Deck 5: Learning

Question 1

Jill has learned about all the negative effects of cigarette smoking but continues to smoke. This is most consistent with which definition of learning?

A)behaviorist
B)cognitive
C)complex
D)instinctive

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Cognitive psychologists define learning as a ___________ change that may or may not be associated with a ___________ change.

A)mental; behavioral
B)behavioral; mental
C)positive; behavioral
D)behavioral; negative

Answer 2

A

Question 3

From the __________ perspective, the dog in Pavlov's experiments salivated in response to the bell because the bell became mentally connected to the meat powder.

A)behaviorist
B)cognitive
C)psychoanalytic
D)observational

Answer 3

B

Question 4

How do behaviorists explain Pavlov's classical conditioning results?

A)The dog has learned that the meat powder is contingent upon presentation of the bell.
B)The dog has made a mental representation of the bell and meat powder.
C)The dog has learned the association between paired stimuli.
D)The dog has come to expect that the meat powder will come in the presence of the bell.

Question 5

The behavioral view of classical conditioning focuses on simple _________ of stimuli, while the cognitive view adds ________ representations of the environment.

A)pairing; mental
B)separation; physical
C)pairing; physical
D)separation; mental

Question 6

Ivan Pavlov is best known for his research in

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)insight learning.
D)contingency theory.

Question 7

As a young child, you could not read, but through many reinforcing experiences with your parents and teachers, you learned to read and still can. This is most consistent with which definition of learning?

A)behaviorist
B)cognitive
C)complex
D)instinctive

Question 8

According to the __________ perspective, an organism learns the association between two stimuli because they are paired together, not because the organism knows that one stimulus will follow another.

A)cognitive
B)behaviorist
C)psychoanalytic
D)observational

Question 9

Psychologists who believe that learning involves experiences that change the way organisms mentally represent the environment are

A)behaviorist.
B)cognitive psychologists.
C)Pavlovian psychologists.
D)observational psychologists.

Question 10

Ivan Pavlov was originally attempting to identify __________.

A)neural receptors in the mouths of dogs
B)amount of salivation in a dog's response to a tone
C)principles of classical conditioning
D)amount of salivation in a dog's response to a bell

Question 11

What was the reason that Ivan Pavlov's dogs began salivating in response to an assistant entering the laboratory?

A)The assistant made a noise every time they entered the room.
B)The assistant had previously brought food to the animal.
C)The dogs had been deconditioned through dissociation.
D)The dogs were hungry.

Question 12

A student's preference for a grade of "A" rather than an "F" is most likely the result of

A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)adaptation conditioning.
D)counterconditioning.

Question 13

The reason we are more likely to stop at a red light than at a green light is because

A)the human eye is more sensitive to the color red than the color green.
B)we learn that stopping at red lights is associated with avoiding accidents and tickets.
C)we are born knowing that red means "stop" and green means "go."
D)none of these

Question 14

According to behaviorists, __________ is any relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that occurs because of experience.

A)extinction
B)higher-order conditioning
C)acquisition
D)learning

Question 15

What does the cognitive psychology view of classical conditioning state?

A)Organisms learn the relationships between events.
B)Organisms form mental representations and make predictions about events.
C)The focus is on the information learned by the organism.
D)All of these

Question 16

Ivan Pavlov provided evidence that reflexes can be learned through

A)contingency.
B)dissociation.
C)instinct.
D)association.

Question 17

Pavlov referred to learned salivation as a __________. Today it is better known as a(n) __________.

A)conditioned response; orienting reflex
B)learned response; neutral stimulus
C)conditional reflex; conditioned response
D)conditioned response; conditional reflex

Question 18

A trained salivary response was called the_______________ by Pavlov.

A)conditioned response
B)conditional reflex
C)conditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus

Question 19

In regard to Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, what would the cognitive perspective be?

A)The dogs learned the association between two contiguous stimuli without a contingency factor.
B)The dogs mentally connected the bell with the meat powder.
C)The dogs had no mental representation; rather, the CS and US were merely contiguous.
D)The dogs learned the association between the CR and the UR.

Question 20

While attempting to identify neural receptors that trigger salivary glands, Ivan Pavlov inadvertently found that reflexes can be learned through

A)contingency.
B)dissociation.
C)instinct.
D)association.

Question 21

What usually takes only one trial to condition successfully?

A)operant conditioning
B)taste aversion
C)classical conditioning
D)lever pressing

Question 22

During Pavlov's classic experiments, after conditioning, the bell was the __________, and salivation was the __________.

