Deck 12: Major Transitions

Question 1

In what way are single-celled slime mold amoebas and individual honeybees (social insects that live in colonies)alike?

A)Signals cause them to aggregate, though they usually live alone.
B)They are both examples of loss of complexity.
C)Individuals always live in groups.
D)Some individuals give up independent replication in the larger group.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following is not an organelle that is the result of endosymbiosis?

A)Mitochondrion
C)Apicoplast
B)Chloroplast
D)Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding complexity is true?

A)Evolution always progresses toward complexity.
B)Complexity, once gained, cannot be lost.
C)Modern bacteria and archaea are more complex than ancestral forms.
D)Complexity can be lost.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Transfer of genes between organelles and the nucleus

A)occurred only in the distant past.
B)only happens between the mitochondria and the nucleus.
C)only happens between the chloroplast and the nucleus.
D)is ongoing.

Question 5

The cell nucleus likely originated from a(n)

A)mitochondrion.
C)bacterium.
B)archaeal cell.
D)eukaryote.

Question 6

What unites the organisms shown in the figure below?

A)They are all single celled.
C)They are all archaea.
B)They all have chloroplasts.
D)They are all eukaryotes.

Question 7

A somatic cell is

A)a body cell that is responsible for growth and maintenance.
B)a cell specialized for reproduction.
C)one of the cells that produces spores in slime mold fruiting bodies.
D)a cell that has four membranes around it.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about multicellularity is true?

A)Major eukaryotic groups either contain only multicellular or only unicellular species.
B)Eukaryotes became multicellular upon endosymbiosis with bacteria.
C)Multicellularity has evolved many times in eukaryotes.
D)Multicellularity is always advantageous for the individual.

Question 9

Basis on the figure above,multicellularity in plants and opisthokonts

A)has the same evolutionary origin.
B)is independently derived in each lineage.
C)is fixed within the each lineage (all organisms are multicellular).
D)originated in the amoebozoa.

Question 10

The transition to multicellularity

A)has occurred once.
B)is an obligate condition.
C)occurs only in slime molds.
D)must convey a selective advantage to individuals if it is to occur.

Question 11

The experimental set up in the figure above was designed to test

A)the economy of scale of slime mold slugs and amoebas.
B)the reproductive ability of slime mold slugs and amoebas.
C)the aggregation ability of amoebas.
D)attraction of Dictyostelium to light.

Question 12

According to the graph below,which of the following relationships between cell-type numbers is correct?

A)Hominidae < Aves
C)Cnidaria < Porifera
B)Cephalopoda < Actinopterygii
D)Amphibia < Echniodermata

Question 13

Which of the following is an advantage of the economy of scale?

A)Division of labor
C)Sexual reproduction
B)More individuals per group
D)Multicellularity

Question 14

Basis on the figure above,multicellularity has evolved

A)once.
C)three times.
B)twice.
D)at least six times.

Question 15

Which of the following is a benefit of multicellularity for slime mold amoebas?

A)Self-sacrifice for other amoebas
C)Sexual reproduction
B)Ability to move quickly
D)Ability to feed on bacteria

Question 16

The chemical signal for slime mold amoebas to aggregate is

A)cAMP.
C)cGMP.
B)cCMP.
D)cTMP.

Question 17

Economies of scale occur in major transitions when

A)individuals aggregate.
B)groups can perform tasks more efficiently than individuals.
C)cell-type number increases.
D)genes become genetically imprinted.

Question 18

Charles and Mary Brown have proposed that one reason cliff swallows live in colonies is that colonies serve as information centers.As a bird returns to its nest with food,other adults can observe the prey caught and follow the bird to where it is foraging,thereby increasing individual foraging success.This fits with which of Maynard Smith and Szathmary's processes of major transitions?

A)Economies of scale
B)Sacrifice of the ability to reproduce
C)Information transfer
D)The evolution of developmental complexity

Question 19

According to the endosymbiotic theory,early eukaryotes acquired the mitochondrion from a symbiotic bacterium.What happened to the bacterial genes?

A)All of the bacterial genes were lost.
B)All of the bacterial genes were transferred to the nuclear genome.
C)All of the bacterial genes still exist and comprise the mitochondrial genome.
D)All of the bacterial genes still exist and comprise the chloroplast genome.
E)Some bacterial genes were transferred to the nucleus, some were lost, and some comprise the mitochondrial genome.

