Deck 3: Becoming an Ethical Researcher

Question 1

Researchers have a strong moral and professional obligation to

A)act ethically when someone is watching.
B)act ethically when the subject asks questions.
C)act ethically at all times and in all situations.
D)do nothing,a researcher can do anything she wants.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Social research can cause harm by causing

A)the researcher to look like he doesn't know what he is doing.
B)physical harm or bodily injury.
C)unpleasant odor in the environment.
D)confusion.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following statements is untrue? The Milgram Obedience study

A)came about because Milgram wanted to learn how ordinary people could have carried out the horrors of the Holocaust under the Nazis.
B)was an experiment that used electrical shocks that were supposedly administered to pupils.
C)is an example of a study that used deception.
D)is held up as the most ethical experiment ever conducted.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The law recognizes several very clear prohibitions in conducting research,including never

A)steal another researcher's work.
B)cause unnecessary harm to research participants.
C)alter data to fit a proposed hypothesis.
D)hide any information about research participants.

Question 5

Any researcher should be cautious about unnecessary stress because

A)any discomfort that a researcher creates must have a very clear,legitimate research purpose.
B)written consent is not needed.
C)it is best to gin the experiment with the highest level of stress.
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 6

Mr.Marsh changed some of the data in a study because he thought that it didn't fit with the rest of the data.He didn't mean any harm,but there is a problem.If he doesn't disclose the fact that he changed the data he could be guilty of

A)violation of the Nuremberg Code.
B)plagiarism.
C)scientific misconduct.
D)skipping research steps.

Question 7

If Mr.Marsh traces research participants back to their identity using information they provided.He did not do a good job in protecting subjects'

A)assets.
B)anonymity.
C)confidentiality.
D)disguise.

Question 8

Informed consent statements contain a

A)detailed and exact description of the purpose and research procedures,including information on other participants.
B)picture of the researcher and his staff.
C)guarantee of anonymity and the confidentiality of data records.
D)fingerprint card.

Question 9

The Nuremburg Code came about after WWII and as a result of the Nazi doctor trials.Several of the Code's principles include

A)never use animals in research.
B)participation in research does not need to be voluntary.
C)avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering.
D)perform surgery with anesthesia.

Question 10

Violations of the ethical code

A)only happened in the past.
B)never occur in the United States.
C)are always obvious and easily detected.
D)have continued in modern times,and all over the world.

Question 11

The research community identifies clear prohibitions when recognizing research ethics including all of these EXCEPT

A)never cause unnecessary or irreversible harm to research participants.
B)never unnecessarily humiliate or degrade research participants.
C)never release harmful information about specific individuals collected for research purposes.
D)voluntary consent is sometimes needed.

Question 12

The principle of voluntary consent

A)means that participation in a study must be voluntary at all times.
B)has no relevance to human subject research.
C)applies only to animal research.
D)Doesn't include telling human volunteers their rights.

Question 13

An informed consent document includes all BUT the following:

A)a statement of any alternative procedures that may be used.
B)an offer to provide a summary of the findings when the study is completed.
C)a statement of any risks associated with participation.
D)a statement describing people who have decided not to participate in the study.

Question 14

Deception is acceptable within strict limits if a researcher

A)shows that it has a clear specific methodological purpose.
B)does not tell anyone.
C)has a monetary interest.
D)wants recognition.

Question 15

When a researcher informs an external source of a serious ethical issue that is not being resolved within the organization,this is called

A)horn blowing.
B)zipper application.
C)whistle blowing.
D)suppressing findings.

Question 16

There are some very clear prohibitions in regard to human subject research,including

A)never causing unnecessary or irreversible harm to research participants.
B)under certain circumstances,getting voluntary consent from research participants.
C)making sure that all the research participants get the experimental treatment.
D)keeping certain people from participating.

Question 17

Dr.Van Offer is conducting a research study that will expose the subjects to a great deal of stress.What might be one way to protect his subjects from harm?

A)Tell them to make out their wills before they start the study.
B)Screen potential candidates to ensure that no one is at high risk for heart attack,mental breakdown,etc.
C)Be deceptive and don't tell the subjects that they might be exposed to stress.
D)Tell them to take an anti-anxiety medication before they start the study.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a basic principle of ethical research?

A)Release all details of the study procedures with results.
B)Act with integrity and adhere to the behaviors outlined in professional codes of ethics.
C)Keep names and addresses of all subjects in a public database.
D)Get informed consent from the research participants before beginning.

Question 19

When a researcher invites someone to participate in a research study and asks him/her to sign a voluntary consent form,this is called

A)the Milgram principle.
B)the Nazi doctor principle.
C)the Nuremburg Code.
D)principle of voluntary consent.

