Deck 7: Early Childhood: Physical and Cognitive Development

Question 1

What is the best way to present information to the left hemisphere of the brain?

A) organized visually
B) with emotion and passion
C) in a logical fashion
D) as imaginatively as possible

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Why are most children ready to focus on schoolwork between the ages of 4 and 7?

A) Myelination growth in the cerebellum pathways has completed.
B) The parts of the brain that enable sustained attention become myelinated.
C) The energy levels for running and jumping decrease during early childhood.
D) The pathways that link the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex become myelinated.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Jennifer takes her daughter, Tabatha, for a routine medial appointment.The doctor tells Jennifer that Tabatha's brain size is increasing, which is expected because she is under the age of five.What is the cause of Tabatha's brain growth?

A) an increase in number of glial cells
B) increased myelination
C) increases in the size of the cerebellum
D) increases in the size of neural networks

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the meaning of "brain plasticity"?

A) Brain parts are flexible and can complete a variety of tasks.
B) Certain brain areas have very specific functions.
C) The brain can sometimes compensate for injuries.
D) Dendrites can form new connections.

Question 5

How does growth during the preschool years differ from physical development in infancy?

A) Growth during the preschool years is faster.
B) Growth during the preschool years is significantly slower.
C) Growth during the preschool years is more dependent on physical activity.
D) Growth during the preschool years is more dependent on nutrition.

Question 6

Which of the following is suggested by the research on right-handed individuals?

A) Their left hemisphere is more involved in logical analysis and problem solving.
B) Their right hemisphere is more involved in logical analysis and problem solving.
C) Both hemispheres are equally involved in logical analysis and problem solving.
D) Myelination of the corpus callosum is NOT complete until adolescence.

Question 7

When is brain plasticity at its peak?

A) between the ages of 1 and 2
B) NOT until adolescence
C) varies greatly between females and males
D) varies greatly from individual to individual

Question 8

What are gross motor skills?

A) skills gained by imitating others
B) skills involving large muscle groups
C) skills for very specific and precise movements
D) skills that CANNOT be acquired until late childhood or early adolescence

Question 9

Raina is a 2-year-old girl who is developing at an average rate.What is her expected gain in height throughout early childhood?

A) 1 cm per year
B) 3 cm per year
C) 5 to 8 cm per year
D) 10 to 12 cm per year

Question 10

How do boys' height and weight gains compare with girls' height and weight gains during early childhood?

A) Girls become heavier and taller than boys.
B) Both boys and girls increase their amount of "baby fat."
C) The growth rate speeds up compared with the growth in infancy.
D) Both boys and girls become more slender and lose some baby fat.

Question 11

Which of the following is a characteristic of the corpus callosum?

A) It processes visual information only.
B) It is largely myelinated by the age of 8.
C) It does NOT develop until the preschool years.
D) It connects the brainstem to the frontal regions of the brain.

Question 12

Maggie is a typical 5-year-old whose brain in still growing.What percentage of its adult weight is her brain currently?

A) 25% of its adult weight
B) 60% of its adult weight
C) 75% of its adult weight
D) 90% of its adult weight

Question 13

What child development is the result of the myelination of neural pathways linking the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex?

A) increased memory abilities
B) enhanced verbal skills
C) increased balance and coordination
D) dramatic increases in the ability to imagine and be creative

Question 14

How does boys' growth compare with girls' growth during the preschool years?

A) Boys outgrow girls in height and weight.
B) Girls outgrow boys in height and weight.
C) Girls gain more weight while boys get taller.
D) Boys and girls show about the same growth patterns.

Question 15

Which of the following provides evidence that people are NOT simply either left-brained or right-brained?

A) The functions of the hemispheres have been found to overlap.
B) The hemispheres respond simultaneously when we focus on something.
C) The myelination of the corpus callosum aids in integrating emotional and logical functioning.
D) The hemispheres, when focused on their specialized task, override the alternative hemisphere.

