Deck 9: Middle Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the size of food portions in restaurants over the past few decades?

A) The portions have become larger.
B) The portions have become smaller.
C) The portions have stayed the same size.
D) The portions of vegetables have become larger.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is a common outcome of being obese during adolescence?

A) aggressive behaviour
B) high social competence
C) high academic achievement
D) being considered less attractive

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following statements provides evidence for the role of environment in obesity?

A) Some children inherit a tendency to turn extra calories into fat.
B) Identical twins have similar body weights regardless of whether they were reared together or separately.
C) Watching TV affects children's weight.
D) Cultural dietary choices affect weight.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Morgan and Jesse are the same age.Morgan is slightly heavier and taller than Jesse.Which of the following most likely describes Morgan?

A) Morgan is a 3- to 5-year-old girl.
B) Morgan is a 9- to 10-year-old boy.
C) Morgan is a 13- to 14-year-old boy.
D) Morgan is a 17- to 18-year-old boy.

Question 5

Beginning around age 11, boys develop relatively more muscle than girls.At about the same age, what do girls develop relatively more of compared with boys?

A) height
B) weight
C) muscle
D) fatty tissue

Question 6

What percentage of Canadian children are obese?

A) 4 to 6%
B) 7 to 9%
C) 11 to 13%
D) 15 to 18%

Question 7

What is the growth trend of boys and girls during middle childhood?

A) Girls outgrow boys.
B) Boys outgrow girls.
C) Girls and boys have virtually no growth.
D) Girls and boys grow approximately 5 cm in height per year.

Question 8

Morgan is an obese child.What can we predict about Morgan's future weight?

A) Morgan will become an obese adult.
B) Morgan will outgrow the baby fat in early childhood.
C) Morgan will achieve a normal weight during adolescence.
D) Morgan's future weight depends on Morgan's gender.

Question 9

What is the relationship between most obese children and their normal-weight peers?

A) They are likely to be rejected by their peers and to do more poorly in sports.
B) They are likely to be popular with their peers and to do well in sports.
C) They like their bodies to the same degree as their peers.
D) They are treated the same as their peers during childhood, but changes occur in adolescence.

Question 10

How has the prevalence of obesity changed for males and females in recent years?

A) It has increased for both genders across ethnic groups.
B) It has decreased dramatically from the 1970s to the 2000s.
C) It has increased for males, but decreased for females.
D) It has decreased for males, but increased for females.

Question 11

What is the relationship between television viewing and obesity?

A) TV viewing curbs the appetite.
B) Children who are heavy TV viewers are less physically active overall.
C) TV viewing resets the hunger trigger, which is located in the thalamus.
D) TV viewing does NOT contribute to obesity; obesity is genetically determined.

Question 12

During middle childhood, children develop motor skills, such as increases in speed and strength.What else increases at the same time?

A) agility
B) flexibility
C) confidence
D) interest in sports

Question 13

What is the pace of height and weight changes during middle childhood?

A) They slow down.
B) They are fairly steady.
C) They undergo a dramatic growth spurt.
D) They are rapid for girls, but slow and steady for boys.

Question 14

At approximately what age do girls become taller than boys?

A) at approximately age 5
B) at approximately age 8
C) at approximately age 10
D) at approximately age 14 or 15

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the food offered to most children in school cafeterias?

A) It is low in sodium.
B) It is heavy in sugar and animal fats.
C) It comprises primarily fish, poultry, and whole grains.
D) It reflects the dietary recommendations made by the food pyramid.

Question 16

Which of the following does NOT affect obesity?

A) genetics
B) physiological factors
C) environment
D) gender

Question 17

Janet wonders whether her overweight twins, Michael and Michelle, will ever outgrow their baby fat.What is her doctor most likely to tell her?

A) They are likely to outgrow their baby fat.
B) They are unlikely to outgrow their baby fat.
C) Only male children will outgrow their baby fat.
D) Only children of European descent will outgrow their baby fat.

Question 18

How much weight does the average child gain each year during middle childhood?

A) 1.5 to 2 kg
B) 2.25 to 3 kg
C) 4 to 5 kg
D) 6 to 6.50 kg

Question 19

How many calories does the average 7- to 10-year-old require?

A) 1,300 calories per day
B) 1,700 calories per day
C) 2,000 calories per day
D) 2,400 calories per day

Question 20

Jack is an average 7-year-old.How have his nutritional needs changed compared with two years ago?

A) Jack needs to eat less.
B) Jack needs to eat more.
C) Jack needs to eat more fat.
D) Jack needs to eat the same amount.

