Deck 6: Memory: Remembrance of Things Past--And Future

Question 1

When stating "I know…" you are referring to a(n) _________ memory, and when stating "I remember…" you are referring to a(n)___________ memory.

A)semantic; episodic
B)episodic; semantic
C)implicit; semantic
D)semantic; implicit

Answer 1

A

Question 2

__________ memory is recalling information that was previously learned; and _________ memory refers to remember to do things in the future.

A)Prospective; retrospective
B)Retrospective; implicit
C)Retrospective; prospective
D)Prospective; implicit

Answer 2

C

Question 3

In-line skating and tap dancing skills would be stored in __________ memory.

A)implicit
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)athletic

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Recall of what your professor said in class and recall of what you wore that day are instances of __________ memory, respectively.

A)semantic and semantic
B)semantic and episodic
C)episodic and episodic
D)episodic and semantic

Question 5

George Miller found that the average person is able to keep about _______ digits in mind at a time.

A)twelve
B)ten
C)seven
D)three

Question 6

Your recollection of the humiliating lecture you received after you were caught cheating on an exam is an example of __________ memory.

A)procedural
B)iconic
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 7

What is the type of memory one would use to remember the seven wonders of the ancient world?

A)autobiographical
B)semantic memory
C)nondeclarative
D)implicit memory

Question 8

The memory of how to perform a task is

A)episodic memory.
B)nondeclarative memory.
C)semantic memory.
D)explicit memory.

Question 9

The distinction between semantic and procedural memory is the difference between

A)when it happened and where it happened.
B)what it was and how one did it.
C)how it happened and why it happened.
D)how it was done and what it was

Question 10

Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different __________ memories of the event.

A)procedural
B)iconic
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 11

Which of the following is most likely to remain firmly embedded in your memory over the decades?

A)how to swim
B)how you celebrated your 10th birthday
C)the name of your third grade teacher
D)a sonnet you memorized in high school

Question 12

Endel Tulving, the cognitive psychologist, classifies memories according to the

A)type of information stored.
B)part of the brain in which material is stored.
C)ease of learning.
D)differences between short- and long-term memory.

Question 13

Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. A moment after she picked up her racket, she realized with surprise that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's __________ memory made this possible.

A)implicit
B)episodic
C)psychomotor
D)semantic

Question 14

What two types of explicit memory were described by Tulving?

A)episodic and nondeclarative memory
B)declarative and nondeclarative memory
C)semantic and episodic memory
D)semantic and implicit memory

Question 15

Tim can remember what he had for lunch yesterday. What is this is an example of?

A)episodic memory
B)nondeclarative memory
C)semantic memory
D)implicit memory

Question 16

The story about a woman with amnesia who was able to dial her mother's telephone number even though she could not declare it, is an example of priming __________ memory.

A)explicit
B)implicit
C)semantic
D)episodic

Question 17

The memory of things that happen to us or occur in our life are referred to as

A)episodic memory.
B)nondeclarative memory.
C)semantic memory.
D)implicit memory.

Question 18

Explicit memory, also called _________ memory, can be clearly stated or explained.

A)declarative
B)implicit
C)iconic
D)sensory

Question 19

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of 6 times 6 is relatively automatic due to

A)highlighting.
B)implying.
C)purposeful retrieval.
D)priming.

Question 20

General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to __________ memory.

A)procedural
B)episodic
C)general
D)semantic

Question 21

The correct order of events in memory processing is

A)retrieval, storage, and encoding.
B)storage, encoding, and retrieval.
C)encoding, retrieval, and storage.
D)encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 22

___________ means maintaining information over time.

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrospective memory
D)Prospective memory

Question 23

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition by heart without reference to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n)

A)acoustic code.
B)semantic code.
C)visual code.
D)sensory memory.

Question 24

The memory that tends to fail when we are feeling stressed, distracted, and preoccupied is called

A)implicit memory.
B)semantic memory.
C)prospective memory.
D)episodic memory.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a psychological format that can be used to transform information to be encoded?

A)visual code
B)acoustic code
C)sensory code
D)semantic code

Question 26

Extending the semantic meaning of something you already know refers to

A)metamemory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)retrospective memory.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 27

Which of the following causes a decline in both prospective and retrospective memory?

A)aging
B)lack of motivation
C)depression
D)all of these

Question 28

By mentally repeating a telephone number after looking it up for the first time, Jim was engaged in

A)encoding.
B)retrieval.
C)visual coding.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 29

Locating stored information and returning it to consciousness is a memory process termed

A)retrieval.
B)storage.
C)metamemory.
D)THUNSTOFAM.

Question 30

What type of code represents stimuli in terms of their meaning?

