Deck 4: Consciousness

Question 1

Certain kinds of stimuli have been found to capture people's attention more easily than others. Among these are __________ stimuli.

A)intense
B)novel
C)repetitive
D)all of these

Answer 1

D

Question 2

When we refer to consciousness as not being sleep, a trance, meditation, or any other distorted state of perception, what are we defining consciousness as?

A)the self
B)suppression.
C)the waking state
D)all of these

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Freud, some mental events are unavailable to us under most circumstances. What are these events called?

A)nonconscious.
B)unconscious.
C)preconscious.
D)subconscious.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

A bird just flew in the window of the classroom, and crashed into a window on the other side of the room, making a loud noise. This incident immediately got the attention of everyone in the room. What would this scenario be referred to as?

A)intense stimuli.
B)repetitive stimuli.
C)novel stimuli.
D)intense and novel stimuli.

Question 5

When certain bodily processes cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness, we say that they are

A)unconscious.
B)subconscious.
C)nonconscious.
D)all of these

Question 6

When psychologists talk of focusing on a particular stimulus, what are they referring to?

A)selective attention
B)sensory awareness
C)stream of thought
D)all of these

Question 7

According to Freud, what material is not currently in awareness but is readily available to awareness?

A)unconscious
B)subconscious
C)preconscious
D)all of these

Question 8

The professor just said that everyone in the class is to focus on their home environment. When they think of home, that is an example of a thought being brought out of the

A)unconscious.
B)subconscious.
C)preconscious.
D)nonconsciousness.

Question 9

When we say that we are "conscious of" seeing something or hearing a sound, we are referring to consciousness as

A)a stream of thought.
B)a metaphysical concept.
C)stream of sensorium.
D)sensory awareness.

Question 10

Our continuing sense of self in the changing world

A)forms intentions.
B)guides its own behavior.
C)is nonconscious.
D)forms intentions and guides our behavior.

Question 11

Tom has the ability to pay attention in class, and screen out all the things that are going on around him. What is this called?

A)outer awareness
B)selective attention
C)sensory awareness
D)selective observation

Question 12

Humans are capable of having direct inner awareness of

A)thoughts.
B)images.
C)immediate physical sensations.
D)thoughts and images.

Question 13

Which of these is referred to as an altered state of consciousness?

A)sleep
B)hypnotic trance
C)drug-induced perceptions
D)all of these

Question 14

Grandma Betsy just called you and told you that she had spilled a gallon of forest green paint all over her new white carpet. Even though you did not see it, you were conscious of the image through

A)selective attention.
B)direct inner awareness.
C)preconscious.
D)automatic consciousness.

Question 15

The totality of our impressions, thoughts, and feelings that makes up our conscious existence is called the sense of

A)ego.
B)self.
C)superego.
D)id.

Question 16

Some enchanted evening, Andre is at a cocktail party. Suddenly, he hears the voice of a beautiful woman from across the crowded room. What is this phenomenon known as?

A)the sensory awareness effect
B)the cocktail party effect
C)the beautiful woman effect
D)the crowded room effect

Question 17

As we develop, we differentiate ourselves from other people and other things. We develop a sense of being persons, which we usually call the sense of

A)self.
B)persona.
C)ego.
D)integra.

Question 18

Consciously ejecting unwanted mental events from awareness is known as

A)repression.
B)inner directedness.
C)outer directedness.
D)suppression.

Question 19

According to Freud, some impulses and painful memories are so unacceptable that we unconsciously exclude them from awareness. He said that we __________ them.

A)redirect
B)repress
C)suppress
D)undo

Question 20

Phyllis purposefully avoided thinking about all of her schoolwork during the birthday party last night, by using

A)repression.
B)suppression.
C)direct inner awareness.
D)none of these.

Question 21

You have been having some major problems sleeping. To help diagnose the problem, what would the doctor most likely order?

A)EEG.
B)EKG.
C)REM.
D)EFG.

Question 22

Delta waves are produced during which stages of sleep?

