Deck 5: Variations in Consciousness

Question 1

Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?

A) omega
B) theta
C) alpha
D) delta

Answer 1

omega

Question 2

Which brain wave is probably operating while you are taking this exam?

A) alpha
B) beta
C) theta
D) delta

Answer 2

beta

Question 3

According to Sigmund Freud,conscious and unconscious processes are different

A) levels of reality.
B) levels of awareness.
C) streams of awareness.
D) streams of consciousness.

Answer 3

levels of awareness.

Question 4

The 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as ____ rhythms.

A) circadian
B) slow-wave
C) rem
D) subcortical

Question 5

The awareness of self,your thoughts,internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as

A) consciousness.
B) hypnosis.
C) sensation.
D) perception.

Question 6

If you were to lie down under a tree and relax,but not fall asleep,your dominant brain wave pattern would MOST likely consist of

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) delta waves.
D) theta waves.

Question 7

The example of a new parent who sleeps through a loud thunderstorm,but wakes up the minute their newborn infant begins to cry is used to illustrate that during sleep,there is

A) no awareness of external stimuli.
B) a selective awareness of external stimuli.
C) no awareness of either external or internal stimuli.
D) an awareness of all external stimuli.

Question 8

An electroencephalograph is a device that measures

A) glucose metabolism in the brain.
B) muscle tension in the body.
C) respiration rates as an index of arousal.
D) electrical activity of the brain.

Question 9

The EEG pattern associated with normal,waking,alert states is

A) gamma.
B) beta.
C) alpha.
D) delta.

Question 10

The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli,and your thoughts concerning those stimuli,comprise your

A) attention.
B) unconsciousness.
C) consciousness.
D) alertness.

Question 11

If you could tape-record your thoughts,you would find

A) a system of hierarchically organized cognitions.
B) one central thought and multiple, related subsidiary thoughts.
C) an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes.
D) an organized system of parallel thoughts.

Question 12

The delta wave EEG pattern is associated with

A) dreaming.
B) deep sleep.
C) a waking state.
D) none of these states.

Question 13

The electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the

A) corpus callous.
B) cerebral cortex.
C) hypothalamus.
D) medulla.

Question 14

A device that measures electrical activity in the brain over time by the means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the skin is

A) a CT scan.
B) electroencephalograph.
C) an MRI.
D) a fMRI.

Question 15

The idea that one's consciousness continually changes,fluctuates,and wanders characterizes William James's concept that consciousness is

A) an incomplete picture puzzle.
B) a partially submerged iceberg.
C) a stream.
D) a flower garden.

Question 16

At this moment,as you are concentrating on answering this exam question correctly,your dominant brain wave pattern MOST likely consists of

A) alpha waves.
B) beta waves.
C) delta waves.
D) theta waves.

Question 17

William James proposed the concept ____ to describe the continually changing aspect of consciousness.

A) circadian consciousness
B) flow of consciousness
C) stream of unconsciousness
D) stream of consciousness

Question 18

Doctors and nurses try to "watch what they say" when performing surgery because

A) the concentration of other members of the surgical team is disrupted by unnecessary comments.
B) people under anesthesia occasionally awaken completely during surgery.
C) people under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments.
D) the patient's family members occasionally overhear comments.

Question 19

The awareness of internal and external stimuli defines

A) wakefulness.
B) the unconscious.
C) consciousness.
D) alertness.

Question 20

Which of the following statements BEST reflects current thinking regarding the evolutionary roots of consciousness?

A) Researchers generally agree that there is no plausible evolutionary explanation of consciousness.
B) The evolutionary bases of consciousness remain elusive.
C) Unobservable behaviors such as consciousness are not subject to the laws of evolution.
D) Plenty of empirical evidence exists to support the adaptive quality of consciousness.

Question 21

Mary is a "night person" and Gary is a "morning person." This difference is probably due to differences in their

A) REM sleep patterns.
B) cytoplasm.
C) circadian rhythms.
D) use of alcohol.

Question 22

Felicia is a participant in a study on stress reactions.Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

A) electromyograph
B) circadiometer
C) electroencephalograph
D) polygraph

Question 23

The evidence from numerous studies on the effectiveness of melatonin indicates that

A) melatonin consistently reduces the effects of jet lag.
B) melatonin consistently enhances the effects of jet lag by resynchronizing the biological clock in the wrong direction.
C) melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the dose is given at the right time.
D) melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the right dose is taken.

Question 24

How long does it typically take a person to readjust her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?

