Deck 5: Toddlerhood

Question 1

How many neurons does a 2-year-old toddler's brain contain?

A)twice as many as at birth
B)four times as many as at birth
C)half as many as at birth
D)the same total number of neurons present at birth

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the solution to the dilemma of iodine deficiency in children?

A)adding iodine to meat, which is a very costly process
B)adding iodized salt to their diet, which costs a few cents per person per year
C)adding iodine to the local drinking supply
D)injecting iodine into children subcutaneously every two months

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What statement is true for children who do not eat any adequate amount of protein?

A)They are likely to develop the same as other children.
B)They are more likely to have poorly functioning immune systems.
C)They will always get enough food.
D)They are likely to have only temporary damage to their physical development.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Perhaps the most crucial micronutrient deficiency worldwide is __________.

A)vitamin C
B)fluoride
C)iodine
D)folic acid

Question 5

Early brain development is distinguished by the steep increase in __________.

A)synaptic density
B)neuronal density
C)neuropathways
D)neuronal lipids

Question 6

The __________ are the location in the brain of our most distinctively human cognitive qualities, such as reasoning, planning, and creativity.

A)frontal lobes
B)parietal lobes
C)occipital lobes
D)temporal lobes

Question 7

In which stage of development does synaptic density peak?

A)toddlerhood
B)childhood
C)infancy
D)early adulthood

Question 8

You and your roommate are watching a documentary on developing countries and your roommate notices that children in developing countries seem to be small for their ages.What would you tell your roommate about this situation?

A)The differences are just in his imagination.
B)Most children in developing countries eat a diet that is deficient in protein.
C)Most children in developing countries work so hard that they do not grow as fast as children from developed countries.
D)The diet in developing countries is primarily vegetarian.

Question 9

Why do infants from developing countries lag behind in their growth compared to infants from developed countries?

A)They have reduced access to medical care.
B)Their mothers carry them more, which thwarts their growth.
C)Their fathers help them walk as soon as they begin crawling.
D)They receive less protein in their diet.

Question 10

__________ is a disease caused by protein deficiency; it lowers the effectiveness of the immune system, making toddlers more vulnerable to disease and, over time, can lead to coma and death.

A)marasmus
B)rickets
C)kwashiorkor
D)anemia

Question 11

Which lobes of the toddler brain experience peak production of new synapses?

A)temporal lobes
B)occipital lobes
C)frontal lobes
D)parietal lobes

Question 12

Micah, who has a 9-month-old child, was watching a documentary about iodine deficiency.He became very concerned about making sure his son has enough iodine in his diet.What would you say to Micah?

A)There are injections that can retroactively help with iodine deficiency.
B)Provide the child with iodized salt.
C)Iodine deficiency is not that big of a deal, and there is nothing that can be done.
D)Many infants who have iodine deficiencies have very high IQ scores later in life.

Question 13

What is observed among children who do not receive an adequate amount of iodine?

A)They actually outperform developed countries due to their work ethic.
B)There are no differences in IQ.
C)They show IQ deficiencies of 10 to 15 points.
D)They show IQ gains of 5 to 10 points.

Question 14

Which of the following conditions is caused by a protein deficiency that primarily affects toddlers in developing nations and leads to a range of symptoms, such as lethargy, irritability, and thinning of hair?

A)kwashiorkor
B)micronutrients
C)eczema
D)tuberculosis

Question 15

In the United States, __________ toddlers have the highest rates of iron deficiency.

A)African American
B)White
C)Latino
D)Asian

Question 16

Iron, zinc, and vitamins A, B12, C, and D are referred to as __________.

A)supplements
B)micronutrients
C)macrovitamins
D)essential chemicals

Question 17

Sophia's grandmother is always saying that her 2-year-old granddaughter "soaks up new information like a sponge." This statement is __________.

