Deck 17: The Industrial Revolution

Question 1

Refrigerated rail cars were first developed to

A) get fresh produce to the North during the early spring.
B) transport fresh food to Union troops in the field.
C) bring fresh meat into the cities.
D) send all types of perishable goods across long distances.
E) transport ice from Canada to the states in the spring and fall.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following men is incorrectly paired with his technological development?

A) Thomas Edison - incandescent light bulb
B) Elisha Otis - elevator
C) Andrew Carnegie - steel for skyscrapers
D) J. Pierpont Morgan - streetcar
E) Alexander Graham Bell - telephone

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Andrew Carnegie made his fortune with the help of the Bessemer converter which

A) transformed large quantities of iron ore into steel by using extremely hot air.
B) refined crude oil into gasoline, diesel, and lubricants.
C) refined large amounts of sugar within less than 2 minutes.
D) employed the assembly line technique for rapid manufacturing processes.
E) identified large coal deposits as far as 2000 feet below ground.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The Haymarket strike led to

A) the founding of the Knights of Labor.
B) growing anti-union sentiment nationwide.
C) increased union membership across the country.
D) new government policies about arresting strikers.
E) a huge victory for the American Federation of Labor.

Question 5

Carnegie's business model of controlling all aspects of the steel industry,from iron ore extraction to steel delivery,is known as

A) a monopoly.
B) absolute control.
C) vertical integration.
D) horizontal integration.
E) profit consolidation.

Question 6

During the Civil War,Congress took advantage of the absence of southerners in the House and Senate to do all of the following,except

A) develop a national currency.
B) authorize the construction of land grant universities.
C) pass several national internal improvement projects.
D) support scientific training and research.
E) prohibit child labor.

Question 7

Although corrupt,New York's Tammany Hall appealed to

A) big business looking to boost profits.
B) recent immigrants and job seekers.
C) state government seeking a system for granting contracts.
D) reformers seeking to improve the social landscape.
E) Congressmen looking to get rich.

Question 8

The Crédit Mobilier scandal involved

A) railroads.
B) kickbacks.
C) congressmen.
D) company stock.
E) All of these choices.

Question 9

The "Big Four" businessmen who left New York,went to California,and led the construction of the western railroads included all of the following except

A) Leland Stanford.
B) Jay Gould.
C) Charles Crocker.
D) Mark Hopkins.
E) Collis Huntington.

Question 10

All of the following were examples of environmental damage that occurred during the early Industrial Revolution except

A) Drilling for petroleum damaged the soil.
B) Burning coal gave off dangerous gases.
C) Constructing canals diverted much needed water to other places.
D) Railroad tracks often cut through undeveloped landscapes.
E) Hydraulic mining severely damaged the land.

Question 11

Much of Rockefeller's success can be attributed to his pioneering efforts at

A) capital accumulation.
B) assembly line production.
C) process integration.
D) horizontal integration.
E) vertical integration.

Question 12

Industrialists justified their growing financial and political strength in all of the following ways except

A) They claimed their actions benefited all mankind, not just themselves.
B) They pointed to the "survival of the fittest" rationale of Social Darwinism.
C) They said they were exemplars of the Horatio Alger myth.
D) They insisted that they earned what they had from hard work and declined unfair advantages.
E) They stressed their belief in Protestant individualism.

Question 13

The first transcontinental railroad was completed in

A) 1859.
B) 1864.
C) 1869.
D) 1873.
E) 1877.

Question 14

The person who cornered the market on oil refining in the late 1800s was

A) John D. Rockefeller.
B) Andrew Carnegie.
C) Leland Stanford.
D) Cornelius Vanderbilt.
E) William Randolph Hearst.

Question 15

As the Industrial Revolution progressed in America,all of the following occurred except

A) Cities grew rapidly.
B) People moved from farms to cities.
C) Immigration became less important to America.
D) Large-scale corporate firms dominated the American economy.
E) Family businesses became less important to America's economy.

Question 16

"Robber barons" or "captains of industry" were businessmen who

A) claimed ties to European aristocracies.
B) had made their riches during the Civil War.
C) fought bitterly against the expansion of suffrage.
D) built mafia-like organizations in the nation's burgeoning cities.
E) amassed large fortunes between 1865 and 1900 with ruthlessness and ingenuity.

Question 17

How did business owners respond to the growth of unions and the labor movement?

A) They cut wages and hours.
B) They appealed to Congressmen to outlaw unions.
C) They required workers to sign yellow dog contracts or created blacklists.
D) They planted spies among union members.
E) They promoted suspected organizers to the management level, thereby negating their union membership

Question 18

America's oil boom began when Edwin Drake struck oil while drilling in

A) Texas.
B) California.
C) Louisiana.
D) Pennsylvania.
E) Kentucky.