Question 16

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A) It connects the two hemispheres of the brain.
B) It connects the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum.
C) It allows the cerebrum to interact with the limbic system.
D) It allows the frontal lobe and the medulla to communicate.

Question 17

Brendan is 1 year old and has recently suffered a brain injury.What is a brain specialist most likely to tell Brendan's parents?

A) Brendan's brain will have greater plasticity once he reaches adolescence.
B) Other parts of Brendan's brain will NOT be able assume the functions lost due to injury.
C) Due to redundancy of neural connections, Brendan will NOT likely recover from the injury.
D) Because of Brendan's age, his brain may be able to compensate for injuries due to its plasticity.

Question 18

What do the experts theorize regarding being a "right-brained" or "left-brained" person?

A) There is no such thing as hemisphere specialization.
B) This specialization does NOT occur until adolescence.
C) Girls tend to be left-brained and boys tend to be right-brained.
D) Some specialization occurs, but NOT to the degree suggested in the media.

Question 19

Lea and Mia are both 2 years old, and both are developing at an average rate.What is their expected weight gain during early childhood?

A) 1 to 2 kg per month
B) less than 1 kg per year
C) 2 to 3 kg per year
D) 4 to 5 kg per year

Question 20

According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT important to a child's ability to attend to and process visual information?

A) learning to read
B) systematically scanning pictures and objects
C) improving the speed at which the child can process information
D) increasing memory capacity

Question 21

A grandmother is looking at the scribblings made by her young grandchildren.She asks you whether they hold any meaning.What is most likely to be your response?

A) They are random and insignificant.
B) They demonstrate significant patterns.
C) They show a deficiency in gross motor skills.
D) They show a lack of cognitive development.

Question 22

This is the first season that Samantha has been outside skipping with her friends.How old is Samantha most likely to be?

A) age 18 months to 2 years
B) age 3
C) age 4 to 5
D) age 6 or 7

Question 23

You are assigned to set up a recreational camp for preschoolers.Because you have studied the activity level of preschoolers, how many hours per week of large-muscle activities do you organize for the campers?

A) 5 hours
B) 10 hours
C) 15 hours
D) 25 hours

Question 24

Where is rough and tumble play found?

A) only among children in North America
B) in boys cross-culturally, but NOT among girls
C) cross-culturally, but only in same-sex groups
D) around the world and in both same- and mixed-sex groups, depending on the culture

Question 25

Which of the following best describes physically active young children?

A) They are likely to have physically active parents.
B) They are likely to commit crimes when they get older.
C) They are more likely to slow down and become overweight as older children.
D) They are less likely to get into trouble because they burn off their energy.

Question 26

Janet sees children at the playground involved in rough-and-tumble play and asks her neighbour, a child development specialist, whether such play is a cause for concern.Which of the following would the neighbour most likely tell Janet about rough-and-tumble play?

A) It is an expression of aggression.
B) It increases as children get older.
C) It is specific to male North American culture.
D) It is important to the physical and social development of children.

Question 27

Fine motor skill development lags behind the development of gross motor skills.What term best describes this relationship?

A) proximodistal development
B) cephalocaudal development
C) differentiation in development
D) reaction range in development

Question 28

What is required for a child to stand on one foot?

A) gross motor skills
B) maturity of the cerebrum
C) myelination of the amygdala
D) maturation of the corpus callosum

Question 29

Jeff wonders whether his second child, Willem, will have the same experience in developing motor skills as Jeff's first child, Maya.Which of the following would you tell Jeff?

A) Boys begin utilizing motor skills earlier than girls.
B) Early experience seems to affect the development of motor skills.
C) Genetics makes no difference because motor skills are based on experience.
D) Experience makes no difference because motor skills are based on maturation.

Question 30

How does motor activity develop in early childhood?

A) Motor activity declines after 2 or 3 years of age.
B) Motor activity continues to increase after 2 or 3 years of age.
C) Girls show a decline in motor activity, whereas boys show an increase in motor activity.
D) Motor activity steadily increases from birth until 10 years of age.

