobin.
D) myoglobin.

Question 13

Bone cells that are responsible for bone resorption are called

A) osteoclasts.
B) osteoblasts.
C) hydroxyapatites.
D) leukocytes.

Question 14

Which of the following organs is NOT involved in the synthesis of vitamin D?

A) skin
B) liver
C) kidneys
D) heart

Question 15

Marie is 55 years old and just had her first DXA assessment.The results indicated that she has a T-score of -1.5 (minus 1.5).What does her T-score indicate?

A) Her bone density is normal.
B) She has low bone mass.
C) She has osteoporosis.
D) Nothing, because DXA is not able to determine bone density in women over 50.

Question 16

Around what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 40
D) 60

Question 17

If a healthy individual were to consume too much calcium,which of the following would MOST likely occur?

A) hypercalcemia
B) toxicity symptoms, including nausea and dizziness
C) excess calcium excreted in the feces
D) accumulation of calcium in the soft tissues of the body

Question 18

Which component of the blood is essential in transporting oxygen to body cells?

A) leukocytes
B) platelets
C) erythrocytes
D) plasma

Question 19

The spongy bone that is found within the ends of long bones is called

A) cortical bone.
B) compact bone.
C) collagen.
D) trabecular bone.

Question 20

Which of the following is FALSE about trabecular bone?

A) very sensitive to changes in hormones and nutritional deficiencies
B) porous and spongy in composition
C) very rapid turnover
D) comprises approximately 80% of the skeleton

Question 21

The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in

A) the liver.
B) the blood.
C) the bones and teeth.
D) interstitial fluid.

Question 22

The primary,active form of vitamin D in the human body is

A) cholecalciferol.
B) calcidiol.
C) calcitonin.
D) calcitriol.

Question 23

Which of the following foods are particularly high in phosphorus?

A) meats, milk, and eggs
B) green leafy vegetables
C) citrus fruits
D) table salt

Question 24

Vitamin K is synthesized by bacteria in the

A) pancreas.
B) mouth.
C) stomach.
D) large intestine.

Question 25

If copper levels are inadequate

A) iron stores can become depleted.
B) iron can accumulate in body tissues.
C) the individual can develop macrocytic anemia.
D) zinc stores can become depleted.

Question 26

Insufficient vitamin D during adulthood is associated with

A) rickets.
B) osteomalacia.
C) kidney stones.
D) hypocalcemia.

Question 27

Which of the following is an excellent source of vitamin K?

A) citrus fruits
B) green leafy vegetables
C) beef
D) fatty fish

Question 28

Newborns receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth because

A) newborns do not have enough mature GI flora to make vitamin K.
B) breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K.
C) the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores.
D) newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula.

Question 29

How can we increase our absorption of dietary magnesium?

A) eat a high-fiber diet
B) eat a high-carbohydrate diet
C) eat a high-protein diet
D) eat a high-fat diet

Question 30

Which of the following is the primary dietary source of vitamin D in the United States?

A) fatty fish
B) cod liver oil
C) green leafy vegetables
D) fortified foods

Question 31

Formed in our bones,hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes composed of calcium and

A) sodium.
B) chloride.
C) phosphorus.
D) vitamin K.

Question 32

Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in

A) the liver.
B) adipose tissue.
C) the skeleton.
D) the kidneys.

Question 33

Prothrombin and other proteins critical in the coagulation of blood are synthesized with the assistance of the coenzyme

A) thiamin.
B) iron.
C) vitamin K.
D) collagen.

Question 34

Fluorosis is associated with

A) insufficient intake of fluoride.
B) excessive intake of fluoride.
C) poor dental hygiene.
D) osteoporosis.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT associated with poor vitamin D status?

A) fair skin
B) obesity
C) indoor employment
D) use of sunscreens with a high SPF

Question 36

Low blood levels of folate or vitamin B₁₂ are associated with

A) failure of the first step of heme synthesis.
B) clotting disorders.
C) microcytic red blood cells.
D) macrocytic red blood cells.

