Deck 2: Theories of Career Development

Question 1

Aptitude, interests, and measure of client traits can be used to focus on new learning that promotes career choice.

Answer 1

D​

Question 2

Occupational aspirations is the main theme of which theorist?​

A)​Super
B)​Krumboltz
C)​Holland
D)​Gottfredson

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Counselors focus on career as a story or narrative in order to derive meaning from what the client views as important and unimportant.

Answer 3

i​

Question 4

Life roles are interconnected in that success in one life role promotes success in other life roles.

Question 5

The ultimate goal of career counseling is achieved by facilitating the growth of information processing skills.

Question 6

Personal determinants of career development are conceptualized as self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and personal goals.

Question 7

SCCT subscribes to which of the following theories?​

A)​Bandura's triad reciprocal theory
B)​Roger's nondirective theory
C)​Super's self-concept theory
D)​Constructivism theory

Question 8

The major purpose of action theory is to organize the interpretation of human actions that usually represents the general intention of the individual.One can be influenced by the characteristics of others and the unique characteristics of the environment.

Question 9

Important associations that influence career development can be learned through observations, written materials, and films.

Question 10

Individual needs and the reinforcer systems in the work environment are important aspects of stability and tenure.

Question 11

Making a career choice is a problem-solving activity.

Question 12

Congruence occurs when an individual's personality type matches the environment.

Question 13

Krumboltz and associates stress that each individual's unique learning experiences during the life span develop primary influences that lead to career choice.Which statement is not listed as part of these primary influences?​

A)​Career-entry behavior such as applying for a job or selecting an educational or training institution
B)​Expanding capabilities and interests
C)​Sets of developed skills used in coping with the environment
D)​Generalization of self derived from experiences and performance in relation to learned standards

Question 14

Determinates of self-concept development are social class, level of intelligence, and experiences with sex typing.

Question 15

Who developed cognitive information processing (CIP) theory?​

A)​Peterson and Sampson
B)​Mitchell, Krumboltz and Sampson
C)​Peterson, Sampson and Reardon
D)​Krumboltz, Peterson and Reardon

Question 16

A similarity assessment model provides a means of evaluating occupations for fit.

Question 17

A major tenet of Super's theory is that the career pattern one follows through life:​

A)​Is primarily influenced by one's vocational orientation
B)​Is an expression of career maturity
C)​Represents verification of one's personal modal style
D)​Results from expression of one's vocational self-concept

Question 18

Career identity is defined as one's level of development of self-knowledge memory structures.

Question 19

An assessment model (Career Development Assessment and Counseling [C-DAC] was designed to measure work-role salience, career development status, vocational identity, and occupational self-concepts.

Question 20

Traits of career maturity include planning, accepting responsibility, and varied aspects of a preferred vocation.

Question 21

What did John Holland (1992) stress as being important in the search for vocational satisfaction and stability?​

A)​The importance of self-knowledge
B)​Satisfaction theory
C)​Skilled trades
D)​Diverse careers

Question 22

The person-environment-correspondence (PEC) theory was initially referred to as:​

A)​the theory of human interaction (THI).
B)​the theory of personality style (TPS).
C)​the theory of work environment (TWE).
D)​the theory of work adjustment (TWA).

Question 23

The choice model of the Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) is divided into three components as follows:​

A)​Define personal values, establish goals, take actions
B)​Develop individual learning plan, execute plan, evaluate plan
C)​Define goals, initiate action, success is determined by future behavior
D)​Define personal values, develop interventions, execute plan

Question 24

Holland's model of personality types incorporates five key concepts.Which of the following is the correct answer?​

A)​Differentiation, identity, congruence, calculus and career choice
B)​Consistency, differentiation, socialization, satisfaction and critical theory
C)​Consistency, differentiation, identity, self-knowledge and career choice
D)​Consistency, differentiation, identity, congruence and calculus

Question 25

As early as the 1940s, who was promoting the idea that career development is a process that unfolds gradually during the life span?

A)​Krumboltz
B)​Drucker
C)​Sharf
D)​Super

Question 26

What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with the trait/factor approach to career counseling?​

Question 27

Gelso and Fretz (2001) grouped career development theories as follows:​

A)​constructive theories, cognitive theories, social orientation theories and counseling theories.
B)​trait-orientated theories, social learning and cognitive theories, developmental theories and person-in-environment theories.
C)​trait-orientated theories, constructive theories, developing people's theories and social theories.
D)​social trait theories, cognitive learning theories, developing people theories and environment theories.

Question 28

Compare the basic assumptions of Super's life span, life space approach with Holland's typology approach.

Question 29

The career development theory that includes genetic endowments, special abilities, environmental conditions, and events is by the following author:

A)​Holland
B)​Super
C)​Krumboltz
D)​Pope

Question 30

According to the Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) theory, the major strategy of career interventions is to:​

A)​Provide interventions to identify personality dimensions
B)​Provide interventions that improves one's self-concept
C)​Provide learning interventions to enhance one's information processing ability
D)​Provide interventions to understand the influence of life course events

Question 31

Which statement is correct with regard to constructivism?

A)​Constructivists support the belief that individuals define themselves as they participate in events and relationships in their environment.
B)​The psychological approach of constructivism to career development has not been influenced by the philosophical position of postmodernism.
C)​Constructivists believe in fixed truth.
D)​The constructivist's viewpoint of career development relies on logical proofs supported by empirical data.

