Deck 13: Lumbosacral Pathologies

Question 1

What is the amount of stress placed on the lumbar intervertebral discs when a person is in the supine position?

A) 165 lb (75 kg) of pressure
B) 220 lb (100 kg) of pressure
C) 386 lb (175 kg) of pressure
D) 606 lb (275 kg) of pressure

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The primary function of the anterior longitudinal ligament is to limit what spinal motion?

A) Lateral flexion
B) Flexion
C) Rotation
D) Extension

Answer 2

D

Question 3

During a functional assessment,what posture is identified when a patient is standing with the involved-side leg flexed at the hip and knee with the pelvis tilted to the involved side?

A) Trendelenburg
B) Mannequin
C) Pigeon
D) Lordotic

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Spinal injuries during athletic competition account for what percentage of all spinal injuries?

A) 5% to 10%
B) 10% to 15%
C) 15% to 20%
D) 20% to 25%

Question 5

How many intervertebral discs are found along the spinal column?

A) 21
B) 23
C) 25
D) 27

Question 6

What do the posterior branches of nerve roots L2,L3,and L4 converge to form?

A) Obturator nerve
B) Sciatic nerve
C) Femoral nerve
D) Tibial nerve

Question 7

What is a classic procedure used to determine whether an individual is malingering during the performance of functional and special tests?

A) Waddell signs
B) Hoover test
C) Oswestry Disability Index
D) Visual analog scale

Question 8

What is the muscle group that is the primary mover for spinal extension and controls the rate of spinal flexion against gravity through eccentric contractions?

A) Erector spinae
B) Transversospinal
C) Iliocostalis
D) Longissimus

Question 9

How many pairs of foramina perforate the sacral bone,allowing for the passage of the dorsal and ventral primary divisions of the sacral plexus?

A) Two
B) Three
C) Four
D) Six

Question 10

How many vertebrae segments comprise the spinal column?

A) 23
B) 30
C) 33
D) 35

Question 11

Symptoms of sciatic nerve dysfunction can commonly result from a muscle spasm of which of the following?

A) Gluteus medius
B) Piriformis
C) Sartorius
D) Gluteus maximus

Question 12

What is the space where the spinal nerve roots exit the vertebral column called?

A) Pars interarticularis
B) Intervertebral foramen
C) Foramen magnum
D) Neural arch

Question 13

Which of the following describes the first sacral vertebra failing to unite with the remainder of the sacrum?

A) Lumbarization
B) Sacralization
C) Lamination
D) Delamination

Question 14

What special test is used to place a rotational force on the sacroiliac (SI)joint by applying pressure that forces one hip into hyperextension?

A) Ely's test
B) Fabere sign
C) Patrick's test
D) Gaenslen's test

Question 15

What spinal motion is limited by the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A) Lateral flexion
B) Flexion
C) Rotation
D) Extension

Question 16

What is the ligament that reinforces the facet joints and has an elastic property that assists the trunk in returning from flexion to the neutral position?

A) Ligamentum nuchae
B) Interspinous ligament
C) Supraspinous ligament
D) Ligamentum flavum

Question 17

What is the amount of stress placed on the lumbar intervertebral discs when a person is standing?

A) 165 lb (75 kg) of pressure
B) 220 lb (100 kg) of pressure
C) 386 lb (175 kg) of pressure
D) 606 lb (275 kg) of pressure

Question 18

The spinal column plays a role in protection and range of motion (ROM).The _______ segment has the greatest ROM,and the _______ segment offers the greatest protection.

A) cervical; lumbar
B) thoracic; sacral
C) cervical; thoracic
D) lumbar; thoracic

Question 19

What is the primary flexor of the spine?

A) Internal oblique
B) Rectus abdominis
C) Transverse abdominis
D) External oblique

Question 20

What is the amount of stress placed on the lumbar intervertebral discs when a person is sitting and leaning forward?

A) 165 lb (75 kg) of pressure
B) 220 lb (100 kg) of pressure
C) 386 lb (175 kg) of pressure
D) 606 lb (275 kg) of pressure

Question 21

Which position will best relieve the pain if an athlete is suffering from lumbar spinal stenosis?

A) Standing
B) Flexion
C) Extension
D) Rotation

Question 22

Which of the following describes the fifth lumbar vertebra fusing with the sacrum?

A) Lumbarization
B) Sacralization
C) SI pathology
D) Delamination

Question 23

Which of the following tests is not used to identify intervertebral disc lesions?

A) Hoover test
B) Femoral nerve stretch test
C) Tension sign
D) Milgram's test

Question 24

What is not a function of the intervertebral discs?

A) To increase the total ROM available to the spinal column
B) To serve as shock absorbers of longitudinal forces
C) To serve as shock absorbers of rotational forces
D) To serve as shock absorbers of transverse forces

Question 25

Lumbarization is a condition that is normally symptomatic and will require one to seek medical attention.

Question 26

At which level does pain typically stay below when a patient has SI pathology?

A) L2
B) L3
C) L4
D) L5

Question 27

An athlete with a suspected nerve root impingement may self-report pain with all but which of the following activities?

A) Lifting weights
B) Sneezing
C) During a bowel movement
D) During breathing

Question 28

The primary movement occurring between the L1 and L4 vertebrae is rotation.

Question 29

Which is not true regarding the thigh thrust test?

A) The patient lies prone.
B) The examiner places one hand under the buttock on the sacrum.
C) The examiner places one downward force through the femur.
D) The patient's hip is placed in 90° of flexion.

Question 30

Which does not accurately describe the sacral thrust test?

A) The patient is hook lying.
B) Anterior force is placed through the sacrum.
C) The positive finding is pain.
D) The examiner places both hands over the sacrum.

Question 31

When conducting the Fabere test,the examiner places one hand on the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)of the affected side.

Question 32

Goniometric measurements of the low back are more reliable if taken at the same time every day.

Question 33

Which of the following is true?

A) Tight hamstrings can cause an anterior rotation of the ileum.
B) With an anterior rotation, a person's uninvolved leg will appear longer.
C) Gillet's test is more reliable than Patrick's or Gaenslen's test.
D) Gaenslen's test is used to place a rotary stress on the SI joint.

Question 34

Which represents the correct starting position for the SI compression test?

A) Side-lying with the painful side up
B) Side-lying with the painful side down
C) Supine
D) Prone

Question 35

The facet joints transfer what percentage of the weight-bearing forces in the spine?

A) 20%
B) 30%
C) 40%
D) 50%

Question 36

The amount of motion between any two vertebrae is small,but motion of the entire column is large.

Question 37

The tension sign test begins with the patient's hip flexed to 90° and the knee fully extended.

Question 38

Which represents the typical mechanism leading to spondylopathies?

A) Hyperextension
B) Flexion
C) Rotation
D) Lateral bending

Question 39

In which position does a disc have the largest shear load placed on it?

A) Supine
B) Flexion
C) Sitting and leaning forward
D) Standing

Question 40

Which is considered the gold standard for diagnosing an intervertebral disc lesion?

A) Magnetic resonance imaging
B) Computed tomography (CT) scan
C) Discography
D) X-ray

Question 41

Which of the following ligaments resist flexion and rotation? Select all that apply.

A) Anterior longitudinal
B) Interspinous
C) Ligamentum flavum
D) Posterior longitudinal

Question 42

The femoral nerve stretch test is associated with a high number of false positives due to injured quadriceps.

Question 43

The quadrant test requires that the patient extend the spine 15° followed by side bending and rotation to the affected side.

Question 44

The femoral nerve is formed by the posterior branches of which nerves? Select all that apply.

A) L2
B) L3
C) L4
D) L5