Deck 5: Motivation at Work

Question 1

Modern management practices such as employee management recognition programs, flexible benefit packages, and stock ownership plans emphasize:

A)internal needs
B)intrinsic motivation
C)external incentives
D)psychodynamic theory

Answer 1

C

Question 2

All of the following are need for achievement concerns except:

A)challenging goals
B)task difficulty
C)improvement
D)supervisory control

Answer 2

D

Question 3

According to the Protestant ethic, a person should work hard because hard work and prosperity would lead to a place in heaven. The organizational scholar who advanced the Protestant Ethic notion was:

A)John Calvin
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Adam Smith
D)Max Weber

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The basic motivational assumption within Taylor's scientific management is the same as within Adam Smith's political economic notions which is:

A)both intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence motivation
B)ungratified needs motivate behavior
C)individuals are largely motivated by power, affiliation, and achievement
D)people are motivated by self-interest and economic gain

Question 5

Assume you own and operate a small printing and specialty advertising business that employs 25 persons. With increased health care costs and related insurance premiums you are contemplating the cancellation of health and hospitalization insurance for your employees. Your decision may cause your employees to become greatly concerned about:

A)self-esteem needs
B)affiliation needs
C)safety and security needs
D)self-actualization needs

Question 6

According to Herzberg, a major difference between motivator and hygiene factors includes:

A)motivators are controlled by supervisors and hygienes are contained within the job
B)hygiene factors allow self-actualization when present whereas motivation factors can only be activated when pay and benefits are acceptable
C)hygiene factors deal with personal appearance and motivators concern negative aspects of the job environment
D)motivators deal with job characteristics that are intrinsic to the job and hygiene factors deal with characteristics of the work environment or factors extrinsic to the job

Question 7

Maslow's hierarchy of needs model begins with _____ needs and ends with _____ needs.

A)security, social
B)achievement, power
C)power, affiliation
D)physiological, self-actualization

Question 8

Kenexa, the leading HR service company in America, uses a blend of psychology and technology to "inspire" employees by:

A)emphasizing personality and role fit
B)determining what type of leadership employees expect
C)identifying equity inputs and outputs
D)listening to employees through interviews and surveys

Question 9

According to your text, Management Sciences for Health CEO Jonathon Quick displayed a high need for socialized versus personalized power. He would probably:

A)be an effective leader
B)be disruptive because of his high need for power
C)also score high on individual power
D)be more effective if he scored higher on personalized versus socialized power

Question 10

Alderfer's growth need category corresponds to Maslow's:

A)interpersonal esteem needs
B)safety and security needs
C)social needs
D)self-esteem and self-actualization needs

Question 11

Adam Smith formulated the "invisible hand" and the free market to explain the motivation for individual behavior. The "invisible hand" refers to:

A)psychological determinants of behavior
B)unconscious motives
C)internal needs
D)unseen forces of a free market system

Question 12

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the current state of motivation theories?

A)The reinforcement approach to motivation has been found to be superior to other motivational models.
B)Freud's psychodynamic theory of motivation has generally been supported with the strongest empirical evidence.
C)There are several approaches to motivation, and one or another may be useful in specific organizational contexts, with specific individuals or groups, at different times.
D)The motivational models that make strong economic assumptions regarding human motivation have received the most universal acceptance.

Question 13

An approach to employee motivation that considers both psychological needs and external incentives is:

A)psychodynamic theory
B)McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
C)psychological ownership
D)organizational citizenship behavior

Question 14

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is used to measure:

A)a person's tendency to not use perception
B)the achievement motive
C)equity perceptions
D)cognitive themes

Question 15

McGregor believed that Theory X assumptions were appropriate for:

A)individuals located at the top of the organization
B)employees located at the lower level of the organization
C)individuals motivated by lower order needs
D)individuals motivated by higher order needs

Question 16

The process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior is called:

