Deck 12: Health Care Systems and Health Policy: Effects on Health Outcomes

Question 1

_____ are the least likely age group to have health insurance.

A)Children
B)Adolescents
C)Young adults
D)Elderly

Answer 1

Young adults

Question 2

The first form of health insurance was called

A)Premium insurance.
B)Accidental insurance.
C)Indemnity insurance.
D)Private insurance.

Answer 2

Indemnity insurance.

Question 3

According to a study by Kriss et al.(2008), individuals without health insurance are less likely to

A)Make and keep medical appointments with medical specialists.
B)Obtain needed medications.
C)Seek medical care when needed.
D)All of the above

Answer 3

All of the above

Question 4

A health care system regulates

A)The fee schedule for physician services.
B)The type and frequency of services available to individuals enrolled in a specific health program.
C)The policies and procedures necessary for an accurate referral process.
D)The referral and treatment process for individuals in a health maintenance organization (HMO).

Question 5

Louis is enrolled in a traditional indemnity plan.He is therefore

A)Required to select from a list of approved providers.
B)Allowed to select any provider he chooses.
C)Allowed a specified number of medical visits per year.
D)Enrolled in a public health insurance plan.

Question 6

Blue Cross/Blue Shield is a _____ insurance company.

A)Public
B)Private
C)Government
D)Military

Question 7

Indemnity health insurance is also called a

A)Fee-for-service plan.
B)Preferred provider plan.
C)Public health plan.
D)Variable rate plan.

Question 8

_____ allows individuals to pay a fixed rate for access to health care.

A)Medical necessity
B)Managed insurance
C)Health insurance
D)Health policy

Question 9

Health providers are often an individual's _____ with the health care system.

A)Only point of contact
B)Second point of contact
C)Required point of contact
D)None of the above

Question 10

The out-of-pocket cost of emergency care is greater for

A)Children.
B)The uninsured.
C)The insured.
D)The elderly.

Question 11

The study by Kriss et al.(2008) found that 66% of young adults who do not have health insurance cited _____ as the principal reason.

A)The cost of insurance
B)No need for insurance
C)Inability to locate an insurance company
D)Their place of work did not offer it

Question 12

Public and private insurance programs provide access to health care for approximately _____ of the U.S.population.

A)55%
B)65%
C)75%
D)85%

Question 13

A(n) _____ serves as an intermediary between the individual and the system.

A)Treatment coordinator
B)Medical advocate
C)Medical team liaison
D)Health provider

Question 14

Blue Cross/Blue Shield insures approximately _____ million people in the U.S.

A)50
B)60
C)70
D)80

Question 15

One of the drawbacks of traditional indemnity plans is that

A)They do not allow unlimited access to and use of medical services.
B)They are only offered for government employees.
C)They are the most expensive type of health plan.
D)They do not insure children under age 18.

Question 16

Blue Cross/Blue Shield is referred to as a _____ plan.

A)Government-option
B)Publicly traded insurance
C)Traditional indemnity
D)None of the above

Question 17

The first private, managed care plans were introduced in the

A)1960s.
B)1970s.
C)1980s.
D)1990s.

Question 18

In reference to medical care, individuals ages 21-29 are considered to be a(n)

A)High risk group.
B)Low risk group.
C)Neglected group.
D)Overinsured group.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a managed care plan

A)Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO)
B)Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO)
C)Organized Health Management (OHM)
D)Point of Service (POS)

Question 20

Consumer is to _____ as provider is to

A)HMO; physician.
B)Patient; HMO.
C)Patient; physician.
D)Physician; HMO.

Question 21

The most affordable health plans in the U.S.are offered through

A)Medical institutions.
B)Universities and colleges.
C)Medical training facilities.
D)The workplace.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT considered a limitation of workplace health plans

A)Not all employers offer health insurance plans.
B)The plans are not regulated by the federal government and therefore they are susceptible to potential biases and prejudices against some ethnic groups.
C)Many employers set eligibility requirements for health plans.
D)For some, the cost of the employer-sponsored health plan is too expensive.

Question 23

Which of the following countries utilizes a single-payer system for health care

A)Canada
B)England
C)France
D)All of the above

Question 24

Private, managed care plans were introduced as an alternative to

A)The rising cost of health care.
B)Government health care.
C)The rise in public health care.
D)Emergency medical care.

Question 25

A study by Merlis et al.(2006) indicated that 13 million U.S.families had an out-of-pocket medical cost that met or exceeded _____ of their annual incomes.

A)6%
B)8%
C)10%
D)12%

Question 26

Consumer is to _____ as patient is to _____.

A)Advocate; buyer
B)Passive; active
C)Active; passive
D)Passive; advocate

Question 27

Studies examining consumer satisfaction with medical care providers focus mainly on

A)Consumers.
B)Physicians.
C)Managed care companies.
D)Medicare recipients.