A)visual code
B)acoustic code
C)sensory code
D)semantic code

Question 31

Using the phrase "Elvis' Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of

A)metamemory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)retrospective memory.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 32

The process of locating and returning information to consciousness is referred to as

A)retrieval.
B)subconscious transfer.
C)retrospective memory.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 33

Which of the following use prospective memory?

A)episodic
B)semantic
C)implicit
D)none of these

Question 34

The process of changing information so that we can place it in memory is called

A)storing.
B)memorizing.
C)encoding.
D)programming.

Question 35

Sofia is taking a chemistry exam. She has not studied conscientiously, and the meanings of the chemical suffixes seem to be confusing. Sofia's difficulty in remembering is most probably due to

A)retrieval failure.
B)encoding failure.
C)maintenance rehearsal.
D)mnemonic devices.

Question 36

The stages of information processing in memory are

A)semantic, episodic, and procedural.
B)iconic, echoic, and eidetic.
C)visual, acoustic, and semantic.
D)encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Question 37

Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to

A)metamemory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)retrospective memory.
D)maintenance rehearsal.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a type of prospective memory task?

A)knowledge-based tasks
B)event-based tasks
C)habitual tasks
D)time-based tasks

Question 39

Mimi is memorizing the Bill of Rights in relation to the legal cases in support of the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. She is most likely to apply a(n)

A)acoustic code.
B)semantic code.
C)visual code.
D)legal code.

Question 40

Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance. He is most likely using a(n)

A)acoustic code.
B)semantic code.
C)visual code.
D)metamemory.

Question 41

What did George Sperling's experiment determine?

A)People see more than they can report.
B)The memory trace of visual stimuli decays within a second in the visual sensory register.
C)a and b
D)none of these

Question 42

Photographic memory involves

A)eidetic imagery
B)iconic memory.
C)iconic memory and eidetic imagery.
D)none of these.

Question 43

The processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved is called

A)priming.
B)memory.
C)learning.
D)cueing.

Question 44

Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory referred to as

A)episodic, semantic, and implicit.
B)sensory, semantic, and implicit.
C)short-term, near-term, and long-term.
D)sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Question 45

Another term for "photographic memory" is

A)eidetic imagery.
B)sensory register.
C)echoic memory.
D)sensory memory.

Question 46

The eyes fixate from point to point several times each second. What is this called?

A)visual encoding
B)saccadic eye movements
C)eidetic imagery
D)perceptual processing

Question 47

The significance of Sperling's partial-report procedure study is that he established time limits for _____ memory.

A)short-term
B)sensory
C)semantic
D)long-term

Question 48

Roberto is taking a physics exam. Although he has studied thoroughly, he cannot remember Newton's Third Law of Motion. Roberto is most specifically having trouble with

A)semantic processing.
B)maintenance rehearsal.
C)mnemonic devices.
D)information retrieval.

Question 49

You are taking notes while listening to a lecture. The sensory register holds the information as ______ in your ______ memory.

A)echoes; iconic
B)echoes; echoic
C)icons; eidetic
D)echoes; eidetic

Question 50

Humans experience a "stream of consciousness" rather than discrete choppy impressions because

A)saccadic eye movements create perceptions at a rate of approximately 20 per second, making the images seem continuous.
B)short-term memories overlap, which gives the impression of a single perception.
C)sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected.
D)perceptions in short-term memory are not stored, but rather are constantly replaced with new perceptions.

Question 51

Psychologists believe that we possess a sensory register for

A)only visual information.
B)only auditory information.
C)each of our sensory systems.
D)none of these.

Question 52

While Tanya is visiting the pet store she looks down an aisle and catches a glimpse of an animal that suddenly darts across the aisle. Which of the following enable the conscious registering of the animal's movement?

A)saccadic eye movements
B)sensory memory
C)saccadic eye movements and sensory memory
D)none of these

Question 53

Mental representations of visual stimuli are referred to as _________ that are held in the sensory register called __________ memory.

A)icons; iconic
B)echoes; echoic
C)icons; short-term
D)echoes; short-term

Question 54

The turn of the century psychologist McDougall found that people presented a list of 12 letters, shown for a fraction of a second, could recall

A)up to 12 letters, as long as the letters were presented in a single row.
B)most of the letters, if they were presented in rows of no more than three letters each.
C)six or seven letters, as long as they were presented in a row.
D)four or five letters in a single fixation.

Question 55

If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a

A)memory code.
B)sensory trace.
C)memory trace.
D)all of these

Question 56

What causes the flow of visual information to seem smooth and continuous?

A)iconic memory
B)episodic memory
C)echoic memory
D)semantic memory

Question 57

What is the stage of memory that first encounters stimuli called?

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)mid-term

Question 58

In the Atkinson and Shiffrin stages of memory, the progress of information through these stages

A)determines the vividness of perception.
B)increases the opportunity for eidetic imagery to be produced.
C)determines whether and how long information is retained.
D)all of these.

