Deck 4: Theories and Models of Health Behavior Change

Question 1

Tamika touched a hot stove and quickly withdrew her hand in pain.According to the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), the consequences of touching the hot stove were conveyed through _____ experience.

A)Direct
B)Vicarious
C)Persuasory
D)Inferred

Answer 1

Direct

Question 2

One of the drawbacks of the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) is that

A)It does not take into account individual factors on health behaviors.
B)It only measures positive values attributed to health behaviors.
C)It does not take into account social influences on health behaviors.
D)It is designed to measure peer group influences but not familial influences on health behaviors.

Answer 2

It does not take into account social influences on health behaviors.

Question 3

Edward has smoked for over 15 years.He has recently joined a basketball league and his smoking has caused him to have breathing problems when he runs.Edward has determined that the reinforcement of playing basketball with his friends outweighs the reinforcement of smoking.According to the _____, Edward will choose the alternate behavior of playing basketball.

A)Expectancy Value Theory with Matching Law
B)Planned Theory of Behavior
C)Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change
D)Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 3

Expectancy Value Theory with Matching Law

Question 4

According to the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), _____ are essential to the acquisition and regulation of behaviors.

A)Peer groups
B)Ecological groups
C)Physiological measurements
D)Cognitive processes

Question 5

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) was developed by

A)Fishbein.
B)Bandura.
C)Sallis.
D)Rovniak.

Question 6

Matching Law was created to

A)Address one of the limitations of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).
B)Address one of the limitations of the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT).
C)Measure the effects of peer group influences on health outcomes.
D)Measure the effects of individual influences on health outcomes.

Question 7

The Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) describes a _____ process.

A)Genetic
B)Cognitive
C)Systematic
D)Global

Question 8

Renee enjoys smoking and assigns her smoking behavior a "positive" value based on the fact that she engages in this behavior whenever she is with her friends.According to the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT), Renee is most likely to

A)Seek professional help to stop smoking.
B)Continue smoking.
C)Cut back on her smoking due to the risks associated with this behavior.
D)None of the above

Question 9

The Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) was developed by

A)Hippocrates
B)Fishbein
C)Palmgreen
D)Freud

Question 10

Bandura theorized that consequences are communicated through response information cues in all but the following ways:

A)Direct experiences
B)Vicarious experiences
C)Judgments by others
D)Reciprocal determinism

Question 11

Social Cognitive Theory and the_____ incorporate several of the concepts of the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) into their model of health behaviors.

A)Health Belief Model
B)Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change
C)Theory of Planned Behavior
D)Ecological Theory of Behavior

Question 12

Learning by adhering to another's judgments about specific behaviors is called

A)Inferred learning.
B)Persuasory learning.
C)Vicarious learning.
D)Direct learning.

Question 13

Health behaviors are influenced by

A)Knowledge of the health consequences of one's behaviors.
B)Access to health care.
C)Friends, peer groups and family members.
D)All of the above

Question 14

The consequences of behavior and the value assigned to the behavior are based on _____ experiences with the behavior and its outcome.

A)Individual
B)Family
C)Cultural
D)Ethnic

Question 15

Theodore uses a combination of many different models to explain or predict health behaviors.He is using a _____ model.

A)Systematized
B)Global
C)Blended
D)Varied

Question 16

The _____ approach to understanding health behaviors includes individual, cultural and social networks, and environmental contributions.

A)Ecological
B)Psychological
C)Sociological
D)Biological

Question 17

Which of the following statements is TRUE in reference to Expectancy Value Theory (EVT)

A)Three forces motivate behavior.
B)Every behavior has a consequence.
C)Only positive values are assigned to behavioral outcomes.
D)The EVT was developed by Sigmund Freud.

