Deck 10: Immune Systems

Question 1

Macrophages

A)secrete cytokines that initiate changes in other cells.
B)are capable of ingesting neutrophils.
C)are referred to as polymorphonuclear (PMN)cells.
D)A and B

Answer 1

D

Question 2

An animal can increase its risk of contracting a pathogen as a result of

A)a cut in the skin.
B)a decrease in secretion of mucus.
C)interactions with symbiotic organisms.
D)A and B

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which cells are named for their function?

A)lymphocytes
B)phagocytes,macrophages
C)granulocytes
D)T cells and B cells

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Invertebrates such as grasshoppers have

A)both innate and adaptive immune systems.
B)both innate and adaptive immune systems,but the adaptive system is more important.
C)only an innate immune system.
D)only an adaptive immune system.

Question 5

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Opsonization is a process that targets a pathogen for phagocytosis by covering it with soluble sugars.
B)The complement system includes a group of proteins that circulate in an inactive form and become activated when they detect molecular signatures of pathogens.
C)Mannose-binding lectin is a carbohydrate that is secreted by the liver.
D)Macrophages secrete monocytes.

Question 6

Which are the main types of phagocytes involved in the innate immune response?

A)macrophages and neutrophils
B)macrophages and basophils
C)neutrophils and B cells
D)basophils and eosinophils

Question 7

The adaptive immune system can bolster a specific immune response as a result of

A)antigens.
B)antibodies.
C)creation of clone cells.
D)immunological memory.

Question 8

An inflammatory response

A)is observed when tissue has been damaged and there is increased blood flow to the area.
B)often causes an immediate drop in temperature of the damaged tissue.
C)is manifested in the same way in all animals.
D)A and C

Question 9

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A)Some of the TLRs found in fish are homologous to those in humans.
B)Mice and humans have the same TLRs since both are mammals.
C)Early deuterostomes,such as sea urchins,do not possess any TLRs.
D)A and C

Question 10

The myxoma virus is transmitted from one rabbit to another

A)in drinking water.
B)by predators.
C)by blood-sucking insects.
D)by interaction with other herbivores.

Question 11

What do macrophages and neutrophils have in common?

A)Both kill pathogens by phagocytosis.
B)Both are polymorphonuclear cells.
C)Both are derived from lymphoblasts.
D)Both secrete cytotoxic agents.

Question 12

Which of the following statements best describes how humans are infected by the malaria parasite?

A)In the hemolymph of the mosquito,the gametocytes mature,migrate to the salivary glands,and are injected into the host when the mosquito feeds.
B)In the mosquito's digestive tract the parasite produces oocysts,which migrate to the salivary glands,and are injected into the host when the mosquito feeds.
C)In the mosquito's digestive tract the parasite produces gametocytes,which migrate to the salivary glands,and are injected into the host when the mosquito feeds.
D)In the mosquito's digestive tract the parasite develops into infective sporozoites,which travel to the salivary glands,and are injected into the host when the mosquito feeds.

Question 13

The parasite Plasmodium,which causes malaria,is a

A)protist.
B)virus.
C)bacteria.
D)nematode.

Question 14

_______________ immunity includes processes involving antibodies or complement proteins.

A)Cellular
B)Humoral
C)Nuclear
D)Interstitial

Question 15

The natural hosts for the myxoma virus are

A)South American jungle rabbits.
B)North American rabbits.
C)European rabbits.
D)native Australian rabbits.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)From an evolutionary perspective,the adaptive immune system is older than the innate immune system.
B)Viruses contain a cell wall composed of B-glucans.
C)Phagocytic cells secrete cytotoxic compounds and initiate apoptosis.
D)Once animals detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns,an immune response is initiated.

Question 17

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to

A)natural killer cells.
B)mast cells.
C)basophils.
D)platelets and B cells.

Question 18

Neutrophils

A)are the least abundant of the leukocytes in mammals.
B)stain dark blue by the histological H&E stain.
C)use both phagocytosis and secretion of antimicrobial agents to destroy microbes.
D)B and C

Question 19

What is the major advantage of the adaptive immune system?

A)The intensity of the immune response is decreased when a foreign agent is detected a second time because the immune system recognizes the foreign agent from a previous encounter.
B)It has higher specificity than the innate system because it can identify which immune cells produce the correct antibodies and amplify those cells.
C)All features of the adaptive immune system are the same in all vertebrates.
D)A and B are equally advantageous.

Question 20

The innate immune system

A)is a collection of defenses that is found in all animals,including sponges.
B)remains ready until it is needed,and responds without specificity to the type of pathogen.
C)is also referred to as an induced immune system.
D)can increase the intensity of the immune response when a pathogen is detected a second time.

Question 21

Mammals have ___ key classes of immunoglobulins.

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 22

Which of the following cells are involved in cellular immunity?

A)lymphocytes
B)phagocytes
C)leucocytes
D)A and B

Question 23

Which of the following cells produce antibodies?