A)CS; CR
B)US; UR
C)CR; CS
D)UR; US

Question 23

Taste aversions differ from other instances of classical conditioning because

A)only one association may be required.
B)the US can occur hours after the CS.
C)the US and the CS must be contiguous.
D)both a and b.

Question 24

Taste aversion poses a problem for strict behaviorists because

A)the CS and US are not contiguous.
B)it cannot be extinguished.
C)the CS and US are contiguous.
D)there is no US.

Question 25

With Pavlov's classic work, before conditioning occurred, __________ was the UR, and __________ was the US.

A)the meat powder; the bell
B)the bell; salivation
C)salivation; the bell
D)salivation; the meat powder

Question 26

Unlike other forms of conditioning, taste aversion is powerful and rapidly acquired, suggesting that it

A)is specific to certain organisms.
B)is because the CS and US are contiguous.
C)only occurs in humans and not lower animals.
D)has adaptive significance.

Question 27

Taste aversions are fascinating examples of

A)operant conditioning.
B)insight learning.
C)the contingency theory.
D)classical conditioning.

Question 28

To control the rat population in urban settings, the health department scatters bags of corn and molasses laced with poison. Many rats who survive temporarily become very sick. Then, the surviving rats never eat the bait again. What is this an example of?

A)higher-order conditioning
B)spontaneous recovery
C)observational learning
D)taste aversion

Question 29

One way that taste aversion is different from other examples of classical conditioning is that

A)it cannot be extinguished.
B)taste aversion usually takes only one trial.
C)the CS and US are contiguous.
D)there is no US.

Question 30

Your dog starts to salivate when you use the electric can opener to open his can of dog food. After learning the principles of classical conditioning, it becomes obvious to you that the can opener has become an effective

A)UR.
B)US.
C)CR.
D)CS.

Question 31

While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill when he ate some shrimp. The fact that he cannot eat shrimp to this day is a classic example of

A)taste conditioning.
B)taste aversion.
C)taste associations.
D)predicted taste conditioning.

Question 32

While sitting in her Jeep at a red traffic light, Lauren heard a loud screech. One second later, a cab smashed into the back of her Jeep. Now when she hears a screeching sound, she feels anxious. In this example, the screech became an effective __________, and her anxiety in response to the sound became the __________.

A)CR; CS
B)US; CR
C)CS; CR
D)CS; UR

Question 33

What is a conditioned response?

A)A reflexive reaction to meat powder.
B)A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
C)A neutral stimulus that elicits a response.
D)An operant reaction to a bell.

Question 34

In Pavlov's original experiments, the bell was at first a(n) _______ stimulus.

A)novel
B)unconditioned
C)conditioned
D)neutral

Question 35

Johnny is tormented in the schoolyard every day by a bully with bright red frizzy hair. One day, Johnny's father brought his boss, Mr. Dale, home. The boss had bright red frizzy hair, and Johnny ran to his room, crying. Mr. Dale's hair functioned as a __________, and Johnny's fear was a __________.

A)US; CR
B)US; UR
C)CS; CR
D)CR; CS

Question 36

In a study of taste aversion, rats were conditioned with sweetened water, light, and a clicker. What did the results show?

A)Nauseated rats were more likely to acquire an appropriate taste aversion to the sweetened water.
B)Shocked rats were more likely to develop an appropriate aversion to light.
C)For each group of rats, learning was adaptive.
D)All of these.

Question 37

How can a dog be trained to salivate when a bell is sounded?

A)Have a bell in the room where the animal is fed.
B)Pair the sound of the bell with the delivery of food.
C)Praise the dog after it is fed.
D)None of these.

Question 38

You are walking along and are suddenly startled by the loud sound of a truck backfiring. Your startle response is the __________, and the sound of the backfire is the __________.

A)UR; US
B)CS; US
C)CR; CS
D)CR; UR

Question 39

In Pavlov's experiments, meat powder elicited salivation. Salivation in this case was the

A)CR.
B)UR.
C)CS.
D)US.

Question 40

You walk past Pizza Hut and salivate in response to the aroma of freshly baked pizzas. What is this the result of?

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)spontaneous recovery
D)instrumental conditioning

Question 41

After the bell became an effective CS, Pavlov then paired it with a light. Eventually, the light was able to elicit the response of salivation. What is this an example of?

A)response hierarchy
B)higher-order conditioning
C)generalization
D)stimulus-response hierarchy

Question 42

A baby cries in response to faces of strangers but smiles when he sees his mother's face. What is this an example of?

A)higher-order conditioning
B)response generalization
C)generalization
D)discrimination

Question 43

Because of the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery, psychologists believe that

A)extinction of a CR can never really occur.
B)extinction of a CS can never really occur.
C)the CR is not really extinguished but merely inhibited during extinction trials.
D)the UR is not really extinguished but merely inhibited during extinction trials.

