Deck 16: Reproductive Physiology

Question 1

The phenomenon in which some female coral reef fish spontaneously transform into males if the dominant male is removed is known as

A)arrhenotoky.
B)protandry.
C)protogyny.
D)thelytoky.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

__________ is the reproductive strategy in which the entire development of the egg or ovum occurs externally.

A)Oviparity
B)Ovoviviparity
C)Viviparity
D)more than one of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Of the two types of automictic parthenogenesis,thelytoky differs in that

A)only homogametic males are produced.
B)only females are produced.
C)mitosis instead of meiosis generates diploid offspring.
D)more than one of the above

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The activity levels of juvenile hormones can be reduced by

A)allatostatins.
B)allatotropins.
C)JH esterase.
D)all of the above

Question 5

Animals mediate the effects of steroid hormones by altering the

A)rates of hormone synthesis.
B)levels of target tissue receptors.
C)rates of degradation.
D)all of the above

Question 6

Parthenogenesis

A)enables females to self-fertilize their own ova.
B)occurs in lizards,such as the Komodo dragon.
C)occurs only in invertebrates.
D)A and B

Question 7

In crocodilians and marine turtles,the sex of the young is determined by

A)homogamy vs.heterogamy.
B)aromatase activity.
C)nest temperature.
D)rates of vitellogenesis.

Question 8

The immediate precursor of estradiol-17β is

A)androstenedione.
B)dihydrotestosterone.
C)progesterone.
D)testosterone.

Question 9

Methoprene

A)prevents insects from reproducing by not allowing the larvae to develop.
B)is a very effective insecticide that kills insects upon contact.
C)disrupts neural function of insects.
D)is highly toxic to birds.

Question 10

The main regulator of the release of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary is

A)aromatase.
B)GnRH.
C)CG.
D)LH.

Question 11

Which of the following would be considered a gonadotropin that occurs in vertebrates?

A)FSH
B)LH
C)CG
D)all of the above

Question 12

__________ is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes androgens to estrogens.

A)Aromatase
B)Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
C)Tyrosine hydroxylase
D)Steroid 22-hydroxylase

Question 13

__________ is not considered a gonadotropin.

A)CG
B)FSH
C)GnRH
D)LH

Question 14

Insects rely on the terpenoid __________ to control reproductive development,metamorphosis,and molting.

A)bombyxin
B)eclosion hormone
C)juvenile hormone
D)methyl farnesoate

Question 15

One way in which gametogenesis differs between the two sexes is that in spermatogenesis,

A)the mature gametes lack mobility.
B)four viable haploid gametes are produced from one germ cell.
C)chromosome number is halved only after the second meiotic division.
D)the germ cells are diploid.

Question 16

Vitellogenin is a phospholipoprotein produced by the

A)follicle cells.
B)insect fat body.
C)vertebrate liver.
D)all of the above

Question 17

The whiptail lizards Cnemidophorus uniparens of the American southwest are unique in that they are

A)Are an entirely female species that reproduce by parthenogenesis.
B)protogynous and the largest female develops into the male of the harem.
C)protandrous with the older,larger individuals developing into females.
D)a true social species with haploid sterile males and diploid female workers.

Question 18

Insects that develop through egg,larval,pupal,and adult stages are considered to be

A)hemimetabolous.
B)heterometabolous.
C)holometabolous.
D)hypermetabolous.

Question 19

The term "anisogametic" refers to

A)the haploid condition of mature gametes.
B)arrestment following the first meiotic division.
C)degradation of the polar bodies.
D)sex-specific difference in gamete size.

Question 20

The Leydig cells of the typical vertebrate testis

A)produce testosterone.
B)develop into spermatids.
C)produce androgen-binding proteins.
D)mediate the response of the testis to FSH.

Question 21

The uterine is lined by a layer of epithelial tissue known as the

A)endometrium.
B)endothelium.
C)mesothelium.
D)myometrium.

Question 22

Of the four extraembryonic membranes of developing amniotes,the __________ functions as a gas-exchange organ.

A)allantois
B)amnion
C)chorion
D)yolk sac

Question 23

The __________ of the amniotic egg encloses a fluid to act as a protective hydraulic cushion.

A)allantois
B)amnion
C)chorion
D)yolk sac

Question 24

Parturition refers to

A)childbirth.
B)gestation.
C)menstruation.
D)placental development.

Question 25

In response to capture,animals often produce stress hormones.In green sea turtles,

A)an elevation in corticosterone levels is observed.
B)other hormones related to their reproductive condition influence the magnitude of the stress response.
C)males and females show similar increases in corticosterone levels.
D)A and B

Question 26

In the amniotic eggs of birds and reptiles,the __________ serves as a storage sac for nitrogenous wastes.

A)allantois
B)amnion
C)chorion
D)yolk sac

Question 27

Which of the following structures is INCORRECTLY matched to its function?

A)bulbourethral gland --- secretion of nutrients and enzymes
B)epididymis --- sperm concentration and storage
C)fallopian tube --- common site of fertilization
D)placenta --- maternal/fetal endocrine and exchange organ

Question 28

A member of the TGF-β family of cytokines,__________ is a peptide hormone secreted by the mature follicle.

A)CG
B)estrin
C)inhibin
D)progestin

Question 29

The luteal phase of the ovulation cycle of mammals corresponds to the __________ phases of the estrous cycle.