Question 32

Learning Theory of Career Counseling (LTCC) involves which factors?​

A)​Genetic endowments and special abilities, environmental conditions and events, learning experiences, and task approach skills
B)​Genetic endowments and special abilities only
C)​Environmental conditions and event experiences only
D)​None of the above

Question 33

From a social cognitive perspective, which three key theoretical constructs are considered to be building blocks determining the course of career development and its outcome?

A)​Personal goals, self efficacy and interest development
B)​Self-efficacy, outcome expectations and personal goals
C)​Self-efficacy, outcome expectations and other people's views of the client's goals
D)​Outcome expectations, personal goals and fixed traits

Question 34

Trait-oriented theories are embedded in whose vocational counseling paradigm of matching individual traits with requirements of occupations?​

A)​Holland
B)​Super
C)​Parsons
D)​Krumboltz

Question 35

Which of the following key points is NOT congruent with Dawis and Lofquist's theory?

A)​Job placement is best accomplished through a match of worker traits with the requirements of a work environment
B)​Individual needs and the reinforce system that characterizes the work setting are important aspects of stability and tenure
C)​Individual needs are most important in determining an individual's fit into the work environment
D)​Work personality and work environment do not always need to be amenable

Question 36

Discuss the fundamental concept upon which Super's Archway Model of Career Development is premised.

Question 37

PEC theory emphasizes that:

A)​Job satisfaction is completely related to family compatibility
B)​Job satisfaction is completely determined by wages
C)​Job satisfaction is related to work reinforcers
D)​Job satisfaction is primarily the responsibility of the manager

Question 38

How many propositions of career construction theory did Savickas develop?​

A)​6
B)​3
C)​16
D)​5

Question 39

The process by which an individual narrows his or her territory when making a decision about space or acceptable alternatives, is referred to as:

A)cognitive maps of occupations.
B)​image of occupations.
C)​compromise.
D)​circumscription.

Question 40

Compare the basic assumptions of Super's life-span, life-space approach and Holland's typology approach.

Question 41

One major hurdle for the individual in the choice model concerns:

A)​future goals.
B)​contextual or environmental influences.
C)performance influences.
D)​career-related interests.

Question 42

What is the centerpiece of Super's approach to vocational behavior?​

A)​Stages and Tasks theory
B)​Self-concept theory
C)​Performance model theory
D)​Choice model theory

Question 43

In the early 1990s, Super created a model to delineate the changing diversity of life roles experienced by individuals during the life span.What is the title of this model?​

A)​Lifestage model
B)​Career maturity model
C)​Archway model
D)​Archway life model

Question 44

What is the name of the theory suggesting chance events during one's life span can have both positive and negative consequences?​

A)​Happenstance approach theory
B)​Approach theory
C)​Chance approach theory
D)​Career chance theory

Question 45

The cognitive process period of formulating a general vocational goal through awareness of resources, contingencies, interests, values and planning for the preferred occupation is called:​

A)​implementation.
B)​stabilization.
C)crystallization.
D)​specification.

Question 46

Compare trait/factor theories to the general factors of developmental theories.

Question 47

Which theory do Young, Valach and Collin (1996, 2002) propose as one way to understand a contextualist explanation of career counseling?​

A)​Change theory
B)​Environment theory
C)​Action theory
D)​Career theory

Question 48

Through whose efforts were the components of the trait-and-factor theory developed into step-by-step procedures designed to help clients make wise career decisions?​

A)​Parsons and Holland
B)​Sharf
C)​Prediger
D)​Parsons and Williamson

Question 49

How might a person in early adulthood recycle through the developmental tasks of Super's life-span approach?

Question 50

Contextual interaction during the life span is referred to as what type of perspective?​

A)​Lifespan perspective
B)​Contextual life span perspective
C)​Person-in-environment perspective
D)​Interactive perspective

Question 51

Describe the pathways to career choice as outlined by Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT).

Question 52

The position that clients create their own way of organizing information and that reality is a matter of perception is the premise of which theory?​

A)​Super's career maturity
B)​Contextual explanation
C)​Gottfredson's sex type
D)​Holland's typology

Question 53

What are the advantages and disadvantages associated with the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling?​

Question 54

The Happenstance Approach emphasizes making the most out of unplanned events and creating chance.Describe how you might encourage this.

Question 55

The term "social space" refers to:​

A)images of occupations.
B)​the process by which individuals will settle for a "good" choice but not the best possible one.
C)the zone of acceptable alternatives in each person's map of occupations, or each person's view of where he or she fits or would want to fit into society​.
D)how adolescents and adults distinguish occupations into major dimensions.

Question 56

The theory of constructivism suggests that:​

A)​Constructs have nothing to do with individual perceptions
B)​Constructs are simply the way one processes information and their resulting perceptions
C)​Constructs are primarily the result of family interactions during adolescence
D)​Constructs are personality dimensions gone haywire

Question 57

Prestige of sex type are variables in the theory of:​

A)​Super
B)​Krumboltz
C)​Gottfredson
D)​Holland

Question 58

The assumption that individuals have unique patterns of ability that can be measured and matched with jobs is a key concept of:

A)​Trait-and-factor theory
B)​Developmental theory
C)​Self-concept theory
D)​Construct theory

Question 59

Actualization is a period that is highlighted by one's focus on:​

A)​maintenance and management.
B)​settling down.
C)​growth.
D)​career identification.