Question 28

The preapproval process led managed care plans to be called

A)Gatekeepers.
B)Controllers.
C)Rulers.
D)Managers.

Question 29

According to the Kaiser Family Foundation Report (2008), health insurance plans offered by employers have risen in cost by approximately

A)50%.
B)85%.
C)100%.
D)120%.

Question 30

Duberstein et al.(2007) found that physicians who were rated highly on openness to new experiences and conscientiousness were also rated highly on

A)Trust.
B)Confidence.
C)Emotional intelligence.
D)Personality.

Question 31

Publicly-sponsored health plans are also called

A)Single-payer plans.
B)Traditional care plans.
C)Medicare plans.
D)Multiple-payer plans.

Question 32

A primary drawback to managed care plans is that they

A)Are expensive.
B)Implement a system of tight controls to reduce the cost of health treatments.
C)Are not available to individuals working for private companies.
D)Allow too many choices for providers.

Question 33

Medicare is restricted to individuals who are _____ years of age or older.

A)18
B)50
C)55
D)65

Question 34

The _____ implemented by managed care companies caused a possible breach in medical ethics.

A)Restricted access
B)Monthly payment plan
C)Incentive system
D)All of the above

Question 35

_____ introduced the first private, managed care plan.

A)Tricare
B)Point of Service corporations
C)Blue Cross/Blue Shield
D)Kaiser Corporation

Question 36

The word "consumer" indicates that the individual is

A)An active participant in the health care process.
B)A buyer of goods.
C)Susceptible to managed care influences.
D)Free to choose any provider.

Question 37

_____ is a government-sponsored health insurance program for low income and disabled individuals.

A)Medicare
B)Medicaid
C)Public health department
D)Point of service

Question 38

According to Weng's (2008) study of emotional intelligence and consumer satisfaction, physicians were rated high on all of the following factors EXCEPT:

A)Expression of emotion
B)Regulation of emotion
C)Appraisal of the situation
D)Level of emotion

Question 39

According to research studies, which 2 factors significantly influence health outcomes

A)Control of provider choice and availability of treatment
B)Consumer satisfaction and choice of provider
C)Communication and consumer satisfaction
D)Provider choice and communication

Question 40

Which of the following types of managed care organizations is considered a "hybrid HMO"

A)Point of Service (POS)
B)Health Maintenance Organization (HMO)
C)Medicaid
D)Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO)

Question 41

Which of the following is NOT an example of body language that individuals attend to when rating a physician's interest in them and their health issues

A)Physician crossing his arms as if to appear standoffish
B)Fully facing the consumer when talking
C)Use of facilitative nodding by the physician
D)Looking at the consumer when listening

Question 42

Which of the following psychologists was instrumental in early research on nonverbal communication

A)Milgram
B)Bandura
C)Rosenthal
D)Zimbardo

Question 43

A study by Fried et al.(2003) found that providers and consumers

A)Often disagreed over whether a discussion about diagnosis ever occurred.
B)Generally agree on diagnosis.
C)Often have different viewpoints about symptoms and treatment outcomes.
D)Are most likely to communicate effectively the higher the level of education of the consumer.

Question 44

The _____ is often the "face" of the health care system for the consumer.

A)Emergency department
B)Physician
C)Managed care network
D)Receptionist

Question 45

Studies show that psychological and emotional support is essential for

A)Establishing trust in one's provider.
B)Choosing a health care provider.
C)Quality of care.
D)Effective physician communication.

Question 46

One role of a health psychologist is to assist health care providers in developing interpersonal skills to help improve

A)Consumer-based care.
B)Consumer perception of quality care.
C)Consumer-provider communication.
D)Provider communication trainings.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the use of medical jargon by physicians

A)Some physicians may use medical jargon when they prefer not to explain an illness or procedure that is difficult to understand.
B)Medical researchers are encouraged to refrain from using medical jargon with both consumers and other providers.
C)Some physicians may use medical jargon when they have limited time for each consumer.
D)Some physicians may use medical jargon in order to demonstrate their knowledge.

Question 48

The traditional approach of medicine operates under the belief that

A)Men are more likely to follow their treatment protocol than women.
B)Potential medical diagnoses are first discussed between patient and consumer before reaching a final conclusion.
C)The physician is considered knowledgeable and the consumers are expected to comply with all medical directives without question.
D)Physicians should spend at least 30 minutes with each consumer.

Question 49

Which of the 2 following demographic factors appear to influence consumer satisfaction with their health care provider

A)Experience and personality
B)Age and experience
C)Age and personality
D)Education and age

Question 50

_____ describes a health care provider's use of medical terminology when speaking with consumers.

A)Medspeak
B)Medcomm
C)Medical talk
D)Medical articulation

Question 51

Research studies (Klein et al., 1999; Ziv et al., 1999) indicate that less than _____ of adolescents discussed mental health issues at their last physical health visit.

