Deck 8: Critical and Feminist Theories

Question 1

Marxist criminologists advocate ______ in response to crime.

A)corporal punishment
B)imprisonment
C)restorative justice
D)the overthrow of capitalism

Answer 1

D

Question 2

One of the central concepts in Marxist thought is that ______ underlies people's knowledge, beliefs, and behavior.

A)anomie
B)the primitive rebellion
C)the material conditions of life
D)social sentiments

Answer 2

C

Question 3

______ is known as the more reform-minded "practical" arm of Marxism.

A)conflict criminology
B)feminism
C)left realism
D)peacemaking criminology

Answer 3

C

Question 4

______ focused on social life as a continual struggle to maintain or improve one's group interests, with interest groups continually forming and disbanding as conflicts arise and are resolved.

A)Barbara Sims
B)George