Question 19

The railroad strike of 1877 is evidence of

A) the fact that government often intervened on behalf of big business in the decades after the Civil War.
B) increasing worker discontent with low pay and hazardous conditions.
C) the growth of an organized labor movement in America.
D) All of these choices.
E) None of these choices.

Question 20

The need for managers in the many new businesses of the late 1800s contributed significantly to the growth of

A) the middle class.
B) America's expanding debt.
C) payroll clerks.
D) big business.
E) company takeovers.

Question 21

The need to market goods over wider areas gave rise to new forms of

A) labor organization.
B) production.
C) warehousing.
D) accounting.
E) advertising.

Question 22

Among the American Federation of Labor's successes were all of the following except

A) setting a new standard workday from ten to eight hours.
B) serving as an umbrella for the many craft unions.
C) arbitrating disputes to ensure worker solidarity rather than competition between different groups of workers.
D) becoming the leading labor organizations in the 1880s by appealing to middle class Americans as well as the working class.
E) The AFL achieved all of these successes.

Question 23

What major factors contributed to the development of the Industrial Revolution in America?

Question 24

Mechanization transformed labor in all of the following ways except

A) It pulled more women and children into factories.
B) It led employers to seek out cheaper and cheaper workers.
C) It led to safer working conditions.
D) It made work more routine, as workers did the same task over and over again.
E) It put workers at the mercy of increasingly large machines.

Question 25

One of the earliest American preservationists was

A) Andrew Carnegie.
B) Jay Gould.
C) John Muir.
D) John D. Rockefeller.
E) Thomas Edison.

Question 26

Shortly before the Civil War,it was discovered that kerosene,a byproduct of crude oil that had been considered useless,could be used for lighting.

Question 27

Within twenty years of the first oil discovery,____ Oil Company controlled 90 percent of the country's petroleum.

A) National
B) American Standard
C) Standard
D) U.S. Oil
E) American Petroleum

Question 28

Social Darwinism was the notion that the theory of "survival of the fittest" extended to the world of business.

Question 29

In what ways did business practices change to make doing business on a large scale not only possible but extremely profitable?

Question 30

Which of these became the greatest symbol of America's growing desire for consumer goods?

A) Door-to-door salesmen
B) The department store
C) The chain store
D) National advertising
E) The suburban mall

Question 31

The 1911 tragedy in which 146 workers died when they were locked in the factory when a fire broke out is known as the Triangle Textile Fire.

Question 32

Vertical integration meant

A) buying up all competitors.
B) breaking up older but less competitive monopolies.
C) owning all aspects of production and distribution under one corporate organization, from accessing and owning the raw materials, to the production of the good(s), to the delivery of the finished product(s) to the consumer.
D) creating a business model that would allow for mass production.
E) buying just enough shares in a publicly traded company so as to control it.

Question 33

When railroads got into a competitive pricing war with other companies,they all tended toward "price-gouging," or raising their rates steeply elsewhere - especially when theirs was the only railroad in that market.

Question 34

The first mail-order business was

A) Sears.
B) Roebuck.
C) Sears and Roebuck.
D) Montgomery Ward.
E) J.C. Penney.

Question 35

Who were the major business leaders in the key industries,and how did they consolidate their companies and confirm their place as leaders in those industries?

Question 36

Explain the origins of the national consumer market.Which businesses and innovations were central to this development?

Question 37

The creation of national brand products such as NABISCO biscuits relied on all of the following,except

A) new forms of packaging.
B) reliable transportation.
C) nationwide advertising.
D) mass production.
E) horizontal integration.

Question 38

The Tweed Ring,working out of Tammany Hall,was

A) a political machine designed to help workers get jobs.
B) famously run by "Boss William Tweed," the leader of the dominant Democratic political organization or "machine" in New York City.
C) a Chicago political machine.
D) noted for helping the poor and the destitute.
E) a haven for newly arrived immigrants.

Question 39

Rockefeller was willing and able to absorb short term losses so that he could drive his competition out of business.

Question 40

In what ways,and to what extent,did the federal government help the various industries to develop to their fullest extent possible?

Question 41

President James A.Garfield was assassinated by a fellow Republican who had been fired from his government job for his political views.

Question 42

Syndicates,put together by men such as Jay Gould and J.Pierpont Morgan,were established for the sole purpose of gaining total control over particular industries.

Question 43

One result of the Industrial Revolution and the spread of advertising across the country was the growing use of billboards and other signs.

Question 44

One of the more militant labor unions of the early twentieth century,the Industrial Workers of the World hoped to overthrow capitalism.

Question 45

The top preservationist of this era,John Muir,founded the Sierra Club to protect the environment.