Question 18

_____ experiences occur when a person learns by observing another's encounters.

A)Reciprocal
B)Direct
C)Vicarious
D)Persuasory

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a theoretical model used by health psychologists to explain or predict health behaviors

A)Global Health Care Theory
B)Theory of Planned Behavior
C)Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change
D)Expectancy Value Theory

Question 20

According to the Expectancy Value Theory (EVT), _____ forces motivate behavior.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 21

_____ is learning that originated from a person's own knowledge.

A)Vicarious learning
B)Inferred learning
C)Direct learning
D)Indirect learning

Question 22

Jody believes her actions of dieting will produce her expected outcomes of losing weight.This belief is related to the concept of

A)Self-efficacy.
B)Persuasory learning.
C)Reciprocal determinism.
D)Influential behaviors.

Question 23

The level of mastery needed to accomplish a specific task is called

A)Magnitude.
B)Self-efficacy.
C)Generality.
D)Interference.

Question 24

Who proposed the Theory of Planned Behaviors

A)Fishbein
B)Ajzen
C)Bandura
D)Ling

Question 25

Criticisms of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) include the fact that

A)The theory cannot explain addictive behaviors.
B)The theory identifies subjective norms as factors influencing behaviors.
C)The theory does not consider the effects of attitudes on behaviors.
D)The theory does not address group influences.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is TRUE

A)Research supporting the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) focuses on the actual behaviors of the individual rather than predictions.
B)Subjective norms are considered unimportant in the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA).
C)The Expectancy Value Theory (EVT) is the primary model of health behaviors used in psychology.
D)Support for the Theory of Reasoned Action is mixed.

Question 27

A study of adherence to treatment regimens for diabetes and hypertension among South Africans (Kagee & Van der Merwe; 2006) found that _____ was one of the strongest predictors of behavioral outcomes.

A)Attitude
B)Perceived behavioral control
C)Subjective norms
D)All of the above

Question 28

What are "subjective norms"

A)A person's belief in their abilities to perform a given task
B)A person's belief about what others think of his/her own behavior
C)A person's belief that learned behavioral consequences guide behavior
D)None of the above

Question 29

The Theory of Planned Behaviors (TPB) is a revision of which theory

A)Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
B)Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
C)Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TMC)
D)Health Belief Model (HBM)

Question 30

_____ is defined as a person's judgment about their ability to perform a task.

A)Magnitude
B)Reciprocal determinism
C)Self-efficacy
D)Persuasory learning

Question 31

The Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) identify _____ and _____ as two constructs that contribute to the explanation of behavior.

A)Attitude; subjective norms
B)Attitude; peer influences
C)Perceived behavioral control; attitude
D)Subjective norms; perceived behavioral control

Question 32

Mel's behaviors tend to be shaped by his parents' thoughts and beliefs.Which theoretical perspective is used to explain this concept

A)Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
B)Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
C)Expectancy Value Theory (EVT)
D)Reciprocal Determinism Theory (RDT)

Question 33

The _____ states that an individual's behavior is determined by their intentions.

A)Expectancy Value Theory (EVT)
B)Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
C)Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
D)Theory of Learned Behaviors (TLB)

Question 34

The concept of _____ is used to account for nonvolitional actions.

A)Vicarious learning
B)Reciprocal determinism
C)Perceived behavioral control
D)Subjective norms

Question 35

The primary limitation of the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is that

A)It does not include vicarious learning.
B)It is too focused on cognitions.
C)It does not take peer group influences into consideration.
D)It is unable to test for reciprocal determinism.

Question 36

Which of the following variables is NOT a factor of reciprocal determinism

A)Self-efficacy
B)Environmental events
C)Behaviors
D)Personal factors

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of efficacy expectations

A)Magnitude
B)Interference
C)Generality
D)Strength

Question 38

Reciprocal determinism involves _____ variables.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 39

Cheyenne believes she will do very well on her biology test.Cheyenne most likely has

A)High self-efficacy
B)Low self-efficacy
C)No self-efficacy
D)Varied self-efficacy

Question 40

Behaviors that are under a person's control are called

A)Vicarious acts.
B)Inferred behaviors.
C)Volitional acts.
D)Nonvolitional acts.

Question 41

The notion of _____ was eventually added to the Health Belief Model (HBM) as the 6th concept used to explain health behaviors.