A)Stage 1 and 2
B)Stages 3 and 4
C)Stages 1 and 5
D)all 5 stages

Question 23

When you wake up, and you feel as if you have not slept at all,

A)you were probably awakened while still in stage one.
B)you stayed in stage two of your sleep cycle.
C)you stayed in stage three of your sleep cycle.
D)you were constantly awakened by sleep spindles.

Question 24

When someone sleeps, their brain waves undergo various changes. These changes include

A)a change in frequency.
B)a change in amplitude.
C)a change in frequency and amplitude.
D)none of these.

Question 25

Your husband just woke up, and he said he was having the most bizarre dream. What stage was he probably awakened during?

A)REM sleep
B)NREM sleep
C)paradoxical sleep
D)REM and paradoxical sleep

Question 26

Sleep deprivation negatively affects all of the following EXCEPT

A)concentration
B)learning and memory
C)driving skills
D)appetite

Question 27

What is the deepest sleep, the one from which it is hardest to be awakened?

A)stage 1.
B)stage 4.
C)the hypnagogic state.
D)REM sleep.

Question 28

Altogether, there are __________ stages of sleep.

A)two
B)three
C)four
D)five

Question 29

When a person's brain waves are high in frequency, what is it indicative of?

A)sleep
B)hypnotic trance
C)wakefulness
D)coma

Question 30

Of the following animals, which sleeps the least?

A)cat
B)rabbit
C)horse
D)cow

Question 31

As John drifts off to sleep, he sometimes experiences images of his old dog Freckles running around the yard. What is this an example of?

A)hypnagogic state
B)hypnotic state
C)hallucination
D)delusion

Question 32

As part of a psychological experiment, Danusya is removed from cues about whether it is day or night outside. Based on results in previous findings, we can predict that her sleep/wake cycle would probably become extended to

A)36 hours.
B)25 hours.
C)32 hours.
D)none of these.

Question 33

Elana had just been falling asleep when her mother awakened her. Elana felt as if she had not slept at all. She had probably been in

A)stage 2 sleep.
B)stage 3 sleep.
C)REM sleep.
D)none of these.

Question 34

A circadian rhythm is

A)a cycle of lunar phases.
B)an old method of birth control.
C)a cycle connected to the 24-hour period of earth's rotation.
D)a cycle of wakefulness based on meteorological conditions.

Question 35

During stage 2 sleep, the brain emits ___________ that represent brief bursts of rapid activity.

A)theta waves
B)sleep spindles
C)delta waves
D)alpha waves

Question 36

Alpha brain waves are

A)low-amplitude waves of 8 to 13 cycles per second.
B)emitted when we close our eyes and relax before going to sleep.
C)seen during REM sleep.
D)a and b.

Question 37

Ross just started a new job and seems to need more sleep than normal. Why is this likely to happen?

A)The body generally requires additional sleep with increased stress.
B)He has contracted narcolepsy.
C)He is suffering from insomnia.
D)Ross is just lazy.

Question 38

Paradoxical sleep is also known as

A)REM sleep.
B)the hypnagogic state.
C)stage 4.
D)none of these.

Question 39

Molly arrived in Juneau, Alaska to visit her aunt and uncle. Yet when she got there at 10 p.m., the sun was just beginning to set. This would affect her

A)circadian rhythm.
B)sleep cycle that is connected with the rotation of the earth.
C)sleep spindles.
D)circadian rhythm and sleep cycle that is connected with the rotation of the earth.

Question 40

What is the instrument called that is used to measure brain waves?

A)electroencephalograph.
B)EEG.
C)EGG.
D)electroencephalograph and EEG.

Question 41

Your little sister sat up in the bed the other night, began to talk incoherently, and moved about wildly. She is most likely experiencing

A)a nightmare.
B)a sleep terror.
C)narcolepsy.
D)pseudomemories.

Question 42

Nightmares are generally products of _______ sleep.

A)stage 2
B)stage 3
C)REM
D)stage 4

Question 43

Linda is always falling asleep suddenly and irresistibly. Which of the following statements is NOT True about her condition?

