Deck 8: Functional Organization of Nervous Systems

Question 1

The ventricles of the vertebrate brain contain

A)neurons.
B)glia.
C)cerebrospinal fluid.
D)dura mater.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

In nonmammalian vertebrates,the optic lobes are located in the

A)forebrain.
B)midbrain.
C)hindbrain.
D)spinal cord.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What does the midbrain do in fish and amphibians?

A)It coordinates reflex responses to auditory and visual stimuli.
B)It detects the presence of pheromones.
C)It is responsible for maintaining body posture.
D)It controls heart rate and blood pressure.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The axons of afferent and efferent neurons are usually organized into structures called

A)nuclei.
B)ganglia.
C)nerves.
D)tracts.

Question 5

Integrating centers typically contain large numbers of

A)interneurons.
B)sensory neurons.
C)efferent neurons.
D)motor neurons.

Question 6

In a newly discovered vertebrate,the area in the somatosensory cortex devoted to body part A is larger than the area devoted to body part B.This means that body part A

A)is bigger than body part B.
B)has more sensory neurons.
C)is evolutionarily older.
D)has more motor control.

Question 7

How many distinct layers does the mammalian cortex have?

A)6
B)4
C)3
D)2

Question 8

How can you explain the substantial lag between a signal and response in the phylum Porifera?

A)Lag occurs because sponges are asymmetrical.
B)Lag occurs because sponges show no cephalization.
C)Lag occurs because action potentials in cells of sponges are slow compared to action potentials in neurons.
D)Lag occurs because the signal has to be very strong in order to see any response.

Question 9

Invertebrates possess a

A)solid ventral nerve cord.
B)hollow ventral nerve cord.
C)solid dorsal nerve cord.
D)hollow dorsal nerve cord.

Question 10

Among other things,the hindbrain is responsible for

A)regulation of involuntary behaviors such as breathing.
B)coordination of visual and auditory information.
C)regulation of eating and reproduction.
D)conversion of short-term memories into long-term memories.

Question 11

Which of the following structures is NOT included in the limbic system?

A)amygdala
B)hypothalamus
C)olfactory bulb
D)cerebellum

Question 12

The following structures of the mammalian nervous system,from posterior to anterior,are laid out in the following order:

A)spinal cord,medulla oblongata,pons,cerebellum.
B)spinal cord,pons,cerebellum,medulla oblongata.
C)medulla oblongata,spinal cord,cerebellum,pons.
D)pons,cerebellum,spinal cord,medulla oblongata.

Question 13

In the vertebrate brain and spinal cord,white matter consists of __________ and gray matter consists of __________.

A)axons and myelin;cell bodies and dendrites
B)sensory neurons;motor neurons
C)axons and myelin;ganglia
D)the dorsal horn;the ventral horn

Question 14

In the mammalian brain,the __________ lobe is involved with visual processing.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 15

Unlike humans,bottlenose dolphins do not suffer from the effects of sleep deprivation.Why?

A)Dolphins "catnap" throughout the day,so they don't need to go into deep sleep.
B)In dolphins,one half of their brain sleeps while the other half of the brain remains active.
C)Sleep is required to maintain brain function in humans,but not in dolphins.
D)Dolphins take turns waking each other up,so all have a chance to sleep.

Question 16

The efferent branch of the peripheral nervous system is composed of the __________ and __________ divisions.

A)somatic motor;autonomic
B)visceral;emotional
C)sympathetic;parasympathetic
D)autonomic;involuntary

Question 17

The limbic system is associated with

A)emotion.
B)motivation.
C)decision-making.
D)all of the above

Question 18

Relative to other major groups of vertebrates,mammals and birds both have an enlarged

A)forebrain.
B)midbrain.
C)hindbrain.
D)dorsoventricular ridge.

Question 19

In the vertebrate spinal cord,the dorsal horn is associated with __________ neurons,and the ventral horn is associated with __________ neurons.

A)motor;sensory
B)inter;sensory
C)afferent;efferent
D)spinal;cranial

Question 20

In vertebrates,substances from the blood can access the central nervous system by

A)gap junctions.
B)pinocytosis.
C)catalyzed transport.
D)all of the above

Question 21

In the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems,the preganglionic neuron releases the neurotransmitter

A)acetylcholine.
B)nicotine.
C)glycine.
D)epinephrine.

Question 22

The __________ nervous system is sometimes referred to as the "fight or flight" nervous system.

A)autonomic
B)somatic
C)parasympathetic
D)sympathetic

Question 23

The __________ nervous system is most active during periods of stress or physical activity,while the __________ nervous system is most active during periods of rest.

A)sympathetic;parasympathetic
B)parasympathetic;sympathetic
C)voluntary;involuntary
D)parasympathetic;enteric

Question 24

In vertebrates,the __________ nerves exit directly from the braincase.

Question 25

__________ neurons relay information from integrating centers such as the brain to effector organs like muscles or glands.

Question 26

Most sympathetic pathways originate in the __________ regions of the CNS.

A)thoracic and lumbar
B)hindbrain and sacral
C)cranial
D)postganglionic

Question 27

The hippocampus is important for the

A)formation of long-term memories.
B)regulation of body temperature.
C)Integration of sensory information.
D)maintenance of body posture.