Question 37

Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium?

A) beans
B) citrus fruits
C) french fries and onion rings
D) milk, yogurt, and cheese

Question 38

People with diseases that result in the malabsorption of which nutrient are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency?

A) carbohydrate
B) fat
C) minerals
D) protein

Question 39

When blood calcium levels fall,which of the following does NOT occur?

A) Increased secretion of PTH activates vitamin D.
B) PTH and vitamin D stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the blood.
C) PTH and vitamin D stimulate osteoblasts to break down bone.
D) Vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium from the intestines.

Question 40

Vitamin D toxicity is associated with

A) sunburns.
B) use of tanning booths.
C) high consumption of seafood.
D) use of vitamin D supplements.

Question 41

A child with mild fluorosis would MOST likely show which of the following symptoms?

A) dental caries
B) low bone density
C) white patches on the teeth
D) stiffness and pain in the joints

Question 42

Inadequate levels of blood calcium can cause

A) hypercalcemia.
B) iron deficiency.
C) kidney stone formation.
D) convulsions.

Question 43

Why does folate or vitamin B₁₂ deficiency lead to macrocytic anemia?

A) because reduced hemoglobin synthesis will produce cells of inadequate size
B) because poor DNA synthesis will impair blood cells' ability to divide
C) because red blood cell precursors (stem cells) will proliferate in the bone marrow
D) because white blood cells (leukocytes) will proliferate in the bone marrow

Question 44

The type of cell responsible for the resorption of bone is

A) cortical.
B) trabecular.
C) osteoblast.
D) osteoclast.

Question 45

Phosphorus consumption has increased over the past 30 years.This is largely due to the increased consumption of

A) processed foods.
B) meat.
C) water.
D) milk.

Question 46

The hormone that is produced in response to falling blood calcium levels and that stimulates the activation of vitamin D is

A) insulin.
B) cortisol.
C) parathyroid hormone (PTH).
D) calcitonin.

Question 47

The point in life at which our bones are the densest is referred to as

A) pubertal bone density.
B) menopausal bone density.
C) late adulthood bone density.
D) peak bone density.

Question 48

A person suffering from osteomalacia is prone to

A) bone fractures.
B) diseased gums.
C) high blood pressure.
D) bowed legs.

Question 49

Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability?

A) kale
B) spinach
C) broccoli
D) turnip greens

Question 50

Which of the following are two fat-soluble vitamins that humans obtain from non-dietary sources?

A) A and C
B) A and E
C) D and K
D) niacin and thiamin

Question 51

Which of the following practices would decrease your risk of developing a vitamin D deficiency?

A) Put on sunscreen before exposing your skin to sunlight.
B) Expose your skin to sunlight before 10:00 AM and after 3:00 PM.
C) Consume a diet that provides at least 600 IU of vitamin D per day.
D) Consume at least four glasses of fluoridated water each day.

Question 52

Erythrocytes,leukocytes,and platelets travel in

A) lymph.
B) hemoglobin.
C) myoglobin.
D) plasma.

Question 53

The most abundant protein in the body is

A) hemoglobin
B) myoglobin
C) osteocalcin
D) collagen.

Question 54

The majority of the body's magnesium is found in the

A) blood.
B) spleen.
C) bones.
D) liver.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT a proposed factor associated with the increase in vitamin D deficiency among Americans?

A) the decreased consumption of vitamin-D fortified milk products
B) the increase in the use of sunscreen products over the past several decades
C) the increase in the rates of obesity in the United States
D) the increased consumption of soft drinks

Question 56

Which of the following statements about vitamin K is TRUE?

A) Excessive intake of vitamin K quickly leads to toxicity.
B) Vitamin K is a water-soluble vitamin.
C) Because no foods provide more than trace amounts of vitamin K, the GI flora are our only source.
D) There is no RDA for vitamin K.

