Deck 7: Innovation and Change

Question 1

Which of the following is true of design competition? 

A) ​The patterns of innovation over time create sustainable competitive advantage. 
B) ​The older technology usually improves significantly in response to the competitive threat from the new technologies. 
C) ​A scientific advance of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function. 
D) ​A new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products or makes it difficult to do so.

Answer 1

  B

Question 2

Bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur in the crisis stage unless a company completely reorganizes the way it does business.

Answer 2

  True

Question 3

The compression approach to innovation is an approach to innovation that assumes a highly uncertain environment and uses intuition,flexible options,and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding.

Answer 3

  False

Question 4

In an organization,organizational encouragement of creativity occurs when: 

A) ​management encourages risk taking and new ideas. 
B) ​supervisors provide clear goals. 
C) ​group members have diverse experience and the group fosters mutual openness to ideas. 
D) ​open interaction with subordinates is encouraged.

Question 5

_____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed,valued,and encouraged.

A) ​Creative work environments 
B) ​Design iterations 
C) ​Multifunctional teams 
D) ​Core change coalitions

Question 6

In contrast to change forces,resistance forces support the status quo,that is,the existing conditions in an organization.

Question 7

Which of the following statements is true of technological lockout? 

A) ​It occurs when customers purchase new technologies to replace older technologies. 
B) ​It occurs when a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products. 
C) ​It occurs when companies innovate by improving the functioning and performance of the dominant design. 
D) ​It occurs when new technologies compete to establish a new technological standard.

Question 8

Over the years,flat screen television sets have been replaced by LED television sets.LED television sets are the new market standard.This is an example of a dominant design.

Question 9

Which of the following best defines technological discontinuity? 

A) ​It is a new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard. 
B) ​It is the inability of a company to competitively sell its products because it relies on old technology or a nondominant design. 
C) ​It is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function. 
D) ​It is an approach to innovation that assumes a highly uncertain environment and uses intuition and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning and understanding.

Question 10

Work group encouragement occurs when group members have diverse experience,education,and backgrounds and the group fosters mutual openness to ideas; positive,constructive challenge to ideas; and shared commitment to ideas.

Question 11

Organizational development takes a short-range approach to change.

Question 12

More companies are likely to go out of business during economic recession or slowdown than in a time of discontinuous change and changing standards.

Question 13

Which of the following best defines an incremental change? 

A) ​It is the inability of a company to competitively sell its products because it relies on old technology or a nondominant design. 
B) ​It is the purchase of new technologies to replace older ones. 
C) ​It is a phase in which companies innovate by lowering the cost and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant design. 
D) ​It is a phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.

Question 14

_____ is a psychological state of effortlessness,in which you become completely absorbed in what you are doing and time seems to pass quickly.

A) ​Testing 
B) ​Design iteration 
C) ​Flow 
D) ​Refreezing

Question 15

An error in the refreezing stage is not systematically planning for and creating short-term wins.

Question 16

Which of the following is true of the S-curve pattern of innovation of a product? 

A) ​The flat slope indicates that increased effort brings only small improvements in technological performance. 
B) ​The flat slope indicates that small amounts of effort will result in significant increases in performance. 
C) ​The steep slope indicates that further efforts to develop this particular technology will result in only small increases in performance. 
D) ​The steep slope indicates that the performance limits of that particular technology are being reached.

Question 17

The General Electric workout is a special kind of results-driven change.

Question 18

Nearly all technology cycles follow a typical S-curve pattern of innovation. 

Question 19

_____ is a new technological design or process that becomes the accepted market standard.

A) ​Dominant design 
B) ​Design competition 
C) ​Technological substitution 
D) ​Technological lockout

Question 20

Technological substitution occurs when: 

A) a new technological standard or dominant design is established.​ 
B) ​customers purchase new products to replace older technologies. 
C) ​a new dominant design prevents a company from competitively selling its products. 
D) ​a new technological design or process becomes the accepted market standard.

Question 21

Which of the following statements is true of experiential approach to innovation? 

A) ​It tests a prototype of a new product or service and then builds and tests the improved prototype. 
B) ​It is used to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change. 
C) ​It assumes that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps. 
D) ​It uses intuition and hands-on experience to reduce uncertainty and accelerate learning.

Question 22

In the context of organizational development,the purpose of small-group interventions is to: 

A) ​assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals. 
B) ​increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. 
C) ​change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department. 
D) ​help people acquire new skills and knowledge.

Question 23

The compression approach of innovation management is used in: 

A) ​highly uncertain environments. 
B) ​periods of incremental change. 
C) ​periods of discontinuous change. 
D) ​fast-growing environments.

Question 24

Which of the following is an error that managers make in the change phase? 

A) ​They do not declare victory too soon. 
B) ​They do not create a powerful enough coalition. 
C) ​They do not establish a great enough sense of urgency. 
D) ​They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten.

Question 25

In the context of organizational decline,which of the following is true of the crisis stage? 

A) ​Key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations. 
B) ​Management recognizes the need to change but still takes no action. 
C) ​Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses. 
D) ​Management announces belt-tightening plans designed to cut costs and restore profits.

Question 26

In the context of organizational development,the purpose of person-focused interventions is to: 

A) ​assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals. 
B) ​increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. 
C) ​change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department. 
D) ​help a work group establish short- and long-term goals.

Question 27

Which of the following best defines the General Electric workout? 