Question 31

Which of the following does NOT require fine motor skills?

A) the use of small muscles
B) muscular coordination
C) muscular control
D) swinging a baseball bat

Question 32

Zack enjoys drawing basic shapes and is good at it.How old is Zack likely to be?

A) 1 year
B) 18 months
C) 2 years
D) 3 years

Question 33

How do younger preschoolers differ in their play habits compared with older preschoolers?

A) They are more sociable than older preschoolers.
B) They are more likely to engage in physical play than older preschoolers.
C) They are less likely to engage in any form of play than older preschoolers.
D) They are more likely to engage in cooperative play than older preschoolers.

Question 34

How do the motor skills of boys and girls skills compare in early childhood?

A) Girls are better at tasks requiring gross motor skills.
B) Motor skills are very similar between boys and girls.
C) Boys are better at tasks requiring precise movements.
D) Huge differences exist between boys' and girls' motor skills.

Question 35

Brian and Joseph are chasing each other around the park and wrestling in the grass.What term describes this form of play?

A) aggressive play
B) cooperative play
C) large-muscle skill play
D) rough-and-tumble play

Question 36

Which of the following describes the basis of a child's level of physical activity?

A) It is NOT inherited.
B) It is likely to be modelled by the child's parents.
C) It is unlikely to be shared between parent and child.
D) It is determined by the child's peer group.

Question 37

Elizabeth is 2 years old.What motor skill can she accomplish?

A) lacing her shoes
B) printing her first name
C) using a pencil with the correct hand grip
D) gripping her blanket

Question 38

At what age does a child create drawings of objects that are recognizable?

A) by age 1 to 2
B) by age 2 to 3
C) by age 3 to 4
D) by age 4 to 5

Question 39

What is the relationship between genetics and the development of motor skills?

A) Boys have a better sense of balance.
B) Girls are likely to have stronger gross motor skills.
C) Some children are predisposed toward better coordination.
D) Boys and girls are programmed differently when it comes to motor skills.

Question 40

During a recent parent-teacher conference, Mr.Charles explained to the parents of 3-year-old Cameron that their son is going through a specific phase in his drawings.What does Cameron draw?

A) circles, squares, Xs, and triangles
B) scribbles in various locations on the page
C) recognizable objects such as houses and airplanes
D) a combination of people he knows and common shapes, such as circles and squares

Question 41

Which of the following characterizes left-handedness?

A) Left-handed people are more likely to be male.
B) Left-handedness is associated with increased levels of creativity.
C) Left-handedness is associated with reduced levels of creativity.
D) Left-handed people are more likely to be female.

Question 42

Suppose both of your parents are left-handed.What are your chances of being left-handed?

A) 50%
B) 80%
C) 92%
D) 100%

Question 43

Which of the following is a characteristic of diarrhea?

A) It is NOT a life-threatening illness.
B) It is more common as children get older.
C) It is the most common childhood illness in North America.
D) It is one of the leading killers of children in developing countries.

Question 44

What determines a taste preference for salty foods?

A) It is a genetic preference.
B) It is a learned preference.
C) It is predominantly a male characteristic.
D) It is related to sun exposure and perspiration.

Question 45

Which of the following describes what we know about handedness?

A) The origins of handedness have a genetic component, but handedness can be altered by environment.
B) A slightly higher percentage of math whizzes are right-handed.
C) Historically, being left-handed was a personal trait that was held in high regard.
D) Handedness is generally confirmed during the toddler years.

Question 46

In a research study, 20% of the highest scoring performers on the SAT were left-handed.What conclusion is suggested by this result?

A) The SAT measures fine motor skills.
B) The SAT measures visual-spatial ability.
C) Left-handers perform worse than would be expected on the basis of percentages.
D) Left-handers perform better than would be expected on the basis of the percentages.

Question 47

What is the relationship between handedness and genetics?