A)energizing
B)goal setting
C)motivation
D)expectancy theory

Question 17

Assume you have accepted a job offer and will shortly begin working in your first professional position. The firm provides a very competitive salary and benefit package. Your attention is now directed to learning and advancement opportunities. According to Alderfer and McGregor, these are:

A)Theory X and relatedness concerns
B)existence and Theory Y concerns
C)growth and Theory Y concerns
D)neither Theory X nor Y concerns

Question 18

Maslow's progression hypothesis states:

A)only ungratified needs motivate behavior
B)needs are ordered
C)individuals will move down the hierarchy as well as up the hierarchy
D)higher order needs are more important than lower order needs

Question 19

Frederick Taylor's scientific management advanced the idea that:

A)unfulfilled needs acted as motivation
B)the relationship of management and labor should be one of cooperation rather than conflict
C)money was not a motivator
D)self-interest and economic gain are motivators for the owners of production and not the employees of owners

Question 20

Persons who have a strong desire to control others are high in:

A)need for achievement
B)need for affiliation
C)need for safety and security
D)need for power

Question 21

A key understanding to the relationship between hygiene and motivation factors is:

A)they are interdependent
B)they are positively related
C)they are additive
D)they are independent

Question 22

According to Herzberg, which factors are related to job dissatisfaction?

A)motivation factors
B)hygiene factors
C)lower level needs
D)the absence of motivation factors

Question 23

Eustress most accurately reflects:

A)the notion that each individual is responsible for managing acceptable levels of stress
B)each individual has different levels of stress that they can effectively manage
C)the positive side of stress which is healthy and normal
D)the negative side of stress and its impact on health

Question 24

Which of the following is considered a motivating factor in Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A)recognition
B)fringe benefits
C)supervision
D)working conditions

Question 25

The importance and value placed on a reward in expectancy theory is known as:

A)need satisfaction
B)instrumentality
C)likelihood
D)valence

Question 26

When employees view managers as being overpaid, workers may:

A)work harder
B)not change
C)reduce their commitment
D)become more efficient

Question 27

Under inequity theory, people are motivated when:

A)they are in equilibrium with perceptions of inputs and outcomes
B)they can see that their inputs will lead to rewards that are valued
C)they can identify that social needs are being satisfied in relation to job expectations
D)they find themselves in a situation they see as unfair

Question 28

If you use calculated involvements as a basis for understanding a person's relationship with a work organization, which of the following would be the best framework?

A)need theory
B)content theory
C)social exchange
D)Vroom's personal perception expectancy model

Question 29

Which of the following would be considered a valid conclusion regarding Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A)The presence of motivation factors is not necessarily essential to enhancing employee motivation to excel at work.
B)Hygiene factors are of critical value to enhancing motivation.
C)The model has adequately addressed individual differences.
D)Hygiene factors are of some importance up to a threshold level.

Question 30

After working as a sales associate in an appliance store for six months, you begin to become dissatisfied with various rules and regulations, or:

A)motivator factors
B)Theory Y assumptions
C)hygiene factors
D)relatedness concerns

Question 31

An important theoretical revision to Adams's original inequity theory formulation involves individual preferences for equity. An equity sensitive individual is:

A)someone comfortable with an equity ratio less than their comparison other
B)someone comfortable with an equity ratio greater than that of his or her comparison other
C)someone who prefers an equity ratio equal to that of their comparison other
D)someone who is uncomfortable with a ratio either less or greater than comparison other

Question 32

Which of the following would NOT be considered a valid criticism of Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A)Data have not been provided that support a clear separation of hygiene and motivator factors.
B)There is an absence of individual differences in the theory.
C)Extrinsic factors may be more important in determining satisfaction or dissatisfaction on the job.
D)Most of the supporting data for the model has come from Herzberg's students using the critical incident technique.

Question 33

The close linkage of _____ to performance under expectancy theory is crucial for enhancing motivation.

