Deck 10: Chronic Pain Management and Arthritis

Question 1

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that approximately _____ of people 65 years of age or older report frequent back pain.

A)30%
B)40%
C)50%
D)60%

Answer 1

30%

Question 2

Chronic pain is defined as long-term pain that can be controlled

A)But not eliminated entirely.
B)And eventually eliminated completely.
C)And cured with 3-6 months.
D)Treated with medication to make the symptoms disappear.

Answer 2

But not eliminated entirely.

Question 3

Health psychologists are interested in studying chronic pain because

A)It has been linked to mental illness.
B)It implies a revision of healthcare policy in order to be effectively treated.
C)It affects a person's perceived quality of life and overall well-being.
D)Individuals often self-medicate to cope with the pain.

Answer 3

It affects a person's perceived quality of life and overall well-being.

Question 4

Changing treatments for juvenile arthritis is necessary to

A)Ensure a variety of methods are used.
B)Improve pain management.
C)Minimize costs associated with treatment.
D)None of the above

Question 5

The 106th session of the U.S.Congress passed a resolution stating that the period of time from 2001-2010 would be called the

A)"Decade of Pain Control and Research."
B)"Decade of Arthritis Research."
C)"Decade of Chronic Illness Treatment and Research."
D)"Decade of Arthritis and Cancer Research."

Question 6

The majority of research on pain management focuses on the two main processes:

A)Pain management or pain elimination.
B)Pain thresholds or pain management.
C)Pain elimination or pain thresholds.
D)Pain treatments or pain management outcomes.

Question 7

_____ is a special branch of medicine designed to help athletes who suffer from sports-related injuries.

A)Sports sociology
B)Health psychology
C)Sports medicine
D)Environmental medicine

Question 8

Medical providers report that over _____ of all patient visits list pain as the primary symptom.

A)50%
B)60%
C)70%
D)80%

Question 9

Research conducted by Faucett, Gordon and Levine (1994) suggested that _____ and _____ reported greater post-operative pain than did Caucasians.

A)African Americans; Latinos
B)African Americans; Native Americans
C)Latinos; Native Americans
D)Asian; Latinos

Question 10

One reason it is difficult to assess an individual's pain is because

A)Some people are dishonest about the level of pain they are experiencing.
B)The tests can be costly and most health insurance companies do not insure pain measurement assessments.
C)There is an absence of reliable measures of pain.
D)Pain levels fluctuate.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT considered a common treatment for juvenile arthritis

A)Vitamin supplements
B)Exercise therapy
C)Drug treatments
D)Psychological approaches

Question 12

Efforts to study and address pain and pain management have been affected by

A)The changing characteristics of pain.
B)Pain management versus pain elimination.
C)Gender and cultural differences.
D)All of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 most common types of arthritis

A)Rheumatoid arthritis
B)Osteoarthritis
C)Reactive arthritis
D)Gout

Question 14

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis typically affects children before they reach age

A)10
B)12
C)14
D)16

Question 15

A study by Tunks (2008) concluded that injury-related pain focuses on _____ because of the fact that pain due to injury often lingers past the point of treatment.

A)Elimination
B)Tolerance
C)Management
D)Outcomes

Question 16

Which of the following is a role of a health psychologist working with sports-related injuries

A)To help the athlete locate appropriate healthcare.
B)To assist the athlete with coping strategies to deal with feelings of loss and depression.
C)To ensure the athlete has alternative activities to replace the loss of the sport.
D)To help the athlete explore alternative sources of income.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the general perception of pain

A)Pain quality
B)Pain location
C)Temporal pattern
D)Occupational effects

Question 18

Researchers have discovered that injury-related pain and disability show rapid improvement for _____ during the healing process.

A)The 1st month
B)The first 6 weeks
C)The first 3 months
D)The first 6 months

Question 19

There are currently over _____ pain assessment measures currently in use in the medical field.