A)1/2
B)1/3
C)1/4
D)1/5

Question 52

A study conducted by Ragin et al.(2005) found that consumers preferred _____ in part because of a perception of better medical care.

A)The hospital
B)The emergency department
C)Government-funded care
D)The single-payer system

Question 53

_____ describes the system of rules and regulations that apply to managed care organizations.

A)Health network
B)Health policy
C)Health procedure
D)Health plan

Question 54

Studies indicate that women tend to prefer physicians who

A)Listen attentively.
B)Offer advice and support.
C)Demonstrate understanding.
D)All of the above

Question 55

Patients who receive less information and support from their physician are

A)Typically younger adults.
B)Generally still satisfied with the quality of their care.
C)More apt to seek a second opinion.
D)Less likely to follow medical advice.

Question 56

According to a study conducted by Collins et al.(2002), which of the following is NOT identified as an area of communication essential for patients to maximize their comfort before a medical procedure

A)Belief in the necessity of the procedure
B)Trust in the physician
C)Knowledge of the treatment plan
D)Consistent recommendations

Question 57

Which of the following is NOT considered a form of body language

A)Tone
B)Gaze
C)Facial expressions
D)All of the above are types of body language

Question 58

The recent attention given to _____ skills in medicine is mainly due to a break from the more traditional, paternalistic approach of medicine in the U.S.

A)Psychosocial
B)Interpersonal
C)Holistic
D)Sociological

Question 59

On average, providers in managed care settings spend approximately _____ minutes per person.

A)10
B)11
C)12
D)13

Question 60

According to the Institute of Medicine's (2002) report, which of the following statements is TRUE in reference to the unequal treatment of minorities by health professionals

A)Most studies indicate that minorities are not treated differently than the rest of the population.
B)Many Native Americans have a deep-seated mistrust of the medical practice due to the Tuskegee Experiments.
C)Unequal treatment is a psychological factor that cannot be overlooked when addressing the health needs of African American consumers.
D)All of the above

Question 61

Single-payer systems show _____ turnover in membership in relation to multipayer systems.

A)Less
B)More
C)Significantly more
D)About the same

Question 62

Individuals, ages 21-29, report higher incidences of unintended pregnancies than any other age group.

Question 63

Blue Cross/Blue Shield was the earliest public health insurance company in the U.S.

Question 64

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding universal care

A)In England, the process of deciding and delivering medical care is made at the federal government level.
B)There are many different variations of universal care.
C)Canada and England both use single-payer health care systems.
D)The administration of the universal health care system differs among countries.

Question 65

Multipayer systems focus on the _____ health needs of their members.

A)Physiological
B)Holistic
C)Short-term
D)Long-term

Question 66

Approximately 25% of people in the U.S.are uninsured.

Question 67

Decreased satisfaction with health care has a direct impact on an individual's overall well-being.

Question 68

Preventive health care as a concept is consistent with a _____ system.

A)Managed care
B)Single-payer
C)Multipayer
D)Biomedical

Question 69

A _____ is an annual physical exam designed to review the health status of an individual and to identify problems or potential problems before they become severe.

A)Physiological assessment
B)Wellness visit
C)Holistic appointment
D)Yearly health status check

Question 70

Prior to 1940, health insurance did not exist.

Question 71

Studies show that consumer satisfaction is strongly influenced by the physician's emotional intelligence.

Question 72

Which of the following statements is TRUE with reference to the biomedical model of health care

A)It is the only approved model used in managed care systems.
B)It was the original model that led to the development of the biopsychosocial model of health care.
C)It is not designed to address ways of preventing illness or dysfunction.
D)It includes a psychological component in order to holistically treat the individual.

Question 73

Few consumers ask their providers questions about their most pressing health concerns.

Question 74

The biomedical model of health is a _____ approach to health and health care.

A)Proactive
B)Inactive
C)Passive
D)Reactive

Question 75

The general concept of the single-payer health care system is to

A)Provide access to care for the elderly.
B)Replace the managed care system.
C)Optimize the physician referral system.
D)Offer universal and comprehensive care without impediment to access.

Question 76

Indemnity plans allow for unlimited access to and use of medical services.

Question 77

Hospitals in the U.S.are not required to treat and admit individuals who present themselves in need if they do not have the ability to pay for services.

Question 78

Once enrolled in a single-payer system, members tend to stay for _____ or more years.

A)5
B)10
C)15
D)20

Question 79

The provider's response, independent of the consumer, can affect an individual's health.

Question 80

The _____ model is a more modern approach than the biomedical model of health care.

A)Preventive
B)Socioecological
C)Ecological
D)Demographic