A)knowledge and skill
B)rewards
C)equity
D)satisfaction

Question 34

All of the following would be consistent with new ideas in motivation except:

A)eustress
B)individuals need to be activated by unmet needs
C)individuals are motivated by their own physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual energy
D)energy recovery is as or more important than energy expenditure

Question 35

According to expectancy theory of motivation, individuals will make choices based on:

A)dissatisfaction
B)feelings of equity
C)anticipated outcomes of those choices or decisions
D)unfulfilled needs

Question 36

All of the following are demands the organization can place on the employee except:

A)deadlines
B)quality standards
C)advancement opportunities
D)production quotas

Question 37

The toy manufacturer Worlds Apart has the human resource practice for employees who become fatigued and low on energy during the workday of:

A)allowing employees to go home and get needed rest and reenergized which has resulted in less absenteeism and fewer employee errors
B)taking a break that would include physical exercise
C)inflating a bed and taking a 20 minute nap
D)engaging in 30 minutes of meditation

Question 38

Which of the following has been identified as both a hygiene and motivational factor in research done on Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A)achievement
B)coworker relations
C)advancement
D)pay

Question 39

Equity theory is a/an:

A)need approach to motivation
B)external approach to motivation
C)process approach to motivation
D)content motivation model

Question 40

As a member of a study group, you feel that others are making minimal contributions. In this situation you are LEAST likely to:

A)praise the inputs of others
B)increase your participation and contribution
C)reduce your contribution
D)withdraw from the group

Question 41

The motivation theory that holds that employee motivation is determined by the belief that a valued outcome will result from effort is called:

A)equity theory
B)goal-setting theory
C)expectancy theory
D)two-factor theory

Question 42

The belief that performance is connected to rewards is known as:

A)expectancy
B)instrumentality
C)valence
D)probability or likelihood

Question 43

ERG theory explains both progression need and gratification up the hierarchy and regression when people are faced with frustration.

Question 44

External theories of motivation include need models, equity and expectancy theories, as well as goal-setting approaches.

Question 45

Under the expectancy theory of motivation, the employee can most easily adjust:

A)the reward
B)expectancy
C)reward distribution
D)effort

Question 46

A new idea in motivation includes focusing on learning lessons from professional athletes in order to develop corporate athletes.

Question 47

The expectancy theory of motivation focuses on:

A)individual needs
B)social process
C)personal perceptions
D)learning

Question 48

Inequity exists when one person's ratio of inputs to outputs is different than the ratio of a comparison person.

Question 49

Under expectancy theory, a person's motivation increases along with the belief that effort leads to performance and:

A)the reward is valued
B)that performance leads to rewards
C)the reward is equitable
D)that performance leads to rewards and the reward is valued

Question 50

As organizations become increasingly international, pay inequities will become less prevalent.

Question 51

The increased emphasis on teamwork focuses attention on satisfaction of social and affiliation needs.

Question 52

A new line of research called positive organizational behavior emphasizes the management of energy rather than focusing on how time is managed.

Question 53

Motivation factors relate to job satisfaction and hygiene factors relate to job dissatisfaction in Herzberg's model.

Question 54

In the case of repeated failure under expectancy theory, an employee may:

A)greatly increase input
B)raise outcome valence
C)reduce effort
D)increase effort when the likelihood of reward has dropped

Question 55

Which of the following would not be considered a weakness of expectancy theory?

A)The theory assumes a person is totally rational.
B)The theory's complexity has made it difficult to test.
C)The measures of instrumentality, valence, and expectancy have only weak validity.
D)The values for each construct have been relatively stable over time.

Question 56

When an employee's knowledge and skills match job task demands, an acceptable individual-organizational match will take place.

Question 57

Moral principles in workplace fairness have not been found to be that important with respect to theft and sabotage.

Question 58

McGregor's Theory Y rests on the higher order needs of Maslow's need hierarchy.

Question 59

Alderfer's growth need, McClelland's need for achievement, and Maslow's self-actualization are similar.

