Deck 15: Evolution and Diversity of Microbial Life

Question 1

The Miller experiment was the first in history that attempted to recreate chemical conditions on Earth before life arose.

Answer 1

True
Explanation: The Miller experiment explained that under controlled conditions, amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates could from.

Question 2

Clues from geology and paleontology suggest that simple cells or their precursors arose about

A) six billion years ago.
B) six million years ago.
C) four billion years ago.
D) four million years ago.
E) one million years ago.

Answer 2

C
Explanation: The evidence suggests that life has existed on Earth for most of Earth's own existence.

Question 3

Which theory explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria?

A) the theory of evolution
B) the theory of natural selection
C) the geologic time theory
D) the cell theory
E) the endosymbiont theory

Answer 3

E
Explanation: Chloroplasts and mitochondria, which still have their own bacterial-type chromosomes, probably arose as bacteria which were taken up by eukaryotic cells but not digested.

Question 4

Chloroplasts arose by endosymbiosis of a(an)

A) aerobic bacterium.
B) photosynthetic bacterium.
C) anaerobic bacterium.
D) aerobic archaeon.
E) photosynthetic archaeon.

Question 5

Why do scientists hypothesize that RNA was the first form of genetic material?

A) RNA can use genetic information to make proteins.
B) RNA can catalyze reactions.
C) RNA can store genetic information.
D) RNA can self-replicate.
E) All answers are correct.

Question 6

Photosynthesis probably originated during the ________ eon and most likely used ________ as an electron donor.

A) Proterozoic; water
B) Archean; water
C) Archean; hydrogen sulfide
D) Proterozoic; hydrogen sulfide
E) Paleozoic; water

Question 7

How is the ability of phospholipids to spontaneously form membranes when placed in water important in the origin of life on Earth?

A) Membranes are used by cells to catalyze reactions.
B) Membranes are used by cells to store genetic information.
C) Membranes protect a cell from high temperatures and pressures in the environment.
D) Membranes are used by cells to isolate their contents from the environment.
E) Membranes protect a cell from gases in the atmosphere.

Question 8

Which of the following is true of prokaryotes?

A) Prokaryotes have a nucleus.
B) Prokaryotes are single-celled.
C) Prokaryotes do not have a chromosome.
D) Prokaryotes have membrane-bounded organelles.
E) Prokaryotes do not have ribosomes.

Question 9

In setting up a lab for a general biology course,you are asked to match labels with a timeline on the wall.For "First Cells," you need to find a point on the timeline 

A) 500 million years ago.
B) 1.2 billion years ago.
C) two billion years ago.
D) six billion years ago.
E) four billion years ago.

Question 10

How did multicellular organisms evolve from unicellular organisms?

A) Single-celled organisms joined together, or failed to separate after cell division.
B) Single-celled organisms joined together only.
C) Single-celled organisms failed to separate after cell division only.
D) Single-celled organisms joined together, or absorbed other species by endosymbiosis.
E) One species absorbed another species by endosymbiosis only.

Question 11

The endosymbiont theory states that eukaryotic cells work together to form a multicellular organism.

Question 12

Clays often have positively charged surfaces.How may this have been important in the formation of organic macromolecules?

A) They are a source of ATP to run chemical reactions.
B) They form covalent bonds with organic building blocks.
C) They can form templates by binding organic building blocks.
D) They are a source of oxygen to break down organic building blocks.
E) They are formed from meteorites that carried organic molecules to Earth.

Question 13

Evidence supporting the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts in present-day cells originated as independent organisms includes

A) similarities in DNA sequences between mitochondrial and bacterial genomes.
B) similarities in size and shape between mitochondria and some prokaryotes.
C) similarity between photosynthetic pigments in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
D) similarity in the way mitochondria, chloroplasts, and prokaryotes reproduce.
E) All answers are correct.

Question 14

Mitochondria arose by endosymbiosis of a(an)

A) anaerobic bacterium.
B) photosynthetic bacterium.
C) aerobic bacterium.
D) aerobic archaeon.
E) photosynthetic archaeon.