Question 28

Which structure is important for the formation of long-term memory in mammals?

A)hippocampus
B)hypothalamus
C)cortex
D)medulla oblongata

Question 29

The basic mechanism for short-term sensitization begins with

A)decreased neurotransmitter release.
B)increased presynaptic calcium.
C)increased expression of CREB-1.
D)increased potassium conductance.

Question 30

What receptors do the neurosecretory chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla express?

A)adrenergic
B)muscarinic cholinergic
C)nicotinic cholinergic
D)glutamatergic

Question 31

Hearing a loud and unexpected noise in the night activates the

A)sympathetic nervous system.
B)parasympathetic nervous system.
C)somatic nervous system.
D)enteric nervous system.

Question 32

The brains of taxi drivers in London,England,differ from the brains of other people.This can be attributed to

A)brain plasticity,because brains have the ability to alter their structure and function as a result of learning and/or experience.
B)the hippocampus of London taxi drivers increasing with age.
C)accident of birth;the people driving taxis in London were born with a smaller hippocampus,which then increased in size over time.
D)A and B

Question 33

The autonomic nervous system can be differentiated into three branches.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A)enteric
B)sympathetic
C)parasympathetic
D)limbic

Question 34

__________ is the evolutionary trend that describes the concentration of nervous tissue and sense organs at one end of the body.

Question 35

Homeostasis is maintained by the

A)hypothalamus.
B)cerebral cortex.
C)hippocampus.
D)limbic system.

Question 36

Central pattern generators do NOT control

A)rhythmic behaviors.
B)motor pathways.
C)reflex arcs.
D)locomotion.

Question 37

Which of the following statements is true about learning?

A)It refers to the retention and retrieval of stored information.
B)It occurs only in vertebrates.
C)It normally represents a permanent change.
D)It occurs as the result of nervous system plasticity.

Question 38

The locomotor pattern generator is located in the

A)spinal cord.
B)brainstem.
C)autonomic nervous system.
D)peripheral nervous system.

Question 39

This brain structure is greatly reduced in mammals relative to other vertebrates.

A)cerebellum
B)midbrain
C)forebrain
D)isocortex

Question 40

The simplest reflex arc,containing only a primary afferent and an effector neuron,is sometimes referred to as

A)monosynaptic.
B)bineural.
C)convergent.
D)voluntary.

Question 41

In most vertebrates,except the mammals,the __________ contains the regions that are involved in interpreting visual information.

Question 42

In its protective role,the blood-brain barrier becomes an obstacle in delivering therapeutic drugs to specific regions of the brain in the treatment of a variety of brain disorders.Describe what the blood-brain barrier is made of,and how different compounds are capable of crossing it.

Question 43

The vertebrate central nervous system is physiologically separated from the rest of the nervous system by the __________.

Question 44

In mammals,the midbrain can be grouped together with the pons and medulla oblongata,and is called the __________.

Question 45

The three main regions of the vertebrate brain are the prosencephalon,the mesencephalon,and the __________.

Question 46

The protective layer of connective tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord is called the __________.

Question 47

The somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex are organized __________.That is,each part of the cortex corresponds to the specific part of the body that it governs.

Question 48

The tendency to reduce the magnitude of a response following repeated stimulation is called __________.

Question 49

The mammalian cerebral hemispheres are connected by a mass of white matter called the __________.

Question 50

An increase in a response following exposure to a strong or noxious stimulus is called __________.

Question 51

All vertebrate motor neurons release the neurotransmitter __________.

Question 52

NMDA and AMPA receptors both bind the neurotransmitter __________.

Question 53

There is a large variation in brain size among vertebrates,and the relationship between brain size and brain complexity has always been a fascinating topic of study.What is meant by the term encephalization quotient (EQ)? What information does EQ provide,what are two problems with using EQs,and is there a better way to address the questions of brain complexity?

Question 54

In species with cortical folds,the outer regions of the folds are called __________ and the inner grooves are called __________.

Question 55

The __________ is essentially a relay station that filters sensory information and forwards it to the cortex.

Question 56

The only organ controlled by efferent motor neurons is __________.

Question 57

Split-brain syndrome follows from severing the __________.

Question 58

The hormone _______________ is secreted by the pineal gland.

Question 59

The __________ nervous system is sometimes referred to as the "rest and digest" nervous system.

Question 60

_____________ is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in emotional responses,such as fear or aggression.

Question 61

What four major brain structures are included in the limbic system? Where is it located in the vertebrate brain? What does the limbic system do?

Question 62

Succinctly explain how ocean acidification can affect the behavior of fish,such as the orange clownfish (Amphiprion percula).

Question 63

Describe five differences between the actions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems on the same effector organs.For example,the parasympathetic system causes urine release from the bladder,while the sympathetic system causes urine retention.

Question 64

If the central pattern generator for a human walking is located in the spinal cord,then is the brain required at all for successful walking behavior? Justify your answer.

Question 65

What are the three main anatomical differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Question 66

List five ways that efferent motor pathways can be distinguished from autonomic pathways.