A)just an old wives' tale
B)accurate due to synaptic pruning
C)accurate due to an increase in synaptic density
D)inaccurate due to the decrease in synaptic density

Question 18

The World Health Organization estimates that __________ of children worldwide have diets that are deficient in protein.

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)75%

Question 19

During toddlerhood, children do not need as much __________ to maintain a constant body temperature.

A)clothing
B)body contact with their mothers
C)body hair
D)body fat

Question 20

What is the difference in the number of neurons in the human brain at age 2 compared to the number of neurons at birth?

A)There are 50% more neurons at age 2.
B)There are 50% fewer neurons at age 2.
C)The number of neurons does not change between birth and age 2.
D)It is not possible to determine whether any change in the number of neurons has occurred.

Question 21

Two possible reasons why toddlers have an increased frequency of waking at night are __________.

A)teething and an increased sense of self
B)increased physiological response and increased hormone production
C)nocturnal enuresis and increased fidgeting
D)decreased autonomic nervous system activity and increased parasympathetic response

Question 22

Your 18-month-old son has been sleeping through the night for the past two months.You and your spouse were very happy with this new development and were looking forward to many more months of it.But your son has started waking up at night again and has been pretty fussy during the day.What is the likely reason that he is waking up now?

A)He has been drinking too much before bedtime.
B)His molars are coming in and he is teething.
C)He has been eating too much.
D)He is going through a growth spurt.

Question 23

What technology is used to measure the burst of electricity emitted when a synapse fires?

A)electrocardiogram
B)electroencephalogram
C)echocardiogram
D)electromyogram

Question 24

During toddlerhood, as a sense of self and the separation with others increase, toddlers may experience a higher rate of __________.

A)narcolepsy
B)waking at night
C)napping
D)enuresis

Question 25

In traditional cultures, sleeping alone is __________.

A)rare
B)common
C)common until age 2
D)common until adulthood

Question 26

Compared to neonates, toddlers sleep __________ fewer hours per day.

A)6-7
B)5-6
C)4-5
D)3-4

Question 27

What is the primary impact of synaptic pruning on the developing brain?

A)Brain activity slows down, and growth remains stagnant.
B)Neuronal connections are reduced, resulting in an increase in brain efficiency.
C)Neuronal connections expand in number, resulting in slower cognitive processing.
D)Unused synapses remain in the brain for future development.

Question 28

An electroencephalogram (EEG) measures the electrical activity of the __________.

A)cerebral cortex
B)brain stem
C)hippocampus
D)cerebellum

Question 29

Which of the following changes likely explains why toddlers who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again when they are between 18 and 24 months old?

A)They have more difficulties with digestion.
B)They begin having difficulties with insomnia.
C)They have a resurgence of teething.
D)They have a huge growth spurt that tends to be painful.

Question 30

Three-month-old Ava averages __________ nap(s) per day, whereas 15-month-old Jose typically takes __________ nap(s) per day.

A)2; 3
B)3; 2
C)2; 1
D)1; 2

Question 31

After watching a news report that stated that American children do not get enough sleep, you become worried because your son, who is 2 years old, is only sleeping 13 hours a day-12 at night and a 1-hour nap.Which of the following statements is supported by research?

A)Your son sleeps less than the average amount and he needs more sleep.
B)Your son sleeps more than the average amount and you should speak to your pediatrician.
C)Your son sleeps the average amount and you should not be worried.
D)Sleep research is inconsistent; therefore, this news story is invalid.

Question 32

In many traditional cultures, when a mother becomes pregnant with another child, the toddler who is accustomed to sleeping with her may __________.

A)continue to sleep with their mother but be placed at the foot of the bed
B)continue to sleep with their mother until the birth of their sibling
C)be ousted from her bed to sleep with siblings or father
D)be ousted from her bed to sleep with grandmother and grandfather

Question 33

In addition to a resurgence of teething, what helps explain why infants who have been sleeping through the night start waking up again when they are between 18 and 24 months old?