Question 15

Mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts based on which observation?

A) Mitochondria produced the oxygen found in the atmosphere.
B) Almost all organisms have mitochondria.
C) All eukaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts.
D) All prokaryotes have mitochondria, but not chloroplasts.
E) Mitochondria are larger than chloroplasts.

Question 16

The Russian chemist Oparin suggested that for organic molecules to form on Earth,the atmosphere was probably rich in all of these except 

A) oxygen.
B) water.
C) ammonia.
D) methane.
E) hydrogen.

Question 17

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat consisting of a low pH is a(n)

A) thermophile.
B) halophile.
C) basophile.
D) acidophile.
E) hydrophile.

Question 18

The first multicellular organisms probably arose about

A) 1.2 billion years ago.
B) 500 million years ago.
C) two billion years ago.
D) 3.5 billion years ago.
E) six billion years ago.

Question 19

What did Stanley Miller's simulation of Earth's early conditions produce?

A) living cells
B) amino acids
C) plants
D) DNA molecules
E) RNA molecules

Question 20

The endoplasmic reticulum,Golgi body,and other membranous organelles of cells might have formed by numerous infoldings of the cell's outer membrane.

Question 21

The structures of prokaryotes that are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another are

A) sex pili.
B) flagella.
C) endospores.
D) calcium carbonate threads.
E) cilia.

Question 22

All protists

A) are prokaryotes.
B) lack a nucleus.
C) lack membrane-bounded organelles.
D) are eukaryotes.
E) are multicellular.

Question 23

The complex polysaccharide component of cell walls of bacteria is

A) peptidoglycan.
B) glucose.
C) chitin.
D) cellulose.
E) All answers are correct.

Question 24

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is extremely salty is a(n)

A) thermophile.
B) acidophile.
C) halophile.
D) basophile.
E) hydrophile.

Question 25

Many prokaryotes play vital roles in global nutrient cycles.

Question 26

In prokayotes,the structure that assembles proteins by using information in RNA a(an)

A) plasmid.
B) ribosome.
C) cell membrane.
D) endospore.
E) nucleoid.

Question 27

Prokaryotes lack which feature?

A) a nucleus
B) RNA
C) DNA
D) a cell membrane
E) a cell wall

Question 28

The domain (domains)that contain prokaryotes is (are)

A) Archaea.
B) Bacteria.
C) both Archaea and Bacteria.
D) Eukarya.
E) both Bacteria and Eukarya.

Question 29

Most bacteria inside and on the human body cause disease.

Question 30

Autotrophs must acquire carbon from organic molecules produced from other organisms.

Question 31

The region of a prokaryotic cell where the bacterial chromosome (DNA)is located is the

A) cell membrane.
B) nucleus.
C) cell wall.
D) nucleoid.
E) ribosome.

Question 32

Because archaea were first found in environments that lacked oxygen or were very hot,acidic,or salty,they were nicknamed "extremophiles."

Question 33

You are examining samples from a site in a dry pond that alternates between freezing cold winters and hot dry summers.When you find dormant thick-walled structures,you suspect that these are from bacteria and are 

A) plasmids.
B) pili.
C) ribosomes.
D) flagella.
E) endospores.

Question 34

Clostridium tetani,the bacterium that causes tetanus,can survive in soil for up to 40 years.It is most likely in which of the following structures?

A) a cell membrane
B) a nucleus
C) a cell wall
D) a pilus
E) an endospore

Question 35

Escherichia coli and Salmonella can live in our intestines in the presence or absence of oxygen.They are considered

A) obligate anaerobes.
B) phototrophs.
C) facultative anaerobes.
D) autotrophs.
E) aerobic.

Question 36

A prokaryote that occupies a habitat that is characterized by extreme heat (above 50°C)is a(n)

A) thermophile.
B) acidophile.
C) halophile.
D) basophile.
E) hydrophile.

Question 37

DNA that is circular and apart from the chromosome in a prokaryote is a(n)

A) ribosome.
B) endospore.
C) nucleus.
D) nucleoid.
E) plasmid.