Question 44

Your front doorbell has a higher pitch than your back doorbell. When one rings, you always know which door to answer. What is this an example of?

A)discrimination
B)generalization
C)higher-order conditioning
D)response generalization

Question 45

Generalization is to discrimination as

A)operant is to classical.
B)abnormal is to normal.
C)innate is to learned.
D)broader is to narrower.

Question 46

Why would the term extinction be a possible misnomer?

A)Because a CS is never really extinguished.
B)Because a CS always has the potential of eliciting a UR.
C)Because the US always elicits a CR.
D)Because we see spontaneous recovery of CRs.

Question 47

Both generalization and discrimination are _________ because they allow us to understand that a red traffic light means stop in any city and to distinguish the faces in our family.

A)adaptive
B)abnormal
C)innate
D)illogical

Question 48

Your dog barks and growls to the sound of a stranger's car engine pulling into your driveway, yet wags his tail and gets excited to the sound of your car engine. This is an example of

A)discrimination.
B)generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)response generalization.

Question 49

The term extinction can be a bit misleading because

A)the US always elicits a CR.
B)we see spontaneous recovery of CRs.
C)a CS is never really extinguished.
D)a CS has the potential of eliciting a UR.

Question 50

__________________ is the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that does not predict an unconditioned stimulus.

A)Discrimination
B)Generalization
C)Spontaneous recovery
D)Extinction

Question 51

When a young child sees a cow and calls it "doggie," this is an example of

A)stimulus discrimination.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)response discrimination.

Question 52

As a young child, the white coat of your pediatrician elicited a fear response in you. Eventually, your pediatrician's waiting room and her receptionist came to elicit fear. This occurred because of

A)response hierarchy.
B)stimulus-response hierarchy.
C)generalized conditioning.
D)higher-order conditioning.

Question 53

Mimi, your cat, comes running into the kitchen every time you use the electric can opener. Her vet has instructed you to switch her from canned cat food to dry cat food that comes in a bag. Which of the following will likely occur?

A)She will always come running to the sound of the electric can opener.
B)The sound of the bag will not become an effective CS for Mimi.
C)Eventually, the sound of the electric can opener will lose its status as a CS for Mimi.
D)Mimi will immediately come running to the sound of the bag and not to the sound of the electric can opener.

Question 54

Your child fears going to the doctor because on her last visit she received a painful treatment. Now every time your child visits the doctor the nurse is with him. You notice the child seems afraid of the nurse even though she has never administered a painful treatment. What is this probably due to?

A)higher-order conditioning
B)stimulus overload
C)stimulus discrimination
D)response generalization

Question 55

Your little brother learned that a cow says "moo moo." When he sees a horse he calls it a "moo moo". What is this is an example of?

A)higher-order conditioning
B)response discrimination
C)generalization
D)discrimination

Question 56

__________________ is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

A)Discrimination
B)Generalization
C)Spontaneous recovery
D)Extinction

Question 57

Continued presentation of the CS in the absence of the US will result in

A)counter conditioning.
B)extinction of the US.
C)extinction of the CS.
D)extinction of the CR.

Question 58

According to the _____________ perspective, extinction changes a person's mental representation of the environment because the conditioned stimulus is no longer predictive of an unconditioned stimulus.

A)behavioral
B)cognitive
C)evolutionary
D)clinical

Question 59

Pavlov's dogs experienced extinction trials, however a few days later, Pavlov sounded the tone and the dogs salivated. This recurrence of the extinguished response is called

A)spontaneous recovery.
B)acquisition.
C)un-learning.
D)conditioning.

Question 60

Alex, your dog, has just been switched from dry dog food to canned dog food. Alex has always made a fast dash to the kitchen every time he heard the dog food bag rattling. What will be the most likely result of switching to canned food?

A)The sound of the bag will lose its status as a CS for Alex.
B)Alex will immediately run to the sound of the can opener.
C)Alex will continue to always come running to the sound of a bag being opened.
D)None of these.

Question 61

Pavlov is to Skinner as

A)psychologist is to physiologist.
B)classical conditioning is to operant conditioning.
C)reward is to reinforcement.
D)voluntary is to involuntary.

Question 62

Many fear responses are acquired through the process of _______ conditioning.

A)classical
B)temporary
C)primary
D)secondary

Question 63

The major difference between counterconditioning and flooding is that counterconditioning

A)is based on the concept of extinction.
B)exposes the client to a hierarchy of feared stimuli under relaxed conditions.
C)is not used by behavior therapists.
D)repeatedly pairs a pleasant stimulus with the fear-evoking stimulus.