Question 21

Which sport leads to the highest level of fitness?

A) football
B) kickball
C) baseball
D) swimming laps

Question 22

What makes girls more suited than boys to activities such as gymnastics, dancing, and balancing?

A) their greater overall strength
B) their greater forearm strength
C) their greater limb coordination and flexibility
D) their faster reaction time

Question 23

What distinguishes ADHD from typical childhood inattention?

A) ADHD involves a high degree of aggressive behaviour.
B) ADHD involves children who are deficient in their activity level.
C) ADHD involves excessive talking and inattention.
D) ADHD involves excessive inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.

Question 24

Which of the following does NOT increase as a result of greater coordination and agility during the middle childhood years?

A) practice in using physical skills
B) myelination of motor pathways
C) muscle strength
D) reaction time

Question 25

According to a 2005 Statistics Canada survey, which children are most likely to participate in sports?

A) children living in one of Canada's three largest cities
B) children whose parents are involved in sports even as spectators
C) children whose parents are recent immigrants
D) younger children are more likely than those in their early teens

Question 26

Calvin is a physical education teacher at an elementary school.His goal is to increase the frequency of children's regular exercise.What activity is most likely to accomplish this goal?

A) promoting sports that lead to high levels of fitness, such as jumping rope
B) encouraging participation in team sports
C) making participation in team sports mandatory
D) providing easy access to team sports

Question 27

Why are certain disabilities, such as ADHD, often identified when children are in their middle childhood years?

A) because when children enter school, they are required to sit still and pay attention
B) because childhood disabilities, such as ADHD, CANNOT be diagnosed until middle childhood
C) because ADHD does NOT occur in children until middle childhood
D) because ADHD may have a genetic component

Question 28

By what age does the onset of ADHD typically occur?

A) by age 3
B) by age 5
C) by age 7
D) by age 9

Question 29

What kind of muscular control is needed for gymnastics?

A) aerobic capacity
B) fine motor skills
C) gross motor skills
D) systemic motor skills

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT meant when we say reaction time improves?

A) The reaction is faster.
B) The reaction time is decreasing.
C) The time between stimulus and response is shorter.
D) The stimulus and response exchange ability is expanded.

Question 31

At approximately what age does a child usually develop the coordination required for gymnastics?

A) at approximately age 4
B) at approximately age 5
C) at approximately age 6
D) at approximately age 8

Question 32

When two people are talking, John can type their conversation faster than Rebecca because he responds faster to the verbal stimulus.What term refers to John's ability?

A) reaction time
B) response rate
C) sensorimotor intelligence
D) gross motor activation time

Question 33

By what age can most children hold a pencil in the same manner as adults do?

A) by age 3
B) by age 4
C) by age 6
D) by age 8

Question 34

What percentage of school-aged children are diagnosed with ADHD?

A) less than 1%
B) 1 to 5%
C) around 10%
D) more than 15%

Question 35

You have been asked to create a national exercise program for school-aged children across Canada.Which of the following activities would promote the best physical health for children?

A) baseball
B) running
C) bowling
D) football

Question 36

According to the textbook, which of the following best describes the incidence of ADHD?

A) It is underdiagnosed.
B) It is overdiagnosed and overmedicated.
C) It is found more often in girls than in boys.
D) It is evident by age 7, but symptoms of ADHD disappear over time.

Question 37

By age 7, most children are NOT capable of which gross motor skills?

A) hopping
B) jumping
C) climbing
D) gymnastics

Question 38

How do boys' and girls' abilities in motor tasks differ during middle childhood?

A) Boys outperform girls on most motor tasks.
B) Girls outperform boys on most motor tasks.
C) Girls show greater overall flexibility.
D) Boys outperform girls with skills requiring agility.

Question 39

What is the relationship between ADHD and gender?

A) ADHD is more common in males than in females.
B) ADHD results from a chromosome that males inherit from their mother.
C) ADHD is more common in females than in males.
D) ADHD results from a chromosome that females inherit from their father.

Question 40

According to research, who is likely to react the fastest when catching a ball?

A) Johan, who is 5 years old
B) Marie, who is 10 years old
C) Timothy, who is 18 years old
D) Sophie, who is 35 years old

Question 41

Taylor has been diagnosed with dyslexia.What is the likelihood that Taylor's siblings will also have dyslexia?

A) 25%
B) 30%
C) 35%
D) 40%

Question 42

Taylor has dyslexia.Which of the following does Taylor have the most difficulty with?