A)proestrus and estrus
B)estrus and metestrus
C)metestrus and diestrus
D)diestrus and proestrus

Question 30

Driven by the __________ surge,the post-ovulation follicle undergoes a change in structure to develop into the corpus luteum.

A)FSH
B)LH
C)CG
D)progesterone

Question 31

In human reproduction,once conception and successful implantation have occurred,

A)CG secreted by the placenta simulates the activity of LH.
B)the corpus luteum continues progesterone and estrogen secretion for the first trimester.
C)the placenta eventually assumes the production of progesterone and estrogen.
D)all of the above

Question 32

The trophoblast of the implanted fertilized egg ultimately develops into the

A)allantois.
B)amniotic cavity.
C)placenta.
D)zona pellucida.

Question 33

The birth control pill developed in the early 1960s prevents pregnancy by

A)preventing ovulation.
B)stimulating thickening of the cervical mucus.
C)impairing endometrial growth.
D)all of the above

Question 34

Female insects possess an elaborate sperm-storage organ called the

A)accessory gland.
B)Dufour's gland.
C)gametosome.
D)spermatheca.

Question 35

The neurotransmitter __________ plays the key role in generating an erection in the mammalian penis.

A)acetylcholine
B)dopamine
C)GABA
D)nitric oxide

Question 36

The alkaline fluid produced by the __________ neutralizes the acidic conditions of female reproductive tract to allow the sperm to swim.

A)bulbourethral gland
B)epididymis
C)prostate gland
D)seminal vesicles

Question 37

After ovulation,the remnant of the ruptured follicle develops into the

A)corpus allatum.
B)corpus luteum.
C)Graafian follicle.
D)polar bodies.

Question 38

In the human reproductive system,ovulation is triggered

A)at the end of the luteal phase.
B)by the surge in progesterone release.
C)by the surge in LH release.
D)at the beginning of the follicular phase.

Question 39

The swimming capacity of human sperm is attained within the

A)bulbourethral gland.
B)epididymis.
C)prostate gland.
D)seminal vesicles.

Question 40

The declining FSH levels during the follicular phase results in most of the developing follicles to undergo

A)conversion into corpora lutea.
B)degeneration by atresia.
C)development into nurse cells.
D)development into Graafian follicles.

Question 41

The __________ is the sperm-storage organ of female insects.

Question 42

After shedding the zona pellucida,the outermost cells of the blastocyst differentiate to form the __________.

Question 43

Birds transfer sperm directly from the __________ of the male to that of the female.

Question 44

In more than 100 mammalian species,embryogenesis can be arrested in the early blastocyst stage by a process known as __________.(two words)

Question 45

In addition to its effects in milk production,prolactin plays a role in

A)calcium metabolism.
B)gamma globulin biosynthesis.
C)uterine contractions.
D)maternal behavior.

Question 46

The hormone __________ controls milk production.

Question 47

__________ is the most abundant of the yolk proteins.

Question 48

The hormone that controls milk production in mammals is

A)estrogen.
B)oxytocin.
C)prolactin.
D)prostaglandin.

Question 49

In insects,sperm are able to fertilize the shelled egg through a tunnel called the __________.

Question 50

The earliest mammary gland secretions,called __________,are rich in immunoprotective agents,growth factors,minerals,and vitamins.

A)caseinate
B)colostrum
C)globulus
D)meconium

Question 51

The __________ is the loss of uterine tissue at the end of the menstrual cycle.

Question 52

Many mammals have a bone within the penis called the __________.

Question 53

__________ is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that metabolizes androgens to estrogens.

Question 54

Most forms of asexual reproduction in animals occur by __________ through the use of ova and the female reproductive system.

Question 55

In serial hermaphroditism,__________ animals are initially males.

Question 56

Based on molecular evidence,casein most likely arose from a gene coding for

A)albumin.
B)fibrinogen.
C)myoglobin.
D)transferrin.

Question 57

At the onset of labor,__________ acts on the myometrium lining directly to induce contraction.

A)oxytocin
B)prolactin
C)prostaglandin
D)all of the above

Question 58

The term _____________ describes the mating system where the offspring from a single litter or clutch was sired by different males.

Question 59

In ________________ animals,embryos obtain nourishment from yolk,and mature eggs hatch inside the mother.

Question 60

The lining of the uterus is known as the __________.

Question 61

What is the proposed relationship between fibrinogen and casein?

Question 62

The secretory units of the mammary glands are the __________.

Question 63

In most animals,the genotype of the organisms determines their sex.What is the relationship between sex determination and the environment?

Question 64

All mammals have mammary glands and produce milk.Discuss the features of mammary glands that all mammals have in common,and describe the differences in the anatomical structure of mammary glands in the three different groups of mammals (monotremes,marsupials,and eutherians).

Question 65

What is the relationship between glucocorticoids and testosterone in the reproductive behavior of frogs?

Question 66

What role does inhibin play in regulating ovulation?

Question 67

What role does prolactin play in reproductive behavior?

Question 68

What are the three levels through which genomic variation is generated by sexual reproduction?

Question 69

Describe the mechanism of sex determination in the two forms of automictic parthenogenesis.

Question 70

Describe the interactive roles of the various hormones in the process of parturition.