Deck 11: Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Which of the following options is FALSE? The rate of diffusion is greatest when

A)the diffusion coefficient is small.
B)the membrane area is large.
C)the energy gradients are large.
D)the membrane is thin.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In the context of respiratory physiology,what is ventilation?

A)the process of moving the respiratory medium across the respiratory surface
B)the movement of air
C)the respiratory rate
D)cooling caused by panting

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Generally,reptiles fill their lungs through

A)aspiration.
B)force of the buccal pump.
C)pressure changes during body movement.
D)passive air entry.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The primary purpose of a respiratory pigment is

A)oxygen transport.
B)oxygen and CO₂ transport.
C)oxygen,CO₂,and iron transport.
D)nutrient transport.

Question 5

Which is the correct order of action for the amphibian "balanced breath"?

A)buccal cavity expands,glottis opens,spent air leaves lungs,buccal cavity contracts
B)buccal cavity expands,spent air leaves lungs,glottis opens,buccal cavity contracts
C)glottis opens,buccal cavity expands,buccal cavity contracts,spent air leaves lungs
D)spent air leaves lungs,glottis opens,buccal cavity expands,buccal cavity contracts

Question 6

Choose the most correct response.Which type of flow is most efficient?

A)concurrent
B)countercurrent
C)crosscurrent
D)It depends on the rate of flow of both the blood and the respiratory medium.

Question 7

Air enters the tracheae of insects through the

A)spiracles.
B)ostia.
C)madreporite.
D)buccal cavity.

Question 8

One of the immediate products of mitochondrial respiration is

A)oxygen.
B)ATP.
C)carbohydrate.
D)carbon monoxide.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT explicitly included in the Fick equation?

A)diffusion coefficient
B)area of the membrane
C)concentration gradient
D)temperature

Question 10

In a spherical cell,the ratio of surface area to volume is

A)1/r.
B)1/r².
C)π)
D)depends on cell size

Question 11

In a teleost fish,water enters the mouth when the

A)operculum closes.
B)buccal cavity expands.
C)opercular cavity expands.
D)gills contract.

Question 12

A lamprey is capable of

A)tidal ventilation.
B)unidirectional ventilation.
C)both A and B
D)neither A nor B

Question 13

The best way to explain cutaneous respiration is

A)diffusion of gases across a specialized respiratory surface with circulatory transport.
B)circulating the external medium through the body.
C)diffusion of gases across most or all of the body surface followed by transport of gases in an internal circulatory system.
D)diffusion of gases across specialized internal and external membranes.

Question 14

Which of the following factors is NOT required for high efficiency gas exchange?

A)moist surface
B)large surface area
C)low diffusion distance
D)high cell volume

Question 15

Sea cucumbers have internal respiratory sacs called

A)respiratory trees.
B)papulae.
C)peristomia.
D)lungs.

Question 16

Blood flow through the gills of an elasmobranch is arranged in a __________ fashion.

A)countercurrent
B)concurrent
C)crosscurrent
D)convection

Question 17

Tidal ventilation is

A)when the ventilatory medium moves in and out of the respiratory chamber.
B)bulk flow of water across the respiratory surfaces of cnidarians.
C)the movement of water over the gills in most fish.
D)when the partial pressure of oxygen in the medium is variable in a diurnal rhythm.

Question 18

In terms of the ideal gas law,if the temperature increases and the volume is not fixed,then

A)pressure increases.
B)concentration decreases.
C)volume decreases.
D)gas constant increases.

Question 19

In crustacean respiration,ventilation happens when water moves out of the

A)appendages.
B)branchial chamber.
C)scaphognathite.
D)carapace.

Question 20

Ram ventilation is used by

A)feeding lampreys.
B)cnidarians.
C)swimming fish.
D)turtles.

Question 21

Blood CO₂ content is carried in the form of all of the following,EXCEPT

A)dissolved CO₂.
B)bicarbonate.
C)carbaminohemoglobin.
D)carbonate.