A)70
B)80
C)90
D)100

Question 20

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis

A)A male Caucasian child
B)A female Caucasian child
C)A male Hispanic child
D)A female Hispanic child

Question 21

A(n) _____ disease is one in which the degeneration or inflammation worsens over time.

A)Chronic
B)Acute
C)Progressive
D)Inflammatory

Question 22

What is the synovium

A)The connective tissue of the joints and ligaments
B)The thin layer of tissue that covers the joints
C)The connection between the bones and joints
D)The inflamed part of the joints

Question 23

_____ is the body's normal response to injury.

A)Inflammation
B)Autoimmunity
C)Numbing
D)Stiffness

Question 24

Respite care is a type of

A)Healthcare policy.
B)Social support assistance.
C)Arthritis treatment.
D)Caregiver support group.

Question 25

_____ involves the degeneration of the joints.

A)Rheumatoid arthritis
B)Inflammatory arthritis
C)Progressive arthritis
D)Osteoarthritis

Question 26

Mike has been diagnosed with inflammation of the joints, most commonly called

A)Rheumatoid arthritis.
B)Osteoarthritis.
C)Inflammatory arthritis.
D)Autoimmune arthritis.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of arthritis

A)Degeneration of the bones near the joints
B)Tumors in the joints
C)Erosion of the bones near the joints
D)Inflammation of the tissues surrounding bones and joints

Question 28

Which of the following is a reason for ethnic differences in pain perception

A)Lack of health insurance
B)Provider beliefs and biases about minority patients
C)Limited access to care due to socioeconomic factors
D)All of the above

Question 29

Arthritis can be a contributing factor to mortality.Therefore, it would be considered a _____ cause of death.

A)Distal
B)Proximal
C)Direct
D)Primary

Question 30

Results of a study by Simon et al.(2009) found that caregivers of stroke victims were 2.5 times more likely to

A)Experience stress-related illnesses.
B)Experience a divorce within 1 year of caregiving duties.
C)Have a substance abuse problem.
D)Evidence significant psychological distress.

Question 31

In reference to caregiving, men are more likely to evidence stress when

A)A year of caregiving has passed by.
B)They are anticipating the caregiving role.
C)Caregiving responsibilities begin.
D)They are also working 40 or more hours per week.

Question 32

Research conducted by Folkman & Moskowitz (2000) concluded that when a caregiver was able to _____, they were more likely to report better overall psychological health in the short-term and the longer term.

A)Set small, goal-specific daily tasks
B)Exercise daily
C)Work on a hobby each day
D)Enlist the help of others

Question 33

In reference to the caregiver role, women are more likely than men to develop stress

A)In anticipation of the caregiving role.
B)When the caregiving responsibilities begin.
C)When they have to find a qualified caregiver.
D)After 6 months of caregiving.

Question 34

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is likely triggered by the

A)Body's immune system.
B)Peripheral nervous system.
C)Endocrine system.
D)Autonomic nervous system.

Question 35

According to research studies conducted on pain management, _____ often ignore the pain or attempt to control the pain themselves.

A)Native Americans
B)Latinos
C)Caucasians
D)African Americans

Question 36

Research studies (Green et.al, 2003) have demonstrated that minority patients

A)Are more likely to be undertreated for pain.
B)Are more likely to be treated quickly for pain.
C)Are more likely to receive a comprehensive diagnosis and treatment for the complaints of pain.
D)Are more likely to be misdiagnosed.

Question 37

How does rheumatoid arthritis cause the immune system to malfunction

A)It causes the connective tissues between the joints to become infected.
B)It triggers an abundance of white blood cells.
C)It triggers inflammation in the absence of infection or injury.
D)It causes a malfunction in the white blood cell count.

Question 38

The Greek word "arthro" means

A)Ligaments.
B)Muscles.
C)Tissues.
D)Joints.

Question 39

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is classified as a(n) _____ disease.

A)Joint
B)Autoimmune
C)Connective tissue
D)Immunity

Question 40

Research suggests that _____ often rely on support systems and religious coping to manage their pain.