Question 38

The rigid barrier that surrounds most prokaryotes is the

A) cell membrane.
B) flagellum.
C) ribosome.
D) cell wall.
E) cytoplasm.

Question 39

The three most common shapes of bacteria are

A) spirillum, endospore, and peptidoglycan.
B) bacillus, spirillum, and coccus.
C) cubical, spiral, and thread-like.
D) spirillum, nucleiod, and peptidoglycan.
E) cubical, spherical, and rod-shaped.

Question 40

Antibiotics usually are not dangerous to humans when treating bacterial infections because most antibiotics exploit structures and functions in bacteria that are not present in host cells.

Question 41

Diatoms and brown algae contain yellowish photosynthetic pigments.

Question 42

Euglena and dinoflagellates have chloroplasts and flagella.This means they have what characteristic(s)?

A) photosynthetic only
B) motile only
C) multicellular only
D) Both are photosynthetic and motile.
E) Both are multicellular and motile.

Question 43

Cytoplasmic extensions by which some protozoa move are

A) cilia.
B) flagella.
C) pseudopodia.
D) pili.
E) All answers are correct.

Question 44

In the ecosystems of the world,fungi act primarily as

A) decomposers.
B) autotrophs.
C) primary consumers.
D) secondary consumers.
E) photosynthesizers.

Question 45

In areas of the world where malaria is endemic,people have a relatively high incidence of the allele for

A) sickle cell.
B) blue eyes.
C) cystic fibrosis.
D) mental retardation.
E) hemophilia.

Question 46

Fungi and animals are similar because they both

A) are phototrophs.
B) have cell walls made of chitin.
C) are heterotrophs.
D) use starch as their main storage carbohydrate.
E) are decomposers.

Question 47

DNA sequence evidence suggests that plants,fungi,and animals arose from different lineages of unicellular protists.This suggests which of the following?

A) Protists evolved before the other three kingdoms.
B) Early ancestors to plants, fungi, and animals could interbreed.
C) Multicellular organisms arose only once in evolutionary history.
D) All unicellular organisms are now extinct.
E) The animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms contain some single-celled organisms.

Question 48

Slime molds may exist as either single amoeboid cells or large masses of cells that behave as one multicellular organism.

Question 49

Which protists produce much of the Earth's oxygen?

A) amoeba
B) slime molds
C) algae
D) protozoa
E) radiolarians

Question 50

Yeasts are

A) multicelled autotrophs.
B) single-celled heterotrophs.
C) single-celled autotrophs.
D) multicelled heterotrophs.
E) All answers are correct.

Question 51

Chlamydomonas is unicellular and photosynthetic.Chlamydomonas is which of the following?

A) a slime mold
B) an apicomplexan
C) an amoeba
D) a water mold
E) a green alga

Question 52

Protists can be heterotrophs.

Question 53

All protists are single-celled.

Question 54

Dictyostelium discoideum consists of amoeba-like cells that move independently,feeding on bacteria.When the food runs out,cells begin to aggregate to produce spores.Dictyostelium discoideum is which kind of organism?

A) an autotroph
B) a heterotroph and autotroph
C) a heterotroph
D) a detritovore
E) a heterotroph and detritovore

Question 55

A jellylike substance produced by red algae and used as a culture medium for microorganisms is

A) red ooze.
B) All answers are correct.
C) gelatin.
D) agar.
E) algin.

Question 56

Silica walls are a characteristic of

A) diatoms.
B) euglenoids.
C) red algae.
D) brown algae.
E) slime molds.

Question 57

A dinoflagellate has two flagella.

Question 58

If you were taken to the beach and asked to stand near a sample of the largest kind of algae,you would search for a piece of 

A) kelp.
B) diatoms.
C) red algae.
D) golden algae.
E) green algae.

Question 59

Protists can be autotrophs.

Question 60

The Irish potato famine in the mid-1840s was caused by which heterotrophic protist decomposer that secreted digestive enzymes onto potatoes?