Question 57

The bioavailability of calcium from spinach is limited because of the leafy green's

A) low calcium content.
B) high levels of oxalates.
C) low protein content.
D) high vitamin C content.

Question 58

In the body,vitamin D is essential for

A) blood clotting.
B) calcification of bone.
C) muscle contraction.
D) stimulation of nerve impulses.

Question 59

A vitamin D deficiency in childhood may result in which disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of the skeleton?

A) rickets
B) osteomalacia
C) osteoporosis
D) kyphosis

Question 60

An individual who consumes no animal-based foods of any kind,no fortified foods,and no supplements is at increased risk for

A) type 2 diabetes
B) scurvy
C) macrocytic anemia
D) Wilson's disease

Question 61

Trabecular bone has a faster turnover rate than cortical bone.

Question 62

The iron-carrying protein that assists in the transport of oxygen into muscle cells is

A) myoglobin.
B) hemoglobin.
C) hematocrit.
D) hemosiderin.

Question 63

Which of the following is associated with increased absorption of zinc?

A) vegetarian diet
B) adolescence
C) aging
D) high intake of non-heme iron

Question 64

Research suggests that taking supplemental vitamin C

A) can prevent colds.
B) can reduce the duration of colds.
C) can reduce the severity of a cold once it has begun.
D) has no effect on the incidence, duration, or severity of colds.

Question 65

Consuming vitamin C enhances the body's absorption of which mineral?

A) chromium
B) iron
C) sulfur
D) manganese

Question 66

Females reach their full adult height earlier than males do.

Question 67

Zinc is a trace mineral that plays a critical role in

A) calcium regulation and bone health.
B) the transport of oxygen to body cells.
C) iron transport and the regulation of serotonin.
D) metabolism, gene expression, and normal growth.

Question 68

The majority of the calcium formed in our bodies is found in the blood and soft tissues.

Question 69

Cortical bone is more sensitive than trabecular bone to changes in hormonal and nutritional factors.

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a common storage site in the body for iron?

A) liver
B) spleen
C) bone marrow
D) kidney

Question 71

Bob's physician has just diagnosed him with iron-deficiency anemia.Which of the following advice should Bob follow to increase his body's absorption of dietary iron?

A) He should have a glass of red wine with his dinner.
B) He should drink a glass of orange juice with his breakfast cereal.
C) He should increase his consumption of legumes and whole grains.
D) He should avoid cooking his foods in cast-iron pans.

Question 72

Which of the following BEST explains why Denise has low iron absorption?

A) She regularly takes antacids.
B) She drinks at least one alcoholic beverage daily.
C) She is lactose intolerant and avoids consuming dairy products.
D) She is pregnant.

Question 73

A deficiency of which of the following can result in a condition called macrocytic (or megaloblastic)anemia?

A) folate
B) iron
C) B₆
D) zinc

Question 74

Blood is a connective tissue.

Question 75

Without vitamin C,collagen

A) strands cannot dissociate into durable collagen fibers.
B) binds with iron, which causes its fibers to become thick and sclerotic.
C) takes on a helical structure that reduces its flexibility and strength.
D) chains cannot cross-link to form strong, stable strands.

Question 76

When dietary intake of calcium is low,the body takes calcium from bone.

Question 77

Found in meat,poultry,and fish,the meat factor

A) enhances absorption of non-heme iron.
B) enhances absorption of heme iron.
C) enhances absorption of vitamin C.
D) enhances absorption of folate by the mother during pregnancy.

Question 78

Along with vitamin C,what mineral is important in the synthesis of collagen?

A) iron
B) copper
C) zinc
D) magnesium

Question 79

Insufficient intake of iron will FIRST affect which of the following?

A) production of hemoglobin
B) ability of blood to clot
C) iron transport
D) iron stores

Question 80

Celine visited her doctor to examine a cut that continues to bleed.Which of the following deficiencies is MOST likely to be causing this increased bleeding?

A) vitamin K
B) vitamin D
C) copper
D) zinc