A)It is called narcolepsy.
B)This condition usually runs in families.
C)The sleep attacks may last about 15 minutes.
D)A person awakens feeling absolutely exhausted.

Question 44

Sleepwalkers typically

A)do not remember their nighttime excursions.
B)become violent if awakened during their excursions.
C)do not respond to questions while they are up.
D)all of these.

Question 45

Suzanne acted as if she was in a trance and seemed to be in a different state of consciousness. What was this probably due to?

A)magnetism
B)hypnosis
C)hypermnesia
D)hallucinations.

Question 46

According to Sigmund Freud, dreams reflect

A)memories of the past day.
B)conscious psychological problems.
C)meaningless brain activity.
D)unconscious wishes and urges

Question 47

Harold has narcolepsy. He says that the only good thing about his narcoleptic episodes is that, like for most people with this condition,

A)it never occurs while he is driving.
B)he wakes up refreshed after an episode.
C)he never experiences anything frightening associated with his episodes.
D)none of these.

Question 48

Which of the following statements about sleep apnea is correct?

A)Individuals periodically stop breathing up to several hundred times per night.
B)Individuals are stimulated not quite to wakefulness by a buildup of carbon dioxide.
C)It can lead to high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes.
D)All of these

Question 49

Uncle Fred has a disorder that causes him to fall asleep in the middle of a conversation. This is known as

A)narcolepsy.
B)sleep apnea.
C)sleep terror.
D)sleep paralysis.

Question 50

A dangerous sleep disorder in which the person's air passages are obstructed is called

A)sleep apnea.
B)sleep terrors.
C)narcolepsy.
D)sleepwalking.

Question 51

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming,

A)acetylcholine and the pons stimulate the reticular activating system.
B)the reticular activating system arouses us, but not to wake up.
C)activated memory areas synthesize brain activity into a dream.
D)all of these

Question 52

If your dreams are usually very aggressive in content then

A)you are probably really struggling with a moral issue.
B)you really want to be an aggressive person.
C)you are probably an aggressive person in waking life.
D)none of these.

Question 53

Which of the following statements about insomnia is True?

A)Insomnia can be caused by narcolepsy.
B)Insomnia can be caused by REM deprivation.
C)Men typically suffer more from insomnia than do women.
D)People compound their sleep problems when they try to force themselves to fall asleep.

Question 54

According to contemporary research, most dreams are

A)fantastic adventures.
B)simple extensions of the problems of the day.
C)reflections of repressed wishes and urges.
D)symbolic of unconscious fantasized objects.

Question 55

Genia suffers from insomnia. She is determined to fall asleep. Which outcome is most likely?

A)Her determination will eventually pay off.
B)Her determination will have no effect on the process.
C)Forcing sleep is the only way to cope.
D)Her effort will heighten autonomic activity and muscle tension which delays sleep.

Question 56

Which of these is NOT considered a sleep disorder?

A)narcolepsy.
B)sleep apnea.
C)nightmares.
D)sleepwalking.

Question 57

Your nephew is nearly 7 years old, and still wets the bed at night. This problem is probably the result of

A)laziness.
B)immaturity in his nervous system.
C)his premature birth.
D)sleep terrors.

Question 58

Deprivation of REM sleep in humans

A)can cause epileptic seizures.
B)interferes with learning and memory.
C)allows most individuals to handle stress better.
D)all of these.

Question 59

Modern hypnosis probably began with the work of

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Franz Mesmer.
C)Pierre Janet.
D)Carl Jung.

Question 60

Dreams are most vivid during

A)REM sleep.
B)NREM sleep.
C)the hypnagogic state.
D)none of these.

Question 61

Transcendental meditation is referred to as a

A)complicated form of meditation that takes extensive training.
B)simplified form of meditation used to cope with stress.
C)practice that increases blood pressure.
D)none of these.

Question 62

Sally was instructed to behave as though she was hypnotized. She was able to successfully demonstrate the behavior attributed to the hypnotic trance. This would agree with the _____________ theory.