A)They become more aware that they are sleeping by themselves.
B)They have more nightmares.
C)They watch too much television.
D)They drink too many liquids before bedtime.

Question 34

According to the text, toddlers not only sleep less than infants, but they tend to __________.

A)sleep more during the day
B)sleep more at night
C)have more nightmares
D)have more REM sleep

Question 35

What has research of toddler EEGs revealed that reflects advances in cognitive and language development?

A)There is a sharp decrease in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months.
B)There is a steady decline in cortical activity after 12 months.
C)There is a steady increase in cortical activity after 12 months.
D)There is a sharp increase in cortical activity from 18 to 24 months.

Question 36

On average, toddlers sleep __________ hours per day.
a.13-14
b.12-13
c.10-11
d.8-9

Question 37

What diagnostic procedure would a physician attempt in order to accurately assess the blood flow and oxygenation in the brain of an energetic 2-year old?

A)Use leg and arm restraints to take an X-ray of the toddler's head.
B)Place an EEG cap on the child's head.
C)Calm the child and conduct an fMRI while the child sleeps.
D)Strap the child to a flat table and transfer into the fMRI machine.

Question 38

Three-year-old Max loves to climb up and around the jungle gym at the playground, demonstrating his __________.
a.gross motor development
b.fine motor development
c.ambidextrous motor development
d.outward motor development

Question 39

Dr.Syndai wants to assess real-time activity of lower brain structures and not just the cerebral cortex.Her patient is a girl in middle childhood who is old enough to understand that she must remain still for the test.Which of the following devices would Dr.Syndai use?

A)ECG
B)EEG
C)fMRI
D)CT

Question 40

A(n) __________ is used to measure the brain's electrical activity while a(n) __________ is used to capture images of the brain's blood flow and oxygen use.

A)PET; ECG
B)ECG; PET
C)EEG; fMRI
D)fMRI; EEG

Question 41

On average, children begin to walk without the support of others around age __________.

A)9 months
B)11 months
C)13 months
D)15 months

Question 42

Dante was hoping that his daughter would grow up to be a gifted soccer player.She is still not making much progress in learning to walk and she is 14 months old.What would you tell Dante?

A)He should probably give up on the notion that she will ever play soccer.
B)There is considerable variation when children begin walking, and it has nothing to do with later development of athletic ability.
C)Children do not start walking until they are 18 months old.
D)The age when a toddler begins walking is negatively correlated with intelligence, so she is most likely gifted.

Question 43

A 1957 study reported that __________ of American toddlers were toilet trained by 18 months of age.

A)2%
B)42%
C)62%
D)92%

Question 44

Which of the following tasks is a 12-month-old able to perform?

A)Hold a container while placing rocks into it.
B)Kick a ball while running.
C)Write his or her name with a crayon.
D)Brush his or her teeth.

Question 45

Recent studies report that __________ of toddlers in the United States are toilet trained by the third birthday.

A)20%
B)40%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 46

In regard to fine motor development, a one-year-old can __________, while a 3-year-old can __________.

A)tie his or her shoes; draw a circle with a crayon
B)draw a circle with a crayon; tie his or her shoes
C)draw a semistraight line; hold a cup
D)hold a cup; draw a semistraight line

Question 47

What is one fine motor skill that toddlers can do during their third year of life?

A)climb a rope
B)brush their teeth
C)button their shirts
D)tie their shoes

Question 48

You come from a family of gifted athletes.You and several other family members received athletic scholarships in college, and an uncle played professional baseball.You have tried to get your 18-month-old interested in kicking a small soccer ball.Although he wants to play with you and approaches the ball, he has not been able to kick it.After taking a developmental psychology course, you find that __________.

A)your son is very far behind in motor development
B)he is actually too young to be expected to kick a ball
C)if you work with him and make it fun, he will be able to kick the ball
D)your son likely needs to be tested for a physical abnormality

Question 49

Mikael is a toddler who can stand on one leg, run stiffed-legged, and kick a ball.Mikael is at least __________.