A) one day for each time zone crossed
B) two days for each time zone crossed
C) three days
D) one week

Question 25

When the first astronauts travel to Mars,they will be traveling for long periods of time with no external time cues.You would predict that the circadian rhythms for these astronauts would

A) drift toward a slightly longer cycle.
B) drift toward a slightly shorter cycle.
C) stay synchronized with a 24-hour cycle.
D) become sporadic and show no definite pattern.

Question 26

In general,research into circadian rhythms has found that overall level of alertness and body temperature are

A) negatively correlated.
B) positively correlated in females and negatively correlated in males.
C) positively correlated in males and negatively correlated in females.
D) positively correlated.

Question 27

Some researchers have suggested that our 24-hour sleep/wake cycle may partially be a response to a world where the sun rises and sets on a 24-hour cycle.Imagine that the earth is gradually slowing down,and in 10,000 years the sun rises and sets on a 26-hour cycle instead.If you came to this future world you might expect that people would tend to

A) follow the old cycle and still fall asleep once every 24 hours.
B) show no consistent wake-sleep cycle.
C) develop an even shorter 22-hour sleep/wake cycle.
D) follow the extended cycle set by the sun and fall asleep once every 26 hours.

Question 28

The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks is

A) melatonin.
B) cholecystokinin.
C) serotonin.
D) phenylalanine.

Question 29

Researchers have tried exposure to ____ as a treatment to realign circadian rhythms.

A) melatonin
B) caffeine
C) bright light
D) endorphins

Question 30

The day-night cycle resets the human biological clock when light causes receptors in the retina to direct input to the ____ of the ____.

A) pineal gland; medulla
B) pineal gland; hypothalamus
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus; medulla
D) suprachiasmatic nucleus; hypothalamus

Question 31

The circadian rhythm operates around:

A) a 1-year cycle
B) a 28-day cycle
C) a 24-hour cycle
D) a 90-minute cycle

Question 32

Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ____ to have accidents and be ____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.

A) more apt; just as
B) less apt; less
C) less apt; more
D) more apt; less

Question 33

Which of the following appears to be the sequence of events associated with resetting one's biological clock?

A) The hypothalamus signals the thalamus, which in turn sends signals to the medial forebrain bundle.
B) The thalamus signals the optic chiasm, which in turn causes a release of the hormone philoxin, which activates the renal gland.
C) The suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone melatonin.
D) The superior colliculus signals the thalamus, which stimulates Broca's area.

Question 34

Signals sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland have been implicated in

A) inducing sleep.
B) causing one to dream.
C) alpha rhythm generation.
D) resetting circadian rhythms.

Question 35

Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our biological clocks?

A) the pineal gland
B) the pituitary gland
C) the thyroid
D) the gonads

Question 36

Kayla's core body temperature has risen 1.5 degrees in the last half hour.This change in body temperature means that it is most likely that Kayla

A) has just fallen asleep.
B) will fall asleep in the next 60 minutes.
C) has just woken up.
D) has been meditating for the past 30 minutes.

Question 37

What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?

A) amount of time spent sleeping
B) amount of time spent awake
C) cultural practices
D) exposure to light

Question 38

Felicia is being monitored in a sleep lab.Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure her muscle tension?

A) electromyograph
B) circadiometer
C) electroencephalograph
D) polygraph

Question 39

Gunther is a news anchor who just flew from San Diego to Paris,crossing 8 time zones.Based on what is known about jet lag,Gunther will MOST likely

A) take about 4 days to adjust to the new time zone.
B) take 48 hours to adjust to the new time zone.
C) not experience any jet lag because he has flown west to east.
D) take just over a week to adjust to the new time zone.

Question 40

Based on what is known about circadian rhythms and jet lag,you might expect that a flight attendant would experience the most jet lag on a flight from

A) Philadelphia to San Francisco (east to west).
B) Minneapolis to Houston (north to south).
C) San Francisco to Philadelphia (west to east).
D) Houston to Minneapolis (south to north).

Question 41

Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as

A) alpha waves
B) REM waves
C) theta waves
D) zeta waves

Question 42

Sleep spindles,which appear against a background of mixed,mostly lower frequency EEG activity,are characteristic of

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) stage 4 sleep.
D) REM sleep.

Question 43

An electroencephalograph (EEG)is recording Joseph's brain activity,and the recording is currently dominated by delta waves.Unexpectedly,there is a loud crash in the sleep lab.It is likely

A) the crash will wake Joseph from his relatively light sleep.
B) there will be a sleep spindle recorded on the EEG at the time of the crash.
C) the noise of the crash will be incorporated into the dream Joseph is currently experiencing.
D) there will be no change in the EEG, and Joseph's sleep will not be interrupted.

