Deck 4: The Early Schools of Criminology

Question 1

______ is a concept in rational choice theory referring to how people decide to offend.

A)choice structuring
B)choice offending
C)rational structuring
D)rational offending

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Cesare Lombroso, Raffael Garofalo, and Enrico Ferri founded what became known as the ______ school of criminology.

A)American
B)French
C)German
D)Italian

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The idea that the punishment should be tailored to the risk level of the individual, not the crime, is most representative of the ______ school of criminology.

A)Classical
B)German
C)Italian
D)Russian

Answer 3

C

Question 4

According to Raffael Garofalo, societies can only be protected from ______ criminals by swiftly executing them, regardless of the crime for which they were being punished.

A)endemic
B)extreme
C)impulsive
D)professional

Question 5

Rational choice theory is most closely linked to the ______ school.

A)classical
B)German
C)Italian
D)positivist

Question 6

Modern criminology is the product of which two main schools of thought?

A)rational choice and neoclassical
B)classical and neoclassical
C)social defense and rational choice
D)classical and positivist

Question 7

______ was the term used by Lombroso to refer to those whom he considered to be evolutionary throwbacks, biological inferior beings who resembled ancestral prehuman forms of life.

A)atavism
B)criminaloid
C)habitual criminal
D)hedonist

Question 8

______ specifically refers to the weighing of anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.

A)human agency
B)hedonistic calculus
C)rationality
D)positivism

Question 9

______ are known for the emphasis that they place on the scientific method.

A)classicalists
B)hedonists
C)structuralists
D)positivists

Question 10

Rather than exploring why individuals commit crime, ______ criminologists are interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.

A)cartographic
B)classical
C)hedonistic
D)neoclassical

Question 11

______ specifically refers to the concept that people have the capacity to make choices, and the moral responsibility to make moral choices regardless of any constraints that might exist.

A)human agency
B)hedonistic calculus
C)rationality
D)positivism

Question 12

Prior to the eighteenth century, explanations of crime and other human behavior tended to center on

A)human rationality
B)inborn traits
C)social influences
D)religiosity or spiritualism

Question 13

The philosophy that emphasizes "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" is known as

A)hedonism
B)the principle of utility
C)the cartographic approach
D)the contrast effect

Question 14

The father of classical criminology is generally considered to be

A)Cesare Lombroso
B)Jeremy Bentham
C)Adolphe Quetelet
D)Cesare Beccaria

Question 15

Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?

A)classicism
B)ecological determinism
C)positivism
D)the Italian school

Question 16

Engaging in a debate about the death penalty, one person makes the argument that while the penalty may not deter offenders, it is still a valuable punishment in the name of social defense.This is most clearly representative of the ______ school of criminology.

A)classical
B)German
C)Italian
D)Russian

Question 17

Criminologist Raffael Garofalo categorized alcoholics and the insane as ______ criminals.

A)endemic
B)extreme
C)impulsive
D)professional

Question 18

The Eight Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment; this is most closely aligned with the ideas of which of the following?

A)Cesare Lombroso
B)Jeremy Bentham
C)Adolphe Quetelet
D)Cesare Beccaria

Question 19

The doctrine whose central tenet is that the achievement of pleasure is the main goal of life is known as

A)hedonism
B)the principle of utility
C)the cartographic approach
D)the contrast effect

Question 20

The philosopher the most closely associated with the principle of utility was

A)Cesare Lombroso
B)Jeremy Bentham
C)Adolphe Quetelet
D)Cesare Beccaria

Question 21

The positivist school of criminology is primarily interested in making punishment more just and humane.

Question 22

Cartographic criminology is primarily interested in where and when criminal behavior is most prevalent.

Question 23

______ deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the population; it is aimed at potential offenders.

A)general
B)specific
C)primary
D)secondary

Question 24

Scholars who employ maps and other geographic information in their research are known as

A)classical criminologists
B)positivists
C)cartographers
D)atavists

Question 25

There is little evidence that increasing the severity of the sanction (in the form of sentence length) has any deterrent effect.

Question 26

Which of the following is one of the circumstances to be considered in measuring a pleasure or pain by itself?

A)fecundity
B)intensity
C)purity
D)extent

Question 27

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham are associated with the classical school of criminology.

Question 28

Crime rates in Great Britain ______ when the levels of punishment decreased?