Question 20

Eukaryotes share

A)all of their genes with archaea.
B)all of their genes with bacteria.
C)more transcription- and translation-associated genes with archaea and more metabolic genes with bacteria.
D)more transcription- and translation-associated genes with bacteria and more metabolic genes with archaea.

Question 21

Why do the benefits of group living focus on foraging and predation?

A)Reproduction is irrelevant for the fitness of individuals in a group.
B)Individuals in groups always forage and are vigilant together.
C)Groups only exist for foraging and anti-predator behavior.
D)Much of an organism's time is spent foraging and avoiding predators.

Question 22

Consider a slime mold slug and a colony of Volvox carteri,both of which contain both soma and germ cells.Is a slug or a volvox colony an individual? Explain.

Question 23

Give an example of differentiation of tasks at the individual level and an example at the group level.

Question 24

Why do groups offer protection in foraging?

A)Large groups draw the attention of predators.
B)Predator targeting increases with group size.
C)The probability of a predator attack increases.
D)Many eyes detect predators more quickly.

Question 25

Explain how the transition to eukaryotic cells,through endosymbiosis,resulted in the loss of an individual's ability to reproduce independently.

Question 26

On the phylogeny of Theridiidae spiders illustrated above,shaded names indicate group-living species.Group living in this family has evolved

A)once.
C)nine times.
B)three times.
D)twelve times.

Question 27

In studying transitions,why is it necessary to focus on the advantages to individuals before the transitions and not the group advantage?

Question 28

The figure below illustrates the relationship between the distance to a food source and a portion of the honeybee dance in the hive.If a forager returned to the hive with food and did a straight run of 1.5 seconds,how far would other foragers go to find food?

A)500 meters
C)2000 meters
B)1000 meters
D)4000 meters

Question 29

What are apicoplasts,and what is the advantage of using them as a drug target for the treatment of malaria?

Question 30

Based on the figure below,would you expect all nonplant eukaryotes to have exactly the same mitochondrial genes as all plant mitochondria? Why or why not?

Question 31

Why must cheaters be identifiable in group living at any level (e.g.,multicellularity or social groups)?

Question 32

From where do the extra membranes arise in mitochondria,chloroplasts,and apicoplasts?

Question 33

What is a social group?

A)Individuals that are always together.
B)Individuals that affect each other's fitness.
C)A group that forages together.
D)A group that shares communal raising of offspring.

Question 34

The product of the regA gene in Volvox carteri suppresses the production of chloroplast proteins.The production of these chloroplast proteins causes cells to grow.When the regA gene is expressed

A)cells grow large and become germ cells.
B)cells stay small and become somatic cells.
C)cells grow flagella and become germ cells.
D)flagella growth is suppressed and cells become soma.

Question 35

Which of the following is not a reason that volvocine algae are ideal for studying the evolution of individuality?

A)They transitioned to multicellularity relatively recently.
B)Within the group, there are multiple, separate transitions to germ and soma lines.
C)The group exhibits extensive variation in their degree of multicellularity.
D)They readily form aggregate slugs.

Question 36

What do the four membranes of apicoplasts imply about the nature of the endosymbiosis event that produced them?

Question 37

Why does genetic imprinting inhibit parthenogenesis?

Question 38

Based on the figure below,if a plant and nonplant mitochondrial genome contain the same gene,do the organisms have a common ancestor? Why or why not?

Question 39

The benefits of colony living in cliff swallows are

A)increased adult survival and decrease in the number of hatched eggs.
B)increased adult survival and decrease in the number of unhatched eggs.
C)decreased adult survival and decrease in the number of hatched eggs.
D)decreased adult survival and decrease in the number of unhatched eggs.

Question 40

Which of the following is a characteristic of an individual?

A)It is multicellular.
C)It is an integrated and indivisible whole.
B)It forms a group.
D)It is a eukaryote.

Question 41

Draw a graph that illustrates the relationship between foraging ability and group size where group living is beneficial.On the same graph,draw a line of the relationship if group living was not beneficial.

Question 42

Charles and Mary Brown have demonstrated that as cliff swallow colony size increases,the number of nests with one or more unhatched eggs decreases.They have also demonstrated that as the size of colony increases,the number of parasites increases,and these parasites cause nest failures and juvenile mortality.These two observations indicate that there are trade-offs in group living.What would be a better measure than unhatched eggs to understand the benefits of group living in cliff swallows?