Question 44

Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG)in a sleep lab.As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG,theta waves appear.Based on this information,the researcher can conclude that Alexander

A) has just entered Stage 3 sleep.
B) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
C) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
D) is currently in REM sleep.

Question 45

You are observing your friend Melissa while she is sleeping.She is tossing and turning.It is most likely that Melissa is currently in

A) NREM sleep and she is acting out a dream she is experiencing.
B) REM sleep and is acting out a dream that she is experiencing.
C) NREM sleep and her movements are random.
D) REM sleep and her movements are random.

Question 46

A rapid EEG (beta waves),dreaming,rapid eye movements,and profound muscle relaxation go with

A) stage 1 sleep.
B) stage 2 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) relaxed wakefulness.

Question 47

Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG)in a sleep lab.She has been asleep for just over an hour now,and her EEG is showing low amplitude,irregular brain wave patterns.Her breathing and pulse rate are irregular,and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids.The researcher who is monitoring Bailey's sleep can conclude that Bailey

A) has just entered REM sleep.
B) has just entered Stage 4 sleep.
C) is experiencing sleep anoxia and needs immediate medical attention.
D) suffers from a sleep disorder.

Question 48

Dr.Everett is observing Robert in a sleep lab.Dr.Everett intends to wake Robert up each time he begins REM sleep.Based on the electroencephalograph (EEG)recordings,Robert should be awakened each time the EEG shows

A) alpha wave activity.
B) low-voltage, high frequency beta waves.
C) the presence of sleep spindles.
D) theta wave activity.

Question 49

Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG)in a sleep lab.As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG,delta waves appear.Based on this information,the researcher can conclude that Rebecca

A) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
B) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
C) is currently in REM sleep.
D) has just entered Stage 3 sleep.

Question 50

REM sleep is characterized by all of the following except

A) minimal bodily movement.
B) regular breathing and pulse rate.
C) beta waves.
D) dreaming.

Question 51

"Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep,probably because he was dreaming about boot camp." What is WRONG with this statement?

A) Sleep is a relaxed condition of the body and, as such, precludes physical activity.
B) Research shows that no dreaming takes place in REM sleep.
C) Research shows that we are virtually paralyzed in REM sleep.
D) Manny was never in boot camp so he is not likely to be dreaming about it.

Question 52

The brain wave pattern of a person in ____ sleep resembles the brain wave pattern observed when the individual is awake and alert.

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 4
C) REM
D) NREM

Question 53

Sleep stages 3 and 4 are referred to as

A) low amplitude sleep.
B) high amplitude sleep.
C) slow-wave sleep.
D) fast-wave sleep.

Question 54

The paradox concerning REM sleep is while

A) it is a deep sleep; the person is easy to awaken.
B) it is a deep sleep; the brain wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake individual.
C) the person is dreaming: the brain wave pattern resembles that of an awake and relaxed individual.
D) the person is dreaming; his muscles are practically paralyzed.

Question 55

Ryan is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG)in a sleep lab.As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG,sleep spindles begin to appear.Based on this information,the researcher can conclude that Ryan

A) is currently in REM sleep.
B) has just entered Stage 2 sleep.
C) has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
D) is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.

Question 56

Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low frequency delta waves.Peter is experiencing which stage of sleep?

A) REM
B) Stage 3 or 4
C) Stage 1
D) Stage 2

Question 57

Philippe is being monitored in a sleep lab.Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be used to measure his eye movements?

A) electromyograph
B) electrooculograph
C) electroencephalograph
D) polygraph

Question 58

If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements you probably would report that you had

A) a headache.
B) been dreaming.
C) not been dreaming.
D) not really been asleep.

Question 59

As a person falls into deeper sleep,his pattern of brain wave activity becomes both ____ in frequency and ____ in amplitude.

A) slower; higher
B) faster; higher
C) slower; lower
D) faster; lower

Question 60

Victoria is listening to a lecture in a hot lecture hall,late on a Friday afternoon.She starts to feel drowsy,and then falls into a light sleep.If her brain wave patterns were being monitored,they would show a shift from

A) alpha waves to beta waves and finally to delta waves.
B) theta waves to beta waves and finally to alpha waves.
C) beta waves to alpha waves and finally to theta waves.
D) beta waves to theta waves and finally to alpha waves.

Question 61

Recent research suggests that sleep deprivation causes ______ .

A) more impairment in older adults than younger adults.
B) less impairment in older adults than younger adults.
C) about the same level of impairment in older and younger adults.
D) no impairment in either older or younger adults.