A)Caucasians
B)African Americans
C)Asians
D)Native Americans

Question 41

One property shared by all 3 types of pain assessment instruments is that

A)They all measure stress levels.
B)The Brief Pain Inventory is used to assess pain tolerance.
C)They all use written assessments to measure pain threshold.
D)There are perceptual differences in an individual's tolerance for pain.

Question 42

The McGill Pain Questionnaire is an example of a(n)

A)Written questionnaire.
B)Verbal questionnaire.
C)Analogue test.
D)Behavioral observation test.

Question 43

Scott and Huskisson helped popularize _____ to rate pain severity.

A)Visual analogue measures
B)Behavioral observations
C)Verbal questionnaires
D)Written questionnaires

Question 44

Research by Sallfors, Hallberg & Fasth (2003) found that _____ reported more pain and a greater number of affected joints than others in the study.

A)Boys
B)Girls
C)Europeans
D)Asians

Question 45

One of the proximal causes of gout is

A)A buildup of uric acid that becomes lodged in the joints.
B)A genetic predisposition.
C)Bone spurs.
D)None of the above

Question 46

Which of the following is NOT a behavioral factor linked to gout

A)Excessive consumption of red meat
B)Excessive beer consumption
C)Lack of protein
D)Overeating

Question 47

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) usually first appears in individuals ages

A)10-14.
B)15-24.
C)18-30.
D)30-45.

Question 48

Osteoarthritis (OA) is considered a(n) ____ disease.

A)Curable
B)Non-inflammatory
C)Acute
D)Degenerative joint

Question 49

Which of the following is a cause of osteoarthritis (OA)

A)Genetic abnormalities
B)Developmental defects
C)Trauma
D)All of the above

Question 50

Gout is most commonly diagnosed in

A)Early childhood.
B)Adolescent females.
C)Adolescence.
D)The elderly.

Question 51

Osteoarthritis (OA) most commonly affects

A)The smaller joints.
B)The larger joints.
C)Multiple joints simultaneously.
D)The ligaments near the bones.

Question 52

Approximately 80% of _____ individuals carry the gene linked to ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

A)Mediterranean
B)South African
C)Swedish
D)Australian

Question 53

_____ are used to measure an individual's self-assessment of their pain.

A)Behavioral observations
B)Verbal and written questionnaires
C)Analogue pain ratings
D)Visual pain ratings

Question 54

Behavioral observations of pain may be obtained

A)In a psychotherapist's office.
B)Through the Brief Pain Inventory.
C)During the execution of daily activities by relatives, friends, or caregivers.
D)By administering the McGill Pain Questionnaire.

Question 55

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis that causes

A)Inflammation of the joints.
B)A rigid or stiff spine.
C)Inability to perform daily hygienic tasks.
D)Deformation of the areas surrounding the joints.

Question 56

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding osteoarthritis (OA)

A)It is the oldest known form of arthritis.
B)It is the only type of arthritis that is curable.
C)It is associated with "wear and tear" on the body.
D)It is caused by an erosion process of the cartilage.

Question 57

_____ is a genetic marker that predisposes a person to ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

A)PKU-G26
B)CRA-T57
C)GRS-C21
D)HLA-B27

Question 58

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is more prevalent in

A)Males.
B)Females.
C)Children.
D)Elderly females.

Question 59

Medical treatments for arthritis include all BUT the following:

A)Antiretroviral medications
B)NSAIDS
C)Opioid analgesics
D)TNF drugs

Question 60

Gout is caused by

A)Inflammation in the neck and spinal cord.
B)Fusion of the spinal cord.
C)Crystal deposits in joints and tissues.
D)Specific genetic markers.

Question 61

Drugs that reduce the pain and inflammation associated with arthritis are called

A)Narcotics.
B)NSAIDS.
C)Antiretrovirals.
D)Analgesics.