A) Handedness is entirely environmentally driven.
B) Fifty percent of people are born to become left-handed.
C) One hundred percent of people are born to be right-handed.
D) Handedness of the child is influenced by the handedness of the parents.

Question 48

In a group of 100 successful athletes, what would you expect to find in terms of their handedness?

A) The majority are left-handed.
B) The percentage who are left-handed is higher than in the general population.
C) The majority are right-handed.
D) The percentage who are left-handed is lower than in the general population

Question 49

Which of the following statements best describes about handedness?

A) It is a human quality.
B) It is influenced by genetics.
C) It is identical in identical twins.
D) It is environmentally driven.

Question 50

What are children's nutritional needs as they move from infancy into the preschool years?

A) They need considerably more fat than infants.
B) Their nutritional needs stay practically the same.
C) They need significantly less vitamin intake than infants.
D) They need to consume fewer calories than infants.

Question 51

What does Health Canada recommend should be the focus of a child's diet?

A) calorie intake; specifically a diet of 1,500 calories per day
B) a diet low in fat and high and protein
C) the number of food guide servings
D) calorie intake; specifically a diet of 2,500 calories per day

Question 52

According to Statistics Canada, approximately what percentage of children between the ages of 5 and 17 are either overweight or obese?

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 53

Which of the following best describes the drawings of a 5-year-old?

A) They have no real meaning.
B) They are symbolic rather than specific.
C) They are random, but are given meaning by the child.
D) They begin to resemble recognizable objects.

Question 54

Jeremy stutters.What would be an educated guess about his handedness?

A) He is likely to be left-handed.
B) He is likely right-handed, which is associated with stuttering.
C) No relationship exists between handedness and challenges such as stuttering.
D) He has inherited damage to his medulla, which is associated with handedness.

Question 55

How many minor illnesses will a typical North American 2-year-old experience in one year?

A) 2 to 3
B) 4 to 5
C) 6 to 7
D) 8 to 9

Question 56

How common is the characteristic of right-handedness?

A) It is more common among boys than girls.
B) It is the most common handedness worldwide.
C) It is more common in unindustrialized countries.
D) It is more common in Canada than in any other country.

Question 57

What is a defining characteristic of minor illnesses?

A) They last only 24 hours.
B) They do NOT require over-the-counter medications.
C) They last only a few days and are NOT life threatening.
D) They occur in 1- to 3-year-olds more often than in older children.

Question 58

Which of the following states a characteristic of left-handedness?

A) It leads to clumsier behaviour than that of right-handed people.
B) It has both positive and negative academic implications.
C) It can lead to deficits that can be overcome by using the right hand.
D) It is a characteristic of superior debating skills noted after adolescence.

Question 59

Which of the following best describes the effects of handedness?

A) Being left-handed has proven to be an advantage in mastering athletic skills.
B) Left-handed individuals have been shown to be less intelligent.
C) Left-handedness is associated with artistic creativity and success in athletics.
D) Right-handed individuals are significantly more likely to develop schizophrenia.

Question 60

Approximately what percentage of the general population is left-handed?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

Question 61

Which of the following is a characteristic of childhood illnesses?

A) They decrease in occurrence as children get older.
B) They can be life-threatening.
C) They vary in frequency by racial and ethnic background.
D) They vary according to sleep and exercise routines.

Question 62

What may increase the occurrence of night terrors?

A) situational stress
B) a medical condition
C) irregular brainwave patterns
D) gender; boys experience more night terrors than girls

Question 63

Which of the following is a characteristic of children who have frequent nightmares or night terrors?

A) They may need stern discipline to help them get over it.
B) They may NOT get any better if they sleep with a light on.
C) They may have a stressful home environment that is contributing to the problem.
D) They are NOT receiving proper sleep and nutrition.

Question 64

Why are children living in poverty significantly more likely to die from an accident?