A)Reciprocal determinism
B)Self-efficacy
C)Subjective norm
D)Vicarious learning

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a key concept used with the Health Belief Model (HBM) to explain health behaviors

A)Perceived benefits
B)Perceived susceptibility
C)Perceived behavioral control
D)Perceived barriers

Question 43

What type of unanticipated barrier did Pendry (2001) discover in the research conducted on South African villagers who were given HIV tests

A)Increased anxiety
B)Stigma
C)Lowered self-efficacy
D)Depression

Question 44

Which of the following statements is TRUE in reference to perceived benefits and perceived barriers

A)They both help individuals recognize the symptoms related to an illness.
B)They both help an individual understand the best method of treatment for an illness.
C)They both help an individual gauge how severe their illness is.
D)They both help individuals transition from potential to actual behavioral change.

Question 45

According to the _____, one's "subjective frame of reference" is an essential component to understanding health behaviors.

A)Social Cognitive Theory (SCT)
B)Expectancy Value Theory (EVT)
C)Health Belief Model (HBM)
D)Theory of Planned Behaviors (TPB)

Question 46

The Health Belief Model (HBM) was designed to

A)Measure one's level of self-efficacy as it relates to health behaviors.
B)Assist with the creation and implementation of health policies.
C)Explore the effects of individual and peer influences on health behaviors.
D)Examine motivational factors associated with health behaviors.

Question 47

The Health Belief Model (HBM) was introduced in

A)1970.
B)1974.
C)1982.
D)1990.

Question 48

Health psychologists are interested in measuring the degree to which Marco feels at risk for catching the H1N1 virus.Health psychologists are therefore interested in Marco's

A)Perceived severity.
B)Perceived susceptibility.
C)Perceived self-efficacy.
D)Perceived barriers.

Question 49

_____ contributes the least to explaining health behaviors (Janz & Becker; 1984).

A)Perceived benefits
B)Perceived severity
C)Perceived treatments
D)Perceived susceptibility

Question 50

Perceived susceptibility and perceived _____ contribute to one's perceived threat of disease.

A)Benefits
B)Self-efficacy
C)Severity
D)Barriers

Question 51

The Health Belief Model (HBM) seeks to explain health behaviors of persons who believe they are

A)Unhealthy.
B)Healthy.
C)Disease-stricken.
D)Mentally ill.

Question 52

Which of the following may be considered a barrier to performing a health behavior

A)Money
B)Stigma
C)Loss of social standing
D)All of the above

Question 53

Perceived severity is shaped by the perceived impact of the disease on the person's life and

A)The person's medical knowledge.
B)The person's access to health care.
C)The person's emotional response to the illness.
D)The person's risk factors for developing the illness.

Question 54

Rosenstock introduced the Health Behavior Model (HBM) to understand

A)Why and under what conditions a person uses preventative health services.
B)Why an individual engages in addictive behaviors and how preventative health services assist with addiction treatment.
C)How spontaneous or habitual behaviors affect one's use of health services.
D)How subjective norms play a role in health behaviors.

Question 55

According to the Health Belief Model (HBM), _____ and _____ affect the likelihood of a person taking action against a disease.

A)Perceived susceptibility; perceived severity
B)Perceived benefits; perceived barriers
C)Perceived behavioral control; perceived severity
D)Perceived benefits; perceived behavioral control

Question 56

According to the research conducted on the effectiveness of the Health Belief Model (Janz and Becker; 1984), _____ were found to be the strongest of the 4 constructs in explaining "sick role behaviors."

A)Perceived treatments
B)Perceived actions
C)Perceived benefits
D)Perceived barriers

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of a "preventative health service"

A)Well-care medical visits
B)Seeking dental care for a toothache
C)Making an appointment with the physician to determine the cause of a long-term respiratory problem
D)None of the above

Question 58

Janz and Becker (1984) conducted a review to test the explanatory power of the Health Belief Model (HBM) and found

A)Strong evidence to support 3 of the 4 constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM).
B)Strong evidence to support all 4 of the constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM).
C)No evidence to support any of the 4 constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM).
D)Mild evidence to support 1 of the 4 constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM).