Question 22

The shape of an alveolus is

A)round.
B)tubular.
C)polygonal.
D)elliptical.

Question 23

A Davenport diagram describes the relationship between all of the following factors,EXCEPT

A)CO₂ concentration.
B)proton concentration.
C)bicarbonate concentration.
D)Pᶜᴼ².

Question 24

How is an increased P₅₀ of hemoglobin beneficial?

A)better oxygen unloading at the tissues
B)better oxygen loading at the lungs
C)better iron content of hemoglobin
D)better blood buffering capacity

Question 25

Why do fetal mammals tend to have a lower hemoglobin P₅₀ compared to adults?

A)This allows oxygen to be readily transferred from mother to fetus.
B)This occurs because adults have a higher affinity for oxygen than the fetus.
C)This applies only to species living in low-oxygen environments.
D)Fetal mammals are smaller than adults.

Question 26

Bronchoconstriction increases the work required to breathe because of

A)increased lung compliance.
B)decreased elastance.
C)increased airway resistance.
D)decreased intrapleural pressure.

Question 27

Bicarbonate enters and leaves the vertebrate red blood cell by

A)diffusion.
B)bicarbonate pump.
C)bicarbonate channel.
D)chloride-bicarbonate exchanger.

Question 28

In birds,fresh air from the environment moves primarily into the

A)lungs.
B)posterior air sacs.
C)anterior air sacs.
D)buccal cavity.

Question 29

Many vertebrates' response to hypoxia is contraction of which organ?

A)liver
B)pancreas
C)spleen
D)lung

Question 30

In vertebrates,most of the bicarbonate in the blood is carried in the

A)plasma.
B)red blood cell.
C)carbaminohemoglobin.
D)metabolon.

Question 31

Hemoglobins are

A)red.
B)blue.
C)clear.
D)green.

Question 32

In the blood,the carbonic anhydrase reaction yields

A)CO₂.
B)H₂O.
C)HCO₃⁻.
D)ATP.

Question 33

Some of the air that enters the lung but does not participate in gas exchange is called the

A)dead space.
B)void volume.
C)tidal waste.
D)residual volume.

Question 34

The oxygen equilibrium curve reaches a plateau when

A)the blood has reached its carrying capacity.
B)respiratory pigment molecules are depleted of oxygen.
C)iron levels are high.
D)the cycle of inhalation is complete.

Question 35

Many vertebrates cope with hypoxia by

A)enlarging the spleen.
B)making more red blood cells.
C)using an alternate respiratory pigment.
D)decreasing hematocrit.

Question 36

Bird lungs are efficient because of

A)their large size.
B)unidirectional and continuous air flow.
C)countercurrent blood flow.
D)capacity for discontinuous ventilation.

Question 37

Hemoglobins get their color from

A)heme.
B)iron.
C)protein.
D)copper.

Question 38

In most mammals,the effect of increased 2,3-DPG in the blood

A)increases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
B)decreases the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.
C)increases iron content of hemoglobin.
D)causes anemia.

Question 39

The ideal ventilation perfusion ratio for the mammalian lung is

A)0)1.
B)1)
C)10.
D)100.

Question 40

If lung compliance decreases,then

A)inhalation requires more energy.
B)inhalation requires less energy.
C)exhalation requires more energy.
D)exhalation requires less energy.

Question 41

If a fish swims forward with its mouth open,water will flow across the gills without active pumping.This is known as __________.

Question 42

The site of gas exchange in mammals is at the blind-ended sacs called __________.

Question 43

Environmental hypoxia leads to the following pathological response:

A)vasoconstriction of pulmonary arterioles.
B)decreased ventilation rate.
C)decreased red blood cell numbers.
D)reduced tidal volume.

Question 44

The __________ is the region of a solution that is in direct contact with the animal's body surface.

Question 45

In mammals,the trachea branches into two __________.

Question 46

A vertebrate can store oxygen in a variety of places EXCEPT

A)blood.
B)muscle.
C)lungs.
D)hemocoel.