Question 60

Maslow's theory says that only ungratified needs motivate behavior.

Question 61

Needs of workers are similar across cultures.

Question 62

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water.
b.A set of assumptions applied to individuals who are motivated by lower order needs.
c.Fulfillment of potential.
d.Feeling of self-worth.
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs.
Theory Y

Question 63

Match the following:
a.A projective test used extensively by David McClelland.
b.Desire to accomplish goals and perform at high level.
c.Desire to dominate others.
d.Company policy and working conditions in the two-factor theory.
e.Interest in being around others and developing meaningful relationships.
Need for Affiliation

Question 64

Match the following:
a.Arousal and sustaining goal-directed behavior.
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain.
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behavior.
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual.
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behavior.
Internal

Question 65

Match the following:
a.A projective test used extensively by David McClelland.
b.Desire to accomplish goals and perform at high level.
c.Desire to dominate others.
d.Company policy and working conditions in the two-factor theory.
e.Interest in being around others and developing meaningful relationships.
Need for Achievement

Question 66

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water.
b.A set of assumptions applied to individuals who are motivated by lower order needs.
c.Fulfillment of potential.
d.Feeling of self-worth.
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs.
Theory X

Question 67

Match the following:
a.A projective test used extensively by David McClelland.
b.Desire to accomplish goals and perform at high level.
c.Desire to dominate others.
d.Company policy and working conditions in the two-factor theory.
e.Interest in being around others and developing meaningful relationships.
TAT

Question 68

Instrumentality is the value of a reward.

Question 69

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water.
b.A set of assumptions applied to individuals who are motivated by lower order needs.
c.Fulfillment of potential.
d.Feeling of self-worth.
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs.
Physiological needs

Question 70

Expectancy theory holds up more strongly in cultures that value individualism.

Question 71

Match the following:
a.Arousal and sustaining goal-directed behavior.
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain.
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behavior.
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual.
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behavior.
Self-Interest

Question 72

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water.
b.A set of assumptions applied to individuals who are motivated by lower order needs.
c.Fulfillment of potential.
d.Feeling of self-worth.
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs.
Self-Esteem

Question 73

Match the following:
a.Arousal and sustaining goal-directed behavior.
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain.
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behavior.
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual.
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behavior.
Hygiene factors

Question 74

Match the following:
a.Needs hierarchy theory.
b.Two-factor theory.
c.Expectancy theory.
d.Equity theory.
e.Needs theory.
McClelland

Question 75

Match the following:
a.A projective test used extensively by David McClelland.
b.Desire to accomplish goals and perform at high level.
c.Desire to dominate others.
d.Company policy and working conditions in the two-factor theory.
e.Interest in being around others and developing meaningful relationships.
Hygiene Factor

Question 76

Match the following:
a.Arousal and sustaining goal-directed behavior.
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain.
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behavior.
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual.
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behavior.
External

Question 77

Match the following:
a.Basic needs for food and water.
b.A set of assumptions applied to individuals who are motivated by lower order needs.
c.Fulfillment of potential.
d.Feeling of self-worth.
e.Assumptions of how to manage individuals who are motivated by higher-order needs.
Self-Actualization

Question 78

Match the following:
a.A projective test used extensively by David McClelland.
b.Desire to accomplish goals and perform at high level.
c.Desire to dominate others.
d.Company policy and working conditions in the two-factor theory.
e.Interest in being around others and developing meaningful relationships.
Need for Power

Question 79

To believe that people are motivated by "enlightened" self-interest is consistent with Adam Smith's view on motivation.

Question 80

Match the following:
a.Arousal and sustaining goal-directed behavior.
b.Work conditions related to dissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain.
c.Factors and conditions outside the person that may explain and predict a person's behavior.
d.What is most appropriate and beneficial to the individual.
e.Attributes and characteristics inside the individual that determine behavior.
Motivation