A)response set
B)role
C)neodissociation
D)posthypnotic

Question 63

Role theory and response set theory of hypnosis are supported by which of the following research findings?

A)Suggestible people have vivid imaginations.
B)Suggestible people are good role players.
C)Suggestible people know what is expected of them.
D)All of these

Question 64

A hypnotic trance is traditionally induced through asking the participants to

A)expand their attention span.
B)expand their attention gap.
C)narrow their attention.
D)focus their short-term memory

Question 65

What is a form of meditation that encourages clients to focus on the present moment rather than focus on problems?

A)transcendental meditation
B)mindfulness meditation
C)mantra meditation
D)biofeedback

Question 66

Carlos is said to have hypnotic suggestibility. He is likely to

A)ignore the words spoken by the hypnotist.
B)focus on his own internal state.
C)want to cooperate with the hypnotist.
D)fear the hypnotist.

Question 67

Rikki is said to have hypnotic suggestibility. She is likely to

A)be prone to fantasy.
B)have no idea as to what is expected in the trance state.
C)attend to her own internal state.
D)become a hypnotist.

Question 68

Your friend Ricardo can be easily hypnotized. He probably also demonstrates

A)the ability to become extremely relaxed, thus inducing automatic hypnosis.
B)hypnotic suggestibility.
C)an extreme dislike for fantasy.
D)the desire to avoid reality.

Question 69

What is hypnotism NOT used for today?

A)Help people control weight and quit smoking.
B)Help people manage Alzheimer's disease.
C)Help people overcome fear and anxiety.
D)Help people control pain.

Question 70

Brain imaging shows that meditation activates neural structures involved in

A)attention
B)control of the autonomic nervous system
C)sleep
D)attention and control of the autonomic nervous system

Question 71

According to the role theory view of hypnosis, the changes in behavior that are attributed to hypnotic trance

A)can be achieved by instructing people to behave as though they were hypnotized.
B)are manifestations of hypnotized role models.
C)can be explained by peer role models.
D)all of these.

Question 72

According to response set theory, positive responses to each suggestion create a response set. As a result the hypnotized subject

A)is more likely to follow further suggestions.
B)is less likely to follow further suggestions.
C)will not remember what has happened.
D)is not capable of being hypnotized.

Question 73

In an early experiment done by Neal Miller, some rats were stimulated in their pleasure centers if they lowered their heart rates. Other rats were stimulated when they raised their heart rates. They all managed to learn to change their heart rates. This is an example of

A)negative reinforcement.
B)classical conditioning.
C)biofeedback training.
D)classical reinforcement.

Question 74

Patients who undergo surgery require less anesthetic when _______ is used.

A)post operative medication
B)apnea
C)hypnosis
D)narcolepsy

Question 75

Pastukh meditates faithfully every day. His friends doubt that it does him any good at all. Which of his friends' statements is most accurate?

A)Research has shown it to be effective in reducing high blood pressure.
B)A prolonged period of REM sleep produces the same effect in terms of alpha brain waves.
C)Meditation achieves less spiritual enlightenment than watching a good sporting event.
D)All of these.

Question 76

To achieve an altered state of consciousness with transcendental meditation, Mary repeats a ____________ over and over again.

A)mantra
B)melody
C)incantation
D)prayer

Question 77

Meditation can be explained as

A)various ways of focusing one's consciousness to alter one's relationship to the world.
B)a process in which people seem to suspend thinking and allow the world to fade away.
C)a type of altered consciousness.
D)all these

Question 78

In his study of transcendental meditation, Benson found that meditation leads to

A)spiritual awakening.
B)expanded consciousness.
C)a relaxation response.
D)more intense hypnagogic states.

Question 79

Who offered the explanation that hypnotized adults permit themselves to regress to childish forms of responding, that emphasize make-believe and impulses, rather than fact and logic?

A)Sarbin
B)Kirsch
C)Freud
D)Miller

Question 80

Evidence for the fact that hypnosis is not sleep comes from

A)EEG recordings.
B)EMG recordings.
C)GSR recordings.
D)all of these