A)T cells
B)NK cells
C)B cells
D)V and D cells

Question 24

Which of the following statements is correct with respect to the sites of synthesis of B and T cells.

A)In bony fish,B cells are produced in the kidney or spleen.
B)In most vertebrates,B cells are produced in body cells,but in different locations of the body.
C)Jawless fish produce T cells in the thymus.
D)Bony and cartilaginous fish produce T cells in the gill region,referred to as the thymoids.

Question 25

Which of the following immune cells are segregated to the correct specific region?

A)plasma cells / paracortical region
B)macrophages / lymphoid follicle
C)T cells / paracortical region
D)B cells / medullary region

Question 26

Which of the following are the two most common lymphocyte types?

A)B cells and T cells
B)B cells and mast cells
C)T cells and mast cells
D)B cells and NK cells

Question 27

After encountering an antigen,an animal has memory cells that can produce antibodies quickly.In the absence of the antigen

A)memory cells die off.
B)memory cells don't produce antibodies at all.
C)memory cells produce few antibodies.
D)memory cells are totally inactivated.

Question 28

Blood cells are derived from ______________ stem cells.

Question 29

How are antibodies transferred from mother to offspring in birds?

A)Offspring obtain antibodies from the egg yolk.
B)Offspring obtain antibodies from the egg whites.
C)Offspring obtain antibodies from the mother's regurgitated food.
D)A and B

Question 30

When the _______________ binds to its pathogen-associated molecular pattern,the cell triggers a signal transduction pathway.

Question 31

The immunocompetence -handicap hypothesis

A)lends support to the sexual selection hypothesis,which states that males with the most elaborate displays provide an honest signal of good health.
B)suggests that males with superior immunocompetance are the ones with the least elaborate displays but the longest lifespan.
C)suggests that the immune system of males competes for resources with sexually selected elaborate displays,and those males with superior immunocompetence can withstand the costs of developing elaborate displays.
D)A and C

Question 32

Jawless fish lack immunoglobulins and use __________________ to recognize non-self macro molecules.

A)variable antigen receptors
B)variable lymphocyte receptors
C)C region receptors
D)recombination signal receptors

Question 33

For over a decade the blood of a mammal contains a certain cell type in its immune system.One day the cell recognizes an antigen that it had previously encountered,binds to it,and triggers an immune response.What kind of cell would react in this way?

A)T cell
B)monocyte
C)eosinophil
D)memory cell

Question 34

What activates memory cells?

A)an encounter with an antigen
B)an encounter with mast cells
C)cells that have undergone partial differentiation
D)stem cells

Question 35

Stress is known to impact immune function.Which of the following hormones are produced at higher rates under stressful conditions?

A)glucagon
B)glucocorticoids
C)testosterone
D)estrogen

Question 36

What evidence lends support to the hypothesis that in a species,males generally have lower immunotolerance than females?

A)Males die younger.
B)When males are treated with testosterone implants,a decrease in immunotolerance is observed.
C)When males are treated with cholesterol implants,an increase in immunotolerance is observed.
D)The slower the maturity rate,the lower the immunotolerance.

Question 37

Mannose-binding lectin is an example of an ____________.

Question 38

In animals,the first line of defense against pathogens is the ______________.

Question 39

The novel host,which is devastated by myxomatosis,is the ________________.

Question 40

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)genes are

A)polygenic.
B)polygenic and polymorphic.
C)polygenic and monomorphic.
D)monogenic and monomorphic.

Question 41

The term _____________________ refers to the adaptive immune system producing a rapid and dramatic immune response the second time an antigen is encountered.

Question 42

Malaria is caused by a parasite belonging to the genus ________________.

Question 43

Before a lymphocyte encounters an antigen,it is referred to as a ___________________.

Question 44

Describe the three fundamental features of cells of the innate immune system.

Question 45

Describe the process of B-cell activation.

Question 46

Insecticides and anti-malarial drugs have been used for decades to fight malaria with limited success.Currently,research is focusing on genetic modification and creation of __________________ mosquitos that cannot spread the parasite.

Question 47

Discuss the relationship between steroid hormones,stress,and the immune system.

Question 48

T cells that cause other cells to respond are referred to as ________________.

Question 49

Natural killer cells are derived from ______________.

Question 50

Explain how immunization works and provide at least two examples of successful vaccination programs.

Question 51

Immunoglobulin diversity arose through gene ________________.

Question 52

Describe how an allergic response occurs in respiratory and digestive systems in humans.What role do antihistamines play?

Question 53

_______________ genes are found in both plants and animals,suggesting an ancient evolutionary history.

Question 54

Explain how the use of biological control to decrease the population of introduced European rabbits in Australia relates to immunology.

Question 55

______________ cells play an important role in allergic reactions.

Question 56

__________________ alert immune cells of the presence of a pathogen.