Question 62

Severing the ascending reticular activating system in cats caused them to

A) become very aggressive.
B) become very fearful.
C) remain in continuous wakefulness.
D) remain in continuous sleep.

Question 63

Charlene is twelve,and her elderly aunt has come for a visit.The aunt is using the spare bed in Charlene's room.Several times during the night the aunt awakens briefly,and then falls back to sleep.Charlene doesn't awaken at all during the night.This difference in sleep patterns can best be explained by research that shows

A) during adulthood the proportion of REM sleep gradually declines.
B) during adulthood the proportion of slow-wave sleep increases significantly.
C) the elderly are more affected by jet lag and shifts in their circadian rhythm.
D) during adulthood the proportion of slow-wave sleep gradually declines.

Question 64

If you normally sleep eight hours each night,and last night you only slept for six hours,which stage of sleep would be MOST affected by the loss of total sleep time?

A) slow-wave
B) NREM
C) Stage 2
D) REM

Question 65

Dakota is taking a prescription drug,and one of the side effects of the drug is an increase in the stimulation of ascending fibers in the reticular activating system.Dakota is likely to find that he

A) wants to sleep all the time.
B) no longer experiences REM sleep.
C) has difficulty falling asleep.
D) begins to dream during Stage 3 and 4 sleep.

Question 66

Which of the following statements about napping practices is NOT accurate?

A) Napping practices vary along cultural lines.
B) Industrialization tends to undermine the siesta tradition.
C) The siesta tradition is found mostly in tropical regions.
D) The siesta tradition is generally found in most nomadic groups.

Question 67

Cody is visiting his pen pal in a tropical,non-industrialized village.Cody is likely to find that the inhabitants of the village

A) take a 1-to-2 hour midday nap each day.
B) are less likely than Americans are to encourage co-sleeping.
C) experience less REM sleep than is typical for Americans.
D) experience less slow-wave sleep than is typical for Americans.

Question 68

As adults age,the proportion of sleep time they spend in slow-wave sleep ____ while the proportion of time spent in REM sleep ____.

A) remains stable; decreases
B) decreases; remains stable
C) increases; decreases
D) decreases; increases

Question 69

In general,as the cycle of sleep recurs through the night,it tends to contain

A) more stage 4 and less REM.
B) more stage 4 and more REM.
C) less stage 4 and less REM.
D) less stage 4 and more REM.

Question 70

Compared to young adults,infants sleep for a ____ period of time each day and spend a ____ proportion of their total sleep time in REM sleep.

A) longer; smaller
B) longer; larger
C) shorter; larger
D) shorter; smaller

Question 71

The majority of slow-wave sleep occurs ____ the course of a night's sleep.

A) early in
B) late in
C) in the middle of
D) evenly distributed throughout

Question 72

REM periods of sleep tend to ____ as the night goes on.

A) deepen
B) lighten
C) shorten
D) lengthen

Question 73

Which of the following functions would MOST likely be impaired by damaging the reticular activating system?

A) menstruation
B) sleep-wake cycle
C) visual sensory processing
D) coordination of motor movement

Question 74

A person typically has ____ sleep cycles during the course of a night's sleep.

A) one
B) two
C) four
D) six

Question 75

The midday napping practices of "siesta cultures" are adaptive because the siesta allows individuals

A) a necessary break from their extremely physical labor.
B) to sleep at the same time as their young infants.
C) time to digest their large midday meal.
D) to avoid working during the hottest part of the day.

Question 76

The brain structure that results in continuous sleep when severely damaged and produces arousal and alertness when electrically stimulated is the

A) hypothalamus.
B) pons.
C) ascending reticular activating system.
D) thalamus.

Question 77

Which of the following statements does NOT represent a current hypothesis on the evolutionary bases of sleep?

A) Sleep helps restore energy and other body resources depleted by waking activities.
B) The immobilization associated with sleep reduces exposure to predators and other dangers.
C) Sleep allows us to live out our unconscious wishes and desires.
D) Sleep evolved to help maintain a constant, high body temperature by metabolic means.

Question 78

The stage of sleep in which the slowest brain waves occur is

A) stage 1.
B) stage 2.
C) REM.
D) stage 4.

Question 79

Olivia has trouble staying asleep for more than 4 hours at a time.Olivia is likely to experience

A) more vivid dreams than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
B) less REM sleep than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
C) less deep sleep than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
D) more sleep spindles than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.

Question 80

Given the cyclical nature of sleep,we can expect to do the most dreaming

A) toward the beginning of the night's sleep.
B) in the middle of the night's sleep.
C) in NREM sleep.
D) toward the end of the night's sleep.