A) speaking "t" and "e" sounds
B) speaking "t" and "z" sounds
C) reading the letters "b" and "d"
D) reading the letters "m" and "n"

Question 43

Which of the following children is in the concrete operational stage?

A) a child whose thought processes are rigid
B) a child who is self-centred and narcissistic
C) a child who can focus on more than one dimension of a problem
D) a child who CANNOT understand different points of view

Question 44

According to genetic research on ADHD, what chemical shows a relationship to ADHD?

A) benzoate
B) serotonin
C) dopamine
D) testosterone

Question 45

For approximately how long will a child to experience Jean Piaget's concrete operational stage?

A) 1 year
B) 3 years
C) 6 years
D) 10 years

Question 46

Josh is struggling at school.He is tested and results indicate he has an average IQ, yet he struggles with reading.What is the likely conclusion?

A) He has poor self-esteem.
B) He has high anxiety.
C) He has a learning disability.
D) He has ADHD.

Question 47

Which of the following is demonstrated when a student with dyslexia is allowed extra time to take an exam because of the amount of reading involved?

A) scaffolding
B) remediation
C) accommodation
D) unfairness to the other students

Question 48

Which of the following is a characteristic of learning disabilities?

A) They tend to disappear as children reach adulthood.
B) They affect less than 1% of the childhood population.
C) They are more common in girls than in boys.
D) They can exist in spite of a child having an average IQ.

Question 49

What part of the brain is associated with dyslexia?

A) the medulla
B) the hippocampus
C) the angular gyrus
D) the hypothalamus

Question 50

How do stimulant medications, such as Ritalin, affect ADHD?

A) They activate the amygdale.
B) They neutralize the overactive region of the cerebral cortex.
C) They minimize the effects of other stimulants, such as caffeine and chocolate.
D) They stimulate the executive centre of the brain to control more primitive areas of the brain.

Question 51

Zack's parents have been told that their son has ADHD.What treatment option is Zack's doctor most likely to recommend?

A) cognitive methods
B) family therapy
C) stimulants such as Ritalin
D) antidepressant medications

Question 52

Which statement supports dyslexia having a genetic component?

A) Children who are dyslexic tend to have ADHD.
B) Children who are dyslexic tend to have a dyslexic parent.
C) Dyslexia can be overcome with cognitive behavioural therapy.
D) Children with dyslexia have problems benefiting from traditional instruction in a classroom.

Question 53

Emma's father has dyslexia.What is the likelihood that Emma will also be diagnosed as having dyslexia?

A) less than 10%
B) 11 to 24%
C) 25 to 65%
D) more than 65%

Question 54

According to Piaget, at what age will most children enter the concrete operations stage of cognitive development?

A) usually by age 2
B) between the ages of 4 and 6
C) by age 7
D) by age 12

Question 55

After completing numerous tests, Janice is diagnosed as having dyslexia.What treatment option will most likely be suggested?

A) medication
B) remediation
C) accommodation
D) cognitive-behavioural therapy

Question 56

What is most likely the cause of dyslexia?

A) a genetic component
B) damage to chromosome 7
C) exposure to an environmental toxin
D) a lack of oxygen during the birthing process

Question 57

Which of the following is a common symptom of dyslexia?

A) stuttering
B) difficulty learning to read
C) poor language development
D) difficulty in processing complex mathematical equations

Question 58

What part of the brain translates visual information into auditory information?

A) the frontal lobe
B) Wernicke's area
C) the visual cortex
D) the angular gyrus

Question 59

The judge pounds her gavel and yells, "Order.Order in the court." "A hamburger and French fries, your Honour," says the defendant.Jillian finds this joke funny.Which of the following is NOT likely to characterize Jillian?

A) Jillian must be at least 7 years old.
B) Jillian is in at least the concrete operations stage of cognitive development.
C) Jillian understands that words can have more than one meaning.
D) Jillian has been diagnosed with dyslexia.

Question 60

Which of the following is NOT linked to dyslexia?

A) genetic factors
B) neurological problems
C) phonological processing problems
D) exposure to stressful environments

Question 61

Children develop the ability to understand that tall objects can be either light OR heavy.Which term does NOT refer to this ability?

A) decentration
B) reversible thinking
C) concrete operations
D) egocentrism

Question 62

Eighteen-year-old Mary heard that a classmate, Kelly, took money from the teacher's desk so she could participate in the special school lunch.Mary also heard that Kelly's parents have been out of work for almost a year and were recently evicted from their home.Mary has strong beliefs about stealing, but finds she is conflicted about Kelly's stealing.According to Kohlberg, what is Mary's stage of moral development?