Question 59

The central concepts of the Health Belief Model (HBM) were derived from the work of

A)Hippocrates.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)Albert Bandura.
D)Kurt Lewin.

Question 60

Perceived severity is a(n) _____ value.

A)Subjective
B)Objective
C)Scientific
D)Ecological

Question 61

In order to reinforce positive behavior, social marketing must

A)Associate an intangible concept with a tangible symbol that represents the concept.
B)Associate a tangible symbol with one's socioeconomic status.
C)Use a large target audience.
D)Provide tangible rewards as reinforcement for positive behavior.

Question 62

The _____ stage is not considered a formal stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change.

A)Precontemplative
B)Contemplative
C)Action
D)Recidivism

Question 63

Which of the following examples demonstrates how social marketing enhances health behaviors

A)Encouraging energy reduction in the United States
B)Improving mother-to-child nutrition
C)Implementing intervention programs on hypertension
D)All of the above

Question 64

The Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change (TTM) explains behavioral change as a(n) ____ rather than a(n) _____.

A)Process; event
B)Event; process
C)Benefit; barrier
D)Barrier; benefit

Question 65

The _____ stage signals a readiness to change behaviors.

A)Action
B)Maintenance
C)Contemplative
D)Preparation for action

Question 66

What is the goal of social marketing

A)To help individuals improve their lives through the use of tangible goods.
B)To produce social change by causing outcomes that will benefit the individual and society.
C)To prevent recidivism in behaviors.
D)To encourage the exploration of various treatment options for illnesses.

Question 67

Which stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change is characterized as the "not ready for change" stage

A)The precontemplative stage
B)The contemplative stage
C)The action stage
D)The preparation for action stage

Question 68

Approximately how long does the action stage last before an individual moves to the next stage of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM)

A)1 month
B)3 months
C)6 months
D)1 year

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a marketing principle used with social marketing

A)Perception
B)Promotion
C)Place
D)Price

Question 70

Prochaska and DiClemente's Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM) states that people must move through _____ stages to obtain successful behavioral change.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 71

Social marketing campaigns emphasize

A)Results.
B)Treatment options.
C)Socioeconomic factors.
D)Choices.

Question 72

The Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM) is a _____ model.

A)Sociological
B)Stage
C)Systemic
D)Varied

Question 73

Under which conditions do cues to action prompt an individual to act

A)The individual perceives they are susceptible to disease.
B)The individual negatively views the benefits of action.
C)The individual views the disease as short-term.
D)The individual identifies many barriers to action.

Question 74

Annette is thinking about quitting smoking; however, she hasn't taken any formal action to do so.Based on the Transtheoretical Model of Behavioral Change (TTM), Annette is in the _____ stage.

A)Precontemplative
B)Contemplative
C)Action
D)Maintenance

Question 75

The selection of a target audience who will be the intended recipient of a health behavior message is called

A)Market audience.
B)Market selection.
C)Market segmentation.
D)Market variation.

Question 76

Social marketing differs from commercial marketing in that

A)Commercial marketers sell intangible products.
B)Commercial marketers are not concerned about advertising.
C)Social marketers do not have a tangible product to sell.
D)Social marketing and commercial marketing are one in the same.

Question 77

Research conducted by Walter et al.(1993; 1992) on the role of self-efficacy in engaging in preventative HIV/AIDS risk behaviors of teens concluded that self-efficacy is important for performing a behavior; however

A)It does not improve help-seeking behaviors.
B)It can be undermined by substance use.
C)It was an inconclusive finding for females.
D)All of the above

Question 78

Which stage requires constant monitoring and attention to the new behavior

A)Action
B)Preparation for action
C)Maintenance
D)Contemplative

Question 79

June is finishing the action stage of change, which means she will most likely be transitioning into the _____ stage.

A)Contemplative
B)Maintenance
C)Recidivism
D)Preparation

Question 80

The regression to old behaviors is called

A)Precontemplation.
B)Determinism.
C)Recidivism.
D)Preparation for action.