A)decreased
B)increased
C)stayed the same
D)varied

Question 29

When the value of any pleasure or pain is considered for the purpose of estimating the tendency of any act by which it is produced, there are two circumstances that must be taken into account.These include

A)fecundity and purity
B)intensity and duration
C)certainty and propinquity
D)extent and remoteness

Question 30

Determinism

A)means that all events have causes that preceded them.
B)has all but disappeared in science
C)is a philosophy aligned with the classical school of criminology
D)all of these

Question 31

The argument that crime can be reduced by increasing individuals' sense of ownership and generating a sense of belonging in an area through its physical design is central to the idea of ______.

A)atavism
B)defensible space
C)general deterrence
D)hedonism

Question 32

Cesare Lombroso was well-known for his contributions to biological positivism.

Question 33

Jeremy Bentham maintained that estimations of the values of pleasures and pains were to be considered with reference to which of the following circumstances?

A)intensity
B)duration
C)certainty
D)all of these

Question 34

______ is the prevention of criminal acts by the use or threat of punishment.

A)deterrence
B)recidivism
C)rehabilitation
D)retribution

Question 35

Committing another crime after previously being punished for one is called

A)rehabilitation
B)retribution
C)recidivism
D)deterrence

Question 36

Specific deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the general population.

Question 37

______ deterrence refers to the effect of punishment of the future behavior of the person who experiences the punishment.

A)general
B)specific
C)primary
D)secondary

Question 38

Adolphe Quetelet is known for his work in the area of cartographic criminology.

Question 39

Which of the following is the distinction between the circumstances of punishment and the usual life experience of the person being punished?

A)determinism
B)contrast effect
C)atavism
D)human agency

Question 40

Juridical criminals

A)become criminals via contact with other criminals
B)fall afoul of the law by accident
C)are hot-headed and impulsive persons who commit violent acts when provoked
D)bore some stigma but were not born criminals

Question 41

Explain the difference between specific and general deterrence.

Question 42

Identify the three types of criminaloids.

Question 43

Briefly describe cartographic criminology.

Question 44

Classical criminologists were more concerned with discovering biological, psychological, or social determinants of criminal behavior than with the positivist concerns of legal and penal reforms.

Question 45

Social defense theorists view crime in terms of Bentham's principle of maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.

Question 46

General deterrence theory is concerned with how individuals respond to the perceived as opposed to objective cost properties of their criminal decisions.

Question 47

Jeremy Bentham coined the term "criminaloid" to refer to born criminals.

Question 48

The United States has an incarceration rate five times greater than England and Wales.

Question 49

What is the "contrast effect"?

Question 50

Beccaria believed that capital punishment could not be an effective deterrent and that life imprisonment would be more effective.

Question 51

For a risk taker engaged in crime, magnitude of punishment is more important than certainty of punishment.

Question 52

Which two theorists are most often associated with the classical school?

Question 53

What three important observations did Beccaria make in regards to the application of punishment?

Question 54

Beccaria believed that equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally according to relevant differences.

Question 55

Define hedonism.

Question 56

What is recidivism?

Question 57

Balance, if on the side of pleasure, will give the general evil tendency of the act.

Question 58

Hedonism is a doctrine whose central tenet is that the achievement of pleasure is the main goal of life.

Question 59

Garofalo was interested in developing a "classical" definition of crime.

Question 60

Define free will.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the classical and positivist schools of criminology.How are these explanations of crime similar? How are they different?

Question 62

Describe Cesare Lombroso's theory of atavism.What are insane criminals? What are criminaloids?

Question 63

Discuss the classical explanation of human behavior in regards to hedonism, rationality, and free will.

Question 64

Describe the contributions of Andre M.Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet to the field of criminology, and explain their significance.

Question 65

Discuss the "two sovereign masters" according to Bentham.How should they be measured?

Question 66

Define professional criminals.

Question 67

Bentham is considered a bridge between what two schools?

Question 68

While walking to her car in a mall parking lot, a woman is approached by a man who displays a handgun and demands her purse.She gives him her purse, and he runs away with it.How would each of the following theoretical perspectives explain this crime? (A) Classicalism (B) Biological Positivism

Question 69

Define human agency.

Question 70

Identify the four circumstances to be considered in estimating a pleasure or pain considered by itself.

Question 71

Explain CompStat.

Question 72

Explain the contributions of Cesare Beccaria to the field of criminology.How did he feel about capital punishment? List some of his ideas that are still prominent today.

Question 73

What is meant by utility?

Question 74

Based on what you have learned in this class, is the United States soft or hard on crime? Support your argument.