A) Stage 2 or 3
B) Stage 4 or 5
C) Stage 6 or 7
D) Stage 8 or 9

Question 63

Which word best describes the thinking of a concrete operational child, compared with the thinking of a child in an earlier cognitive stage?

A) rigid
B) flexible
C) abstract
D) egocentric

Question 64

What ability is referred to by the cognitive development term decentration?

A) the ability to subtract numbers
B) the ability to enhance the child's egocentrism
C) the ability to focus simultaneously on multiple aspects of a problem
D) the ability to understand that changes in how something looks do NOT change its meaning

Question 65

Piaget and Inhelder conducted research on seriation tasks.What did they ask children to classify?

A) 49 pictures of faces according to colour
B) 49 leaves according to size and brightness
C) 49 pictures of buildings according to height.
D) 49 crayons according to length and brightness

Question 66

Tina's moral behaviour is best defined as choosing "what is considered to be normal" and "what the majority does." According to Kohlberg, what stages of moral development is Tina in?

A) Stage 3
B) Stage 4
C) Stage 5
D) Stage 6

Question 67

Which of the following statements characterizes concrete-operational children?

A) They are more egocentric than preoperational children.
B) They have gained the ability to think with abstract logic.
C) They can focus on only one cognitive dimension at a time.
D) They can work with multiple cognitive dimensions at the same time.

Question 68

According to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, which of the following is involved in children's learning?

A) active discovery
B) receiving information passively
C) learning information that is imposed by teachers
D) learning information that is beyond their developmental level

Question 69

What is the goal of the Roots of Empathy Project?

A) to teach empathy to cultivate better citizens of the world
B) to teach and model self-care to promote school and community involvement
C) to teach empathy as a weapon against bullying
D) to teach and model self-care to promote drug prevention behaviours

Question 70

According to Kohlberg, what is a child's moral reasoning related to?

A) a strict upbringing
B) the use of physical punishment
C) an understanding of object permanence
D) cognitive development

Question 71

Justin is 8 years old.He believes that he needs to follow the rules of the game or his library privileges will be removed.According to, Kohlberg's levels of moral development, which stage is Justin in?

A) Stage 1
B) Stage 2
C) Stage 3
D) Stage 4

Question 72

Which teaching technique would Piaget most likely support?

A) lecturing
B) one-on-one instruction
C) active learning activities
D) independent reading

Question 73

Which ability best illustrates seriation?

A) placing sticks in order according to size
B) understanding that hidden objects still exist
C) understanding that flattening a ball of clay does NOT change its mass
D) understanding that various shapes exist

Question 74

What is the definition of class inclusion?

A) the ability to reverse one's thinking
B) the ability to think about objects that are NOT currently present
C) the ability to focus on subclasses and a larger class at the same time
D) the ability to place items in a sequence on the basis of one characteristic

Question 75

Jocelyn understands that if A is heavier than B, and B is heavier than C, then A is also heavier than C.Which of the following is NOT demonstrated by Jocelyn's understanding?

A) seriation
B) transitivity
C) concrete operations
D) reversible thinking

Question 76

Carol understands that "dogs" can also belong to the category called "animals." What is Carol's understanding an example of?

A) abstract logic
B) a preoperation
C) linear thinking
D) class inclusion

Question 77

Kohlberg believed that, around the world, children's moral reasoning undergoes the same cognitive developmental pattern.Which of the following statements best characterizes this pattern?

A) It is typically complete by age 12.
B) It develops continuously, rather than in a stage-like manner.
C) It is unrelated to children's ability to take the perspective of another.
D) It reflects the values of the social and cultural setting in which the child is reared.

Question 78

According to the textbook, how can Piaget's ideas on concrete operations by applied in the classroom?

A) by providing teachers with ideas to stimulate cognitive development
B) by helping teachers to understand that cognitive development coincides with age
C) by showing teachers that only time is needed for children to develop cognitive skills
D) by demonstrating that group discussions are NOT a useful teaching strategy in the classroom

Question 79

What activity was the focus of debate in the story about Heinz that Kohlberg used in his research?

A) stealing money to buy a drug
B) stealing a drug that was NOT available to Heinz
C) stealing a drug because Heinz did NOT have enough money to buy it
D) stealing a drug because the chemist would NOT order it in

Question 80

Which ability is required by transitivity?

A) focusing on multiple parts of a problem
B) feeling empathy
C) thinking with abstract concepts
D) comparing all items in a set to all other items