A) They are more likely to live in dangerous housing conditions.
B) They are more likely to have parents who don't care.
C) They are more likely to live in single-parent homes.
D) They are more likely to have parents who lack knowledge to create preventative plans.

Question 65

Worldwide, millions of children die each year.Which of the following is one of the six leading causes of death for nearly two-thirds of these children?

A) influenza
B) heart disease
C) tetanus
D) unintentional injury

Question 66

Which of the following is associated with a risk of lead poisoning?

A) living in a home built after 1980
B) eating lead paint chips
C) a genetic predisposition to lead poisoning
D) living in an city with coal-burning industries

Question 67

Worldwide, which of the following is NOT one of the leading causes of childhood death?

A) tetanus
B) mumps
C) diarrhea
D) whooping cough

Question 68

What is the sleep pattern of most preschoolers?

A) They sleep 16 hours in a 24-hour period.
B) They sleep more than when they were infants.
C) They sleep 8 hours at night and have two naps per day.
D) They sleep 9 to 10 hours at night and have one nap per day.

Question 69

Which of the following is an effect of childhood immunizations?

A) They have completely eliminated diphtheria, but minimal change exists for other serious childhood illnesses.
B) They have NOT statistically reduced the number of serious childhood illnesses since the 1990s.
C) They have completely eliminated most serious childhood illnesses.
D) They have greatly reduced the incidence of fatal childhood illnesses.

Question 70

Which of the following best describes automobile accidents involving children?

A) They are the leading cause of death for Canadian children.
B) They have declined significantly in Canada over the past decade.
C) They are the third leading cause of death for Canadian children.
D) They occur more often among children from higher economic status families.

Question 71

Which of the following statements best characterizes lead poisoning?

A) It is no longer a dilemma in Canada.
B) It is linked with birth defects but NOT with problems after birth.
C) It may occur as the result of lead from old pipes getting into tap water.
D) It can occur only from physically eating lead products, such as paint laced with lead.

Question 72

More than 13 million children around the world die each year from six diseases, including pneumonia, diarrhea, measles, tetanus, and whooping cough.What is the sixth disease?

A) influenza
B) tuberculosis
C) heart disease
D) unintentional injuries

Question 73

Your best friend is a first-time mother and wonders whether she should let her son take a favourite toy to bed.Which of the following is an expert most likely to tell her?

A) It may harm the child's development.
B) It may serve as a transitional object.
C) It is more common among girls than boys.
D) It can become problematic because the child does NOT learn independence.

Question 74

What is the impact of air pollution on children's health?

A) It kills more children annually than diarrhea.
B) It is a main cause of death in developing countries.
C) It affects young girls more strongly than young boys.
D) It contributes to respiratory infections, which are responsible for childhood deaths.

Question 75

Which of the following is most likely the cause of children's sleepwalking?

A) general misbehaviour
B) trouble controlling impulses
C) immaturity of the nervous system
D) gender; girls sleepwalk significantly more than boys

Question 76

You are a new parent.You ask your family doctor about the number one cause of death for children in Canada.What does your doctor reply?

A) SIDS
B) drowning
C) poisoning
D) automobile accidents

Question 77

What distinguishes nightmares from night terrors?

A) Nightmares are more frightening.
B) Night terrors tend to occur during deeper sleep.
C) Nightmares are usually outgrown, night terrors are NOT.
D) Night terrors occur during REM sleep, nightmares do NOT.

Question 78

What illness kills nearly 2 million children under the age of 5 each year worldwide?

A) tetanus
B) mumps
C) diarrhea
D) whooping cough

Question 79

During which sleep cycle do nightmares most frequently occur?

A) stage 1
B) stage 3
C) stage 4
D) REM sleep

Question 80

Terry's daughter has sleep terrors.Which of the following would a sleep expert tell Terry about night terrors?

A) They are the same as nightmares.
B) They occur more frequently as the child gets older.
C) They occur earlier in the sleep cycle than nightmares.
D) They are more common in infancy than at any other age.