Question 20

Dr.Mottle wishes to have her students participate in a research study.Participation has a clear educational objective.She also needs to

A)offer good grades to those that participate.
B)offer a choice of an alternative activity of equal difficulty for those not wishing to participate.
C)offer poor grades to those that don't participate.
D)covertly have some students participate.

Question 21

No one should ever be "forced" into participating in a research study.Participation must be voluntary at all times.

Question 22

A teacher must meet three conditions to ethically justify research in the classroom.Name the three conditions.

Question 23

Some of the most notorious atrocities ever committed in the name of research were conducted by the Nazi doctors.

Question 24

A sponsor tells Mr.Marsh that it will pay for his research if the results come out a certain way.

A)The ethical choice is for him to refuse to continue the study.
B)He is conducting value free research.
C)Sponsors always request this.
D)Sponsors will not conduct research without this request.

Question 25

A researcher is not responsible for protecting research participants from an increased risk of arrest simply because they are in a study.

Question 26

What four rule limitations should be considered when using deception in a research study?

Question 27

Acting legally means that a researcher also acts ethically.

Question 28

The Tuskegee syphilis study is one of the most outrageous instances of a disregard of basic ethical principles in research with humans in the United States.

Question 29

When presenting research data to the public it should be released in aggregate form only.

Question 30

Name two groups that are considered special populations.

Question 31

Researchers do not have a moral or professional obligation to act ethically.

Question 32

What is whistle-blowing?

Question 33

There are eight basic elements that need to be included in an informed consent document.

Question 34

What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality?

Question 35

What is the difference between research fraud and plagiarism?

Question 36

Value free means

A)research without any prior assumptions or theory.
B)data is meaningless.
C)no good will come from the research.
D)the research does not cost anything.

Question 37

Special populations,also called vulnerable populations,include people who may not be fully capable of giving consent freely.Which of the following is NOT a special population?

A)the homeless
B)prisoners
C)students
D)women with red hair

Question 38

Professional associations promote codes of ethics,and

A)they are enforced by federal authorities.
B)the members will voluntarily enforce the rules by imposing huge fines.
C)members win awards for ethical conduct.
D)the penalty for a minor ethical violation rarely goes past public embarrassment and a letter of complaint.

Question 39

A researcher has little responsibility in minimizing the risk of harm to participants.

Question 40

The greater the possibility of risk to the subject (participant),the greater the need to obtain informed consent.

Question 41

In sponsored research,a researcher negotiates conditions for releasing findings______to signing the contract.

Question 42

Social research can cause harm in several ways;name three of them.

Question 43

Three types of research harm include physical,______and ______.

Question 44

Name three general types of coercion.

Question 45

What does the "principle of voluntary consent" mean?

Question 46

A written,formal set of professional standards that provides guidance when ethical questions arise in practice is called a(n)______.

Question 47

______ is a mild form of harm to participants.It harms the sense of trust and honesty in human relations.

Question 48

Discuss Institutional Review Boards.What are they,what is their purpose? Why would you be interested in an IRB's operating procedures if you were conducting research?

Question 49

______ is the document that researchers use to make participants aware of their rights.

Question 50

Two major types of______ are plagiarism and research fraud.

Question 51

A(n)______ is a committee of researchers and community members that oversees,
monitors,and reviews the impact of research procedures on human participants.

Question 52

Subjects who participated in the Milgram Obedience study suffered from______ harm.

Question 53

Informed consent upholds the principle of voluntary participation and includes______
essential elements.

Question 54

______ is a form of persuasion by physical,social,legal,professional,financial,or some other means.

Question 55

______ is holding information and not making it known to the public.

Question 56

When a researcher invents,falsifies or distorts study data or lies about how a study was conducted,this is called ______.

Question 57

The Principle of ______ requires that research participation be voluntary at all times.

Question 58

An agreement in which participants state that they are willing to be in a study and know what the research risks and procedures involved is called______.

Question 59

What is an institutional review board?

Question 60

Groups such as students,prison inmates,employees,military personnel,the homeless,and other groups that may not be fully capable of giving consent freely are called ______.

Question 61

Discuss scientific misconduct.What is the difference between research fraud and plagiarism?

Question 62

Discuss the use of deception in research? Is it ever ethical? What are some limitations?

Question 63

Mr.Marsh is anxious to begin his research study,and he jumps right in without gaining approval of his study through the IRB.Additionally,he has not asked his research subjects to sign a consent form.The study is not being sponsored by any federal agency or through the Food and Drug Administration.What are the legal and ethical implications of Mr.Marsh's actions?

Question 64

Discuss the reasons why results of a research study might be suppressed.Are there ethical considerations to consider regarding suppressing findings?

Question 65

Are being ethical and being legal one and the same thing? Can someone be ethical and not legal? Give an example.