A) ​It is based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology. 
B) ​It is an approach to innovation that assumes that incremental innovation can be planned using a series of steps and that compressing those steps can speed innovation. 
C) ​It is a three-day meeting in which managers and employees from different levels and parts of an organization quickly generate and act on solutions to specific business problems. 
D) ​It is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization's long-term health and performance.

Question 28

Which of the following is an error that managers make in the refreezing phase? 

A) ​They do not creat a powerful enough coalition. 
B) ​They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten. 
C) ​They declare victory too soon. 
D) ​They lack a vision for change.

Question 29

In the context of resistance to change,_____ is the use of formal power and authority to force others to change.

A) ​refreezing 
B) ​unfreezing 
C) ​coercion 
D) ​negotiation

Question 30

_____ is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices.

A) ​Unfreezing 
B) ​Change intervention 
C) ​Refreezing 
D) ​Results-driven change

Question 31

In the context of organizational development,the purpose of large-system interventions is to: 

A) ​assess how a group functions and help it work more effectively to accomplish its goals. 
B) ​increase interpersonal effectiveness by helping people to become aware of their attitudes. 
C) ​change the character and performance of an organization, business unit, or department. 
D) ​help a work group establish short- and long-term goals.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is true of resistance to change? 

A) ​It is artificial and uncertain in nature. 
B) ​It is based on sufficient and correct information. 
C) ​It decreases when change efforts receive significant managerial support. 
D) ​It is used to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change.

Question 33

KelHouse Corp.specializes in mobile computing devices.It has developed a working model of a cell phone charger that can charge the battery of a cell phone in less than 15 minutes.This model is being tested for design,function,and reliability.In the context of the experiential approach to innovation,the working model is a(n)_____.

A) ​product prototype 
B) ​minimum viable product 
C) ​augmented product 
D) ​dominant design

Question 34

In the context of organizational decline,which of the following is true of the blinded stage? 

A) ​Key managers fail to recognize the internal or external changes that will harm their organizations. 
B) ​Management recognizes the need to change but still takes no action. 
C) ​Organizations face rising costs and decreasing profits and market share. 
D) ​Companies lack the resources to fully change how they run their businesses.

Question 35

Which of the following is an error that managers make during the unfreezing stage? 

A) ​They do not establish a great enough sense of urgency. 
B) ​They lacking a vision for change. 
C) ​They undercommunicate the vision by a factor of ten. 
D) ​They do not systematically plan for short-term wins.

Question 36

In the context of organizational decline,which of the following is true of the dissolution stage? 

A) ​Cutbacks and layoffs will have reduced the level of talent among employees. 
B) ​Dissolution is likely to occur unless a company completely reorganizes the way it does business. 
C) ​The managers may be waiting to see if the problems will correct themselves. 
D) ​The company is dissolved through bankruptcy proceedings.

Question 37

Which of the following best defines results-driven change? 

A) ​It is the change created quickly by focusing on the measurement and improvement of results. 
B) ​It is the change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology. 
C) ​It is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition. 
D) ​It is the phase of a technology cycle in which companies innovate by lowering costs and improving the functioning and performance of the dominant technological design.

Question 38

_____ is a change based on incremental improvements to a dominant technological design such that the improved technology is fully backward compatible with the older technology.

A) ​Results-driven change 
B) ​Discontinuous change 
C) ​Generational change 
D) ​Incremental change

Question 39

_____ are forces that produce differences in the form,quality,or condition of an organization over time.

A) ​Change forces 
B) ​Resistance forces 
C) ​Effort forces  
D) ​Defiance forces

Question 40

Which of the following is a difference between experiential approach to innovation and compression approach to innovation? 

A) ​Experiential approach is used in fast-growing environments, whereas compression approach is used in highly uncertain environments. 
B) ​Experiential approach is used in periods of incremental change, whereas compression approach is used in periods of discontinuous change. 
C) ​Experiential approach is used to establish a new dominant design, whereas compression approach is used to improve the function of the existing dominant design. 
D) ​Experiential approach is used to shorten the time of individual steps, whereas compression approach is used to test the improved product or service prototype.

Question 41

_________ are patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage.

Question 42

In the _________,bankruptcy or dissolution is likely to occur unless the company completely reorganizes the way it does business.
A.blinded stage
B.inaction stage
C.faulty action stage
D.crisis stage

Question 43

_________ is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions designed to improve an organization's long-term health and performance.

Question 44

_________ is a competition between old and new technologies to establish a new technological standard or dominant design.

Question 45

_________ is the phase of an innovation stream in which a scientific advance or unique combination of existing technologies creates a significant breakthrough in performance or function.
A.Technological discontinuity
B.Technological substitution
C.Technological lockout
D.Technological development

Question 46

_________ is a cycle of repetition in which a company tests a prototype of a new product or service,improves on the design,and then builds and tests the improved product or service prototype.

Question 47

In the context of managing resistance to change,_________ is the process used to get workers and managers to change their behaviors and work practices.
A.unfreezing
B.refreezing
C.change intervention
D.results-driven change

Question 48

________ is a change that occurs when incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version.
A.Results-driven change
B.Generational change
C.Discontinuous change
D.Incremental change

Question 49

In the context of managing resistance to change,_________ is getting the people affected by change to believe that change is neede
D.

Question 50

In the context of managing resistance to change,_________ is supporting and reinforcing the new changes so that they stick.
A.unfreezing
B.refreezing
C.resistance force
D.change force