Question 59

In 1960, George Sperling modified McDougall's method of __________ by introducing the __________.

A)partial-report procedure; whole-report procedure
B)whole-report procedure; partial-report procedure
C)sensory register; partial-report procedure
D)whole-report procedure; sensory register

Question 60

Visual experience appears as a smooth and continuous "stream of consciousness" because of the combined action of __________ and __________.

A)iconic memory; saccadic eye movements
B)perceptual processing; iconic memory
C)iconic memory; visual coding
D)saccadic eye movements; visual coding

Question 61

The sensory register that holds the mental representations of sounds is called

A)iconic memory.
B)echoic memory.
C)eidetic imagery.
D)working memory.

Question 62

Preventing rehearsal can __________ information contained in short-term memory.

A)enhance
B)reduce
C)not affect
D)none of these

Question 63

Amy is trying to remember her social security number, while registering for school. What technique would help Amy in this process?

A)Stare at the numbers on her social security card to create an icon in her short-term memory.
B)Repeat the list of numbers to herself one at a time.
C)Rehearse the set of numbers keeping them in the 3 chunks format.
D)This is not possible because a social security number is made up of 9 numbers, which is larger than short-term memory capacity.

Question 64

Aaron has just been given a telephone number of a woman with whom he wants to schedule a date, but he doesn't have anything to write the number down on. If he does not rehearse the telephone number, how long does he have to find paper and pencil before he can no longer remember it?

A)less than a second
B)up to 3 seconds
C)around 10 seconds
D)up to a minute

Question 65

What is the typical maximum number of chunks of information that can be held in short-term memory?

A)seven
B)ten
C)four
D)none of these

Question 66

The telephone number of Brad's financial services firm is CALL-IRA. He felt this number would be an easy one for his clients to remember because

A)the stimulus consists of letters rather than numbers.
B)most of his customers will be investors.
C)it consists of only two chunks of information that are meaningfully related to his business.
D)auditory encoding is more easily accomplished when the visual stimulus consists of letters rather than numbers.

Question 67

The appearance of new information in short-term memory displacing the old information suggests that STM store is

A)infinite.
B)coded.
C)limited.
D)iconic.

Question 68

What is the memory that enables one to hold information for a limited time in one's mind called?

A)short-term memory
B)working memory
C)both a and b
D)none of these

Question 69

Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. What is this an example of?

A)serial-position effect
B)primacy effect
C)recency effect
D)latency effect

Question 70

What is the third stage of information processing, according to Atkinson and Shiffrin?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)semantic memory

Question 71

Paul can only remember the conclusions of his speech. This is an example of the

A)serial-position effect.
B)primacy effect.
C)forgetting effect.
D)latency effect.

Question 72

Visual stimuli are most commonly retained in short-term memory by

A)continuing to look at the stimulus until an icon of the image appears.
B)forming an eidetic image of the stimulus.
C)slowing saccadic eye movements to one or two per second.
D)encoding visual stimuli as sounds that can be rehearsed.

Question 73

The process by which new information displaces older information in short-term memory could explain why

A)the most recently learned bit of information is less likely to be forgotten.
B)the least recently learned bit of information is more likely to be forgotten.
C)both a and b
D)the capacity of short-term memory is variable.

Question 74

Visual images are to __________ memory as auditory images are to __________ memory.

A)echoic; iconic
B)sensory; motor
C)iconic; echoic
D)eidetic; sensory

Question 75

Information at the beginning and end of a list tends to be more easily recalled than information in the middle of the list. This cognitive process is called

A)encoding.
B)chunking.
C)serial-position effect.
D)the Magic Number Seven.

Question 76

Jim had received driving directions to his destination from a town resident. A little while later, he was hopelessly lost again. He most probably failed to attend to directions at

A)the beginning of the sequence.
B)the middle of the sequence.
C)the end of the sequence.
D)all of these.

Question 77

After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups. This process is called

A)primacy effect.
B)recency effect.
C)seven plus or minus two.
D)chunking.

Question 78

Memory traces of sounds

A)decay faster than those of visual stimuli.
B)decay at about the same rate as those of visual stimuli.
C)decay more slowly than those of visual stimuli.
D)do not decay.

Question 79

One will generally encode visual stimuli into auditory stimuli in the working memory because

A)the memory trace of auditory stimuli takes longer to fade.
B)the rehearsal of auditory stimuli requires less effort.
C)one cannot maintain the information as visual stimuli in the short-term memory.
D)both a and b

Question 80

What does George Miller mean by the "Magic Number Seven plus or minus two"?

A)The number of pieces of information the average person can easily recall after a single exposure.
B)The amount of information that can be memorized in one sitting.
C)The number of saccadic eye movements in a fixation.
D)The time it takes information to pass from short-term memory to long-term memory.