Question 1

Which statement reflects the dynamic and ever-changing nature of the brain?&#10;A) Cell migration&#10;B) Neuroplasticity&#10;C) Physiology&#10;D) Proliferation

Accepted Answer

Neuroplasticity is a term used to describe the dynamic and ever-changing nature of the brain.The brain is use dependent, meaning that the way you use it is reflected in its structural and functional architecture.

Question 2

A child showed prolonged eye movement after being spun around 10 times.Which statement best describes this response?&#10;A) Absent nystagmus illustrating impaired cranial nerve II&#10;B) Dysfunctional vestibular system illustrating hypertonia&#10;C) Oculomotor deficit illustrating hypoactive vestibular system&#10;D) Prolonged nystagmus illustrating hyperactive vestibular system

Accepted Answer

Oculomotor difficulties can result from damage to cranial nerve III, IV, or VI, the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens, respectively.These cranial nerves control eye movements and reactions of the pupils in response to light.A major input into these cranial nerves comes from the vestibular system.This input allows the eyes to stay fixed on an object when the head is moving in rotation.Your eyes will turn opposite to the direction of the rotary movement of the head.Occupational therapists can use this relationship to evaluate the intactness of the vestibular system by spinning a child and looking for the oculomotor reaction.Nystagmus, that involuntary back and forth, rhythmic movement of the eyes, is a normal reaction to rotation.Children who show little or no nystagmus may have a hypoactive vestibular system, and children who show excessive movement may have a hyperactive vestibular system.

Question 3

What deficits is a child with parietal lobe damage most likely to present?&#10;A) Memory and emotions&#10;B) Personality, judgment, and motor control&#10;C) Touch, pressure, and tactile discrimination&#10;D) Visual and auditory perception

Accepted Answer

The parietal lobe's primary function is to make sense out of the sensations coming from the body that relate to touch, pressure, tactile discrimination, and conscious proprioception.

Question 4

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?&#10;A) 1&#10;B) 8&#10;C) 5&#10;D) 12

Accepted Answer

There are 31 pairs of spinal segments, 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

Question 5

What deficits is a child with frontal lobe damage most likely to present?&#10;A) Memory and emotions&#10;B) Personality, judgment, and motor control&#10;C) Touch, pressure, and tactile discrimination&#10;D) Visual and auditory perception

Accepted Answer

The frontal lobe houses personality, judgment, insight, and motor control.

Question 6

Which one is not considered part of the human nervous system?&#10;A) Autonomic&#10;B) Central&#10;C) Peripheral&#10;D) Motor

Accepted Answer

The human nervous system can be divided into three parts: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

Question 7

What region has the primary function of increasing the surface area for the neuron?&#10;A) Axon&#10;B) Cell body&#10;C) Dendrite&#10;D) Golgi

Accepted Answer

The three regions of the neuron include the cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon.The soma contains the nucleus and the organelles and has large attachments that branch repeatedly from it, known as the dendrites.The principle function of the dendrites is to increase the surface area for the neuron to receive most of its synaptic connections.

Question 8

What is the pattern of cortical representation in the motor homunculus for fine motor skills as compared to the area for gross motor skills?&#10;A) Equal amount of cortical representation&#10;B) Greater amount of cortical representation&#10;C) Smaller amount of cortical representation&#10;D) This has not been calculated.

Accepted Answer

Areas in the motor homunculus responsible for fine motor skills, for example, your thumbs or tongue, have more cortical representation than areas for gross motor skills.This pattern is because fine motor activities take a smaller innervation ratio of neurons to motor units, thus requiring more gray matter for the complexity of the movement.

Question 9

How does a child with neurological damage (i.e., cerebral palsy) learn to do things with his peers?&#10;A) Repetition of task&#10;B) Passive movement&#10;C) Active repetition&#10;D) A and C&#10;E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

When the brain of a child is damaged, such as from cerebral palsy, surrounding healthy neurons can take on the functions of the damaged neurons.One factor that will enhance this plasticity is repetition of the task that is being learned.Neurons are most stimulated when a child repeats active voluntary movements.

Question 10

What type of damage is characterized by hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, spastic paralysis or weakness as in cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, or shaken baby syndrome?&#10;A) Autonomic nervous system&#10;B) Central nervous system&#10;C) Motor system&#10;D) Peripheral nervous system

Accepted Answer

Central nervous system damage results in upper motor neuron pathology which is characterized by hyperactive deep tendon reflexes and spastic paralysis or weakness.Pediatric examples include cerebral palsy, developmental dyspraxia, hydrocephalus, shaken baby syndrome and other reasons for traumatic brain injuries, and spina bifida.

Question 11

A child who shows difficulty controlling the speed and accuracy of his or her movements and shows inaccurate reach and grasp is showing difficulty with what area of the brain?&#10;A) Brainstem&#10;B) Cerebellum&#10;C) Cerebrum&#10;D) Peripheral nervous system

Accepted Answer

The answer of A child who shows difficulty controlling the...

Question 12

Which ascending pathway is responsible for enabling a child to feel objects within his or her hand (without using vision)?&#10;A) Dorsal column medial lemniscus (DCML)&#10;B) Lateral corticospinal pathway&#10;C) Lateral spinothalamic tract&#10;D) Vestibulospinal

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which ascending pathway is responsible for enabling...

Question 13

Which receptor is responsible for providing continuous information on midrange position sense?&#10;A) Alpha motor neuron&#10;B) Extrafusal muscle fibers&#10;C) Golgi tendon&#10;D) Muscle spindle

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which receptor is responsible for providing continuous...

Question 14

What deficits is a child with occipital/temporal lobe damage most likely to present?&#10;A) Memory and emotions&#10;B) Personality, judgment, and motor control&#10;C) Touch, pressure, and tactile discrimination&#10;D) Visual and auditory perception

Accepted Answer

The answer of What deficits is a child with occipital/temporal...

Question 15

Which statement reflects what occurs in therapy in regard to neurons?&#10;A) Brain neurons do not change over time.&#10;B) Damaged neurons can be repaired.&#10;C) Destroyed neurons are replaced with new ones.&#10;D) Neurons gain new synapses.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement reflects what occurs in therapy...

Deck 12: Neuroscience for the Pediatric Practitioner