Question 47

The total volume of air moved in one ventilatory cycle is referred to as the __________.

Question 48

Immediate regulation of blood pH can be adjusted by

A)changes in ventilation.
B)changes in excretion.
C)changes in hematocrit.
D)loss of consciousness.

Question 49

Changes in pH and Pᶜᴼ² alter the shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve for the respiratory pigments in many species,a phenomenon termed the __________.

Question 50

When an air-breathing animal experiences high-altitude hypoxia,restoring blood Pᴼ².through increased ventilation leads to all of the following EXCEPT

A)hypocapnia.
B)respiratory acidosis.
C)loss of drive to breathe.
D)low [H⁺].

Question 51

When plasma CO₂ increases,then

A)pH decreases.
B)HCO₃- decreases.
C)CO increases.
D)H⁺ decreases.

Question 52

In water-breathing vertebrates,the regulation of ventilation is sensitive to

A)O₂.
B)CO₂.
C)H⁺.
D)salts.

Question 53

Hemocyanins do not contain iron,but instead contain __________.

Question 54

The equation for the ideal gas law is __________.

Question 55

The subatmospheric pressure of the __________ prevents the mammalian lung from collapsing.

Question 56

Most air-breathing chelicerates use a series of 10-100 thin lamellae,collectively called __________,to extract oxygen from the air.

Question 57

Why do many diving mammals allow their lungs to collapse during the dive?

A)The high pressure forces lung collapse.
B)It prevents water entry.
C)It prevents nitrogen narcosis.
D)The gas pressure in the lungs would damage alveoli.

Question 58

Hypoxemia can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT

A)reduced activity level.
B)inadequate ventilation.
C)reduced blood hemoglobin content.
D)some disease states.

Question 59

Cooperative binding produces an oxygen equilibrium curve with a _______________ shape.

Question 60

Echinoderms suck water into the water vascular system via a sieved opening called the __________.

Question 61

When CO₂ binds to hemoglobin,it forms __________.

Question 62

The change in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood as the result of changes in pH is known as the __________.

Question 63

When ventilation is greater than is needed to remove the CO₂ produced by metabolism and pH increases in the blood,this is called __________.

Question 64

Slowing the heart rate during a dive is called __________.

Question 65

Describe the three phases of discontinuous ventilation in insects and give two possible reasons for its adaptive significance.

Question 66

Draw and explain the sigmoidal shape of the oxygen equilibrium curve for vertebrate hemoglobin.In your drawing,be sure to label your axes.

Question 67

What is ram ventilation? Is ram ventilation energetically "free"? Justify your answer.

Question 68

Discuss three limitations to the strategy of cutaneous respiration.

Question 69

In at least some vertebrates,a small region of the caudal medulla called the __________ is essential for respiratory rhythm generation.

Question 70

Which receptors trigger the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex,and why is this reflex important?

Question 71

The symptoms of nitrogen narcosis resemble symptoms of _________________.

Question 72

When alveolar ventilation is greater than is needed to remove the CO₂ produced by metabolism,this is called __________.

Question 73

The relationship between blood pH and CO₂ can be described by the __________ equation.

Question 74

Why do "water breathers" have a lower blood Pᶜᴼ² than air breathers?

Question 75

Describe four ways in which vertebrate gills and lungs are similar.

Question 76

What is lung compliance? How is it that surfactants increase lung compliance?

Question 77

The effect of oxygen on hemoglobin-carbon dioxide binding is known as the __________.

Question 78

When Fick's equation is combined with Henry's and Graham's laws,an equation can be derived that describes the rate of diffusion of a gas through a fluid at constant temperature.In table format,list the factors that will influence diffusion rate and state how increasing the value of each factor will affect the diffusion rate.

Question 79

Describe the strategies that some aquatic insects,such as mosquito larvae and dipteran larvae,use to breathe air.What is the limitation of these strategies?

Question 80

In terms of pressure gradients,what is the difference between how frogs fill their lungs and how lizards fill their lungs?