A) a water mold
B) a red alga
C) a dinoflagellate
D) a protozoan
E) a fungus

Question 61

Microscopic reproductive cells produced by most fungi are

A) hyphae.
B) fruiting bodies.
C) mycelia.
D) gills.
E) spores.

Question 62

Which is the best description of the mutual benefit to both species found in a lichen?

A) The autotroph provides food and the heterotroph provides water and minerals.
B) The autotroph prevents dehydration and the heterotroph provides energy.
C) The autotroph provides water and minerals and the heterotroph prevents dehydration.
D) The heterotroph protects the autotroph from predation.
E) The autotroph produces antibiotics to ward off infection to the heterotroph by bacteria.

Question 63

Fungi and plants are similar because they both

A) carry out photosynthesis.
B) have cellulose as the main component of their cell walls.
C) have glycogen as the main storage carbohydrate.
D) have cell walls.
E) All answers are correct.

Question 64

Fungi are classified into phyla based on which characteristic?

A) organelles
B) composition of cell wall
C) photosynthesis
D) reproductive structures
E) multicellular vs. unicellular

Question 65

The fusion of two haploid hyphae whereby the nuclei remain separate in the cell creates a(n)________ cell.

A) dikaryotic
B) haploid
C) tetraploid
D) diploid
E) uniploid

Question 66

Fungi that live between the cells of plant tissue without causing disease is called

A) endophytes.
B) basidiomycota.
C) ascomycota.
D) mycorrhizae.
E) chytridiomycota.

Question 67

A lichen is made up of which two types of organisms?

A) a fungus and a plant
B) a plant and a cyanobacterium
C) a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium
D) an alga and a bacterium
E) an alga and a plant

Question 68

The main storage carbohydrate in fungi is

A) glycogen.
B) glucose.
C) starch.
D) cellulose.
E) chitin.

Question 69

In fungi,a mass of aggregated hyphae is called a(n)

A) mycelium.
B) pilus.
C) gill.
D) spore.
E) ascus.

Question 70

A mushroom is a dikaryotic structure of Basidiomycota.

Question 71

Protein was the first molecule carrying genetic information.

Question 72

Sexual spores are formed by the fusion of two haploid nuclei.They then go through meiosis to form spores.Spores are which of the following?

A) haploid
B) diploid
C) dikaryotic
D) tetraploid
E) uniploid

Question 73

Which of the following is not a characteristic of lichen?

A) It is a partnership between fungus and a photosynthetic partner.
B) The fungi in the relationship can be an ascomycete.
C) The fungi in the relationship can be a basidiomycete.
D) The photosynthetic partner can be a green algae or cynanobacteria.
E) The photosynthetic partner can be a protist.

Question 74

You are analyzing samples under a microscope,and one sample comes from what you suspect is a fungus.You find tiny filaments,which,in your report,you call 

A) hyphae.
B) spores.
C) fruiting bodies.
D) gills.
E) chitin.

Question 75

After a haploid spore germinates,it then completes mitosis,forming hyphae.The resulting hyphae are

A) diploid.
B) dikaryotic.
C) zygotes.
D) gametes.
E) haploid.

Question 76

Associations of fungi and plant roots are called

A) pili.
B) mycorrhizae.
C) lichens.
D) root forks.
E) endophytes.

Question 77

If a friend at the next lab bench was working on an unknown fungus and shouted "I've found zygospores," you would tell your friend that the fungus was probably a member of the 

A) Chytridiomycota.
B) Ascomycota.
C) Zygomycota.
D) Basidiomycota.
E) Glomeromycota.

Question 78

Molecular evidence places fungi closer to plants than animals.

Question 79

Why are lichens a good indicator of environmental quality?

A) They cannot absorb toxins.
B) If the air is polluted they cannot get enough sunlight for photosynthesis.
C) They cannot excrete absorbed toxins.
D) If the soil is polluted they cannot produce roots.
E) Toxins inhibit their reproduction.

Question 80

Which of the following phyla of fungi contain the organism responsible for Dutch elm disease and chestnut blight?

A) Ascomycetes
B) Zygomycetes
C) Basidiomycetes
D) Chytridiomycetes