A)6 months old
B)12 months old
C)18 months old
D)24 months old

Question 50

Gross motor development in toddlerhood proceeds in the order of __________.

A)running with stiff legs, standing on one leg, kicking a ball, walking without support
B)walking without support, standing on one leg, running with stiff legs, kicking a ball
C)standing on one leg, walking without support, kicking a ball, running with stiff legs
D)kicking a ball, standing on one leg, walking without support, running with stiff legs

Question 51

Faryal is celebrating her second birthday.Her Aunt Aliya wants to give her a series of soft books, but her Uncle Mabud scoffs and suggests Faryal is far too young to know how to use a book.He wants to buy her a set of small building blocks.Which statement accurately describes the birthday present that most closely aligns with Faryal's motor skills?

A)Uncle Mabud is correct: a 24-month-old child does not have the motor skills to turn the pages of a book.
B)Aunt Aliya is correct: a 24-month-old child is capable of turning the pages of a book.
C)Faryal will easily be able to play with Uncle Mabud's gift of small building blocks.
D)Neither the soft books nor the small building blocks are age-appropriate.

Question 52

When children first begin to walk, they spread their feet apart and take small, stiff-legged steps, shifting their weight from one leg to the other.These movements give the __________ stage of development its name.

A)infancy
B)toddlerhood
C)adolescence
D)old age

Question 53

What would the average child be expected to accomplish during the first year of toddlerhood?

A)hold a cup and scribble with a crayon
B)use a fork and knife with coordination
C)stand on one foot, run, and kick a ball
D)be able to brush his or her teeth

Question 54

Many parents in developed countries remove sharp objects and other potentially harmful items when their toddlers become mobile.What is this called?

A)baby safety
B)baby proofing
C)object protection
D)compulsive behavior

Question 55

When can the average toddler first kick a ball or throw a small object?

A)6 months
B)12 months
C)18 months
D)24 months

Question 56

Toddlers in traditional cultures are still held and carried for about half their waking hours.Which of the following statements describes the development of their gross motor skills compared to those of toddlers in developed countries?

A)Toddlers in traditional cultures are considerably behind toddlers in developed countries.
B)Toddlers in traditional cultures are only slightly delayed compared to toddlers in developed countries.
C)Toddlers in traditional cultures are equal to toddlers in developed countries.
D)Toddlers in traditional cultures are actually more advanced than toddlers in developed countries because they experience fewer injuries associated with walking earlier.

Question 57

Zachary loves to play with his little sister Dayla.Zachary kicks a ball hoping Dayla will kick it back, but, much to Zachary's dismay, she simply stares at the ball and smiles toward her brother.She recently started walking without support.What are the likely ages of Dayla and Zachary?

A)at least 9 months and 15 months
B)about 11 months and at least 24 months
C)about 9 months and at least 18 months
D)at least 24 months and 36 months

Question 58

To adjust their walking and running over changing surfaces, toddlers become much more proficient at using __________ information.

A)auditory
B)visual
C)tactile
D)vestibular

Question 59

At the age of __________, children show a definite handedness preference during self-feeding.

A)24 months
B)18 months
C)12 months
D)6 months

Question 60

Chen is an active and curious toddler.At what age can Chen's parents anticipate that he will be able to brush his own teeth with minimal assistance?

A)the second year of life
B)the third year of life
C)the fourth year of life
D)the fifth year of life

Question 61

Which statement accurately reflects the impact of social class on toilet training?
a.The more education parents have, the later their kids tend to be toilet trained.
b.The less education parents have, the later their kids tend to be toilet trained.
c.Social class has no impact on when toilet training takes place.
d.Income rather than education level has more impact on the age at which toilet training takes place.

Question 62

Who is likely to toilet train toddlers in traditional countries?

A)parents
B)grandparents
C)older siblings
D)no one

Question 63

Which toddler is showing signs he is ready to be toilet trained?