Question 64

You are absolutely terrified of dogs. Your behavior therapist is taking you to a kennel where you will be surrounded by 10 dogs. This therapeutic approach is known as

A)systematic desensitization.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)aversion conditioning.
D)flooding.

Question 65

During World War II, B. F. Skinner was to head-up "Project Pigeon," where

A)he would train pigeons to carry messages between army camps.
B)he would train pigeons to guide missiles to their targets.
C)he was to train pigeons to drop bombs on the enemy.
D)pigeons were used as projectiles and shot out of cannons.

Question 66

After being conditioned to fear a white rat, Little Albert cried in the presence of other furry objects such as a rabbit and fur coat. This is due to

A)discrimination.
B)generalization.
C)higher order conditioning.
D)spontaneous recovery.

Question 67

Your dog is upset and agitated around your new cat. Your new cat is not particularly happy around your dog, either. Then you start to feed them together, side by side. They begin to like each other (or at least tolerate each other). This happened in accordance with what principle?

A)fear hierarchy conditioning
B)counterconditioning
C)backward conditioning
D)trace conditioning

Question 68

Your mother has a fear of cats. The psychologist repeatedly pairs her love for classical music with the gradual exposure to a cat. What is this known as?

A)higher-order conditioning
B)counterconditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)cookie conditioning

Question 69

A child who is afraid of the water is tossed into a swimming pool to teach him how to swim. What is this an example of?

A)programmed learning
B)shaping
C)counterconditioning
D)flooding

Question 70

The most thrilling part of a rollercoaster ride is the speed of the rapid descent. Yet your excitement begins to build as you wait in line and gradually increases as you board the train, strap yourself in, and begin the slow incline. These increments in level of excitement during this whole process is an example of

A)response hierarchy.
B)stimulus-response hierarchy.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)generalized conditioning.

Question 71

In operant conditioning an organism learns to respond because

A)involuntary behaviors are elicited.
B)of the consequences of the behavior.
C)genetic predispositions invoke the behavior.
D)a psychological mechanism, known as the operant, forces the organism to perform the behavior.

Question 72

The two behavior-therapy methods of flooding and systematic desensitization are based on what principle?

A)extinction
B)punishment
C)stimulus generalization
D)higher-order conditioning

Question 73

An involuntary response is to classical conditioning as a voluntary response is to _________.

A)operant conditioning
B)extinction
C)reinforcement
D)generalization

Question 74

To reduce Mary Ann's fear of birds, a behavior therapist had her relax and think of a bird. Then she showed Mary Ann a picture of some birds, after which they both watched the Hitchcock movie about birds. After a few sessions, she took Mary Ann to the aviary. This is an example of what type of behavior therapy?

A)systematic desensitization
B)flooding
C)higher-order conditioning
D)aversion conditioning

Question 75

To reduce Patty's fear of horses, a behavior therapist took her immediately to the nearby horse farm. She instructed Patty to stand in the stables, where she was surrounded by 20 horses. This is an example of

A)aversion-hierarchy conditioning.
B)higher-order conditioning.
C)systematic desensitization.
D)flooding.

Question 76

Pairing a pleasant stimulus with a fear-evoking object or situation describes

A)programmed learning.
B)shaping.
C)counterconditioning.
D)flooding.

Question 77

Behavior therapists prefer systematic desensitization over flooding as a behavior therapy to reduce fears because

A)it takes less time.
B)it exposes the individual to the fear-evoking stimuli all at once.
C)the process of relaxation and gradual exposure to varied forms of the feared stimuli is more pleasant.
D)the client is not exposed to the feared stimuli.

Question 78

In _________ conditioning the focus is on how organisms form anticipations about the environment; in _______ conditioning the focus is on what the organism does to act on the environment.

A)classical; operant
B)operant; classical
C)higher-order; classical
D)operant; higher-order

Question 79

Watson conditioned fear in Little Albert by presenting a white rat with the loud clanging sound. __________ was the CS, and __________ was the US.

A)The loud sound; the rat
B)The rat; the loud sound
C)The light; the rat
D)The bell; the loud sound

Question 80

Peter has a phobia for dogs. The behavior therapist has him relax and just think about dogs, and occasionally shows him pictures of dogs. The next session will involve going to the pet store to observe dogs through a glass, and the next week a trip to a kennel. In every instance Peter must maintain a relaxed response. This type of behavior therapy is known as

A)aversion-hierarchy conditioning.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)stimulus generalization conditioning.