Question 62

Lucy has been prescribed an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) medication.Which of the following medications is she most likely taking

A)Ketoprofen
B)Naproxen
C)Opioid analgesics
D)Enbrel

Question 63

How do emotional disclosure and psychodynamic techniques differ

A)Emotional disclosure is more expensive and time-consuming.
B)Psychodynamic therapies are more expensive and time-consuming.
C)Emotional disclosure assumes that the underlying emotions contributing to arthritic discomfort are unknown.
D)Psychodynamic therapies assume that the underlying emotions contributing to arthritic discomfort are unknown.

Question 64

Current treatments for arthritis recommend a(n) _____ approach.

A)Medical
B)Interdisciplinary
C)Psychological
D)Physiological

Question 65

Which of the following is considered a drawback to using TNF medications

A)The drugs must be administered by injection.
B)The drugs may leave an individual vulnerable to infections.
C)TNF drugs are expensive.
D)All of the above

Question 66

Naproxen and Ketoprofen are more effective than Ibuprofen for treating arthritis because they block the body's natural production of

A)Dopamine.
B)Estrogen and progesterone.
C)COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors.
D)All of the above

Question 67

_____ are a type of behavioral intervention that may be designed and administered by physical therapists.

A)Exercise therapies
B)Psychotherapies
C)Cognitive therapies
D)Talk therapies

Question 68

One of the goals of biofeedback is to

A)Help individuals release suppressed feelings.
B)Provide instruction about exercise programs designed to minimize pain.
C)Help people realize that they can master their pain.
D)Teach people to reregulate their autonomic nervous systems.

Question 69

Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs are unique because

A)They are less expensive than all other doctor-prescribed arthritis medications.
B)They significantly reduce pain and stop the progression of arthritis.
C)They do not have negative side effects.
D)They are the only generic types of medication available for treating arthritis.

Question 70

Self-efficacy is a central component of

A)Emotional disclosure.
B)Biofeedback.
C)Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
D)Psychodynamic therapy.

Question 71

The mildest NSAID treatment available to control mild arthritis-related symptoms is

A)Aleve.
B)Naproxen.
C)Ibuprofen.
D)Aspirin.

Question 72

One of the ways in which health psychologists may be more likely to improve retention rates for individuals involved in exercise programs is to

A)Recommend joining a support group.
B)Provide education on the benefits of exercise programs.
C)Connect people to an exercise program that is therapeutically beneficial and enjoyable.
D)Provide motivation by showing visual demonstrations of specific exercises.

Question 73

_____ uses stress management techniques to manage pain.

A)Exercise therapy
B)Biofeedback
C)Coping skills training
D)None of the above

Question 74

Turning to alcohol or drugs to minimize the pain of arthritis is an example of a(n) _____ coping strategy.

A)Engagement
B)Disengagement
C)Emotion-focused
D)Problem-focused

Question 75

Dixon et al.(2007) found _____ to be the most frequently used and most successful psychological technique in addressing arthritic pain.

A)Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
B)Biofeedback
C)Stress management
D)Emotional disclosure

Question 76

_____ are believed to be more effective than NSAIDS in alleviating pain related to arthritis.

A)Opioid analgesics
B)COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors
C)Naproxen and Ketoprofen
D)Aspirin-related treatments

Question 77

A primary concern with using opioid medications to treat pain for arthritis is that

A)They are extremely costly.
B)They have addictive properties.
C)They may cause stomach ulcers.
D)They are usually not covered by health insurance.

Question 78

According to research by France et al.(2004), individuals who used ____ coping strategies were more likely to report more arthritic pain and a lower pain tolerance than were individuals who used another strategy.

A)Emotion-focused
B)Engagement
C)Disengagement
D)Problem-focused

Question 79

Emotional disclosure is a process whereby individuals

A)Talk or write about their traumatic experiences and resulting emotions.
B)Are taught effective pain management/coping strategies.
C)Are urged to deal with present-life issues that are possibly affecting their level of pain.
D)Are encouraged to get "in touch" with underlying emotions that may be unknown.

Question 80

Shakira's physician recently prescribed her the newest type of NSAID called

A)Naproxen.
B)Opioid analgesics.
C)Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs.
D)COX-2 inhibitors.