A)Scotty shows his stuffed bear how to go "potty."
B)Tomas can hold his urine but has no control over bowel movements.
C)Arya asks for a dry diaper.
D)Omar is able to anticipate when he needs to use the toilet.

Question 64

Children are likely to wear __________ at night for a period after learning toilet training.

A)regular underwear and pajamas
B)diapers
C)plastic underwear
D)training pants

Question 65

Today, most American pediatricians believe that it is best to be patient with toddlers and their progress toward toilet training.When do they recommend toilet training?

A)when the toddler is 20 months old
B)when the toddler seems ready
C)any time before kindergarten
D)when the cost of diapers gets too expensive

Question 66

Based on what we currently know of human history and what we know of traditional cultures, it is clear that the typical human custom regarding breast-feeding has been that infants were weaned __________.

A)before 12 months
B)by 18 months
C)by 24 months
D)between 24 and 36 months

Question 67

In Kenya, Makena, who is 2 years old, is learning to control her elimination.Who is probably guiding her in this process?

A)her mother
B)her father
C)her aunt
D)her older sister

Question 68

Based on what we know of human history and practices today in traditional cultures, it is clear that most infants have been breast-fed until __________ year(s) of age.
a.1
b.1 to 2
c.2 to 3
d.3 to 4

Question 69

Describe two milestones of gross motor development in toddlerhood.

Question 70

Which of the following are signs that a toddler might be ready to begin toilet training?

A)increased regular sleep-wake cycles, staying dry during naps, and increased motions to remove a diaper
B)staying awake during nap time, increased motions to remove a diaper, and increased temper tantrums at bedtime
C)increased motions to remove a diaper, increased crying when a diaper is put on, and increased regular feeding patterns
D)staying dry for a few hours during the day, having regular bowel movements, and increased anticipation of urine or bowel movements

Question 71

At what age do toddlers show the first signs of readiness to begin toilet training?

A)6-18 months
B)12-24 months
C)18-30 months
D)24-48 months

Question 72

What is synaptic pruning, and is it normal?

Question 73

For most cultures, initial weaning from breast milk is __________.
a.sudden and abrupt
b.gentle and gradual
c.harsh and punitive
d.nonexistent and or absent

Question 74

What percentage of 5-year-olds have an occasional accident during toilet training, usually at night?

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)80%

Question 75

Your sister breast-fed her daughter for 14 months and is now interested in weaning her child.It is obvious that your niece does not want to stop breast-feeding.She toddles around your sister, holding up her arms and crying.Nothing seems to soothe her.Remembering your developmental psychology course and practices in traditional cultures, you suggest that your sister __________.

A)rub tomato paste on her nipples before breastfeeding
B)simply ignore your niece
C)put your niece in her room between meals
D)give her a pacifier

Question 76

Your friend is frustrated because she has tried to toilet train her 24-month-old son Caleb for the past week, but the process is taking longer than she would like.Based on what you have learned about readiness for toilet training, how should you respond to Caleb's mother?

A)"I'm surprised Caleb is not toilet trained yet.You might want to see a pediatrician."
B)"Be patient; it is not going to happen overnight.Some children take months or even years to become toilet trained."
C)"Most toddlers learn how to use the toilet in two weeks, so you're almost there."
D)"You really shouldn't toilet train until a child stays dry throughout the night.So I don't think Caleb is ready just yet."

Question 77

__________ is the term that describes when the mother decides the time has come for the child to stop breast-feeding.
a.Detaching
b.Weaning
c.Lactating
d.Latching

Question 78

Why do infants in developing countries grow at approximately the same rate from birth to 6 months?

Question 79

About one-fourth of 5-year-olds may occasionally ____________.

A)refuse to wear a diaper
B)have delays in fine motor movement
C)wet the bed at night
D)have delays in gross motor movement

Question 80

Describe a fine motor skill that a 3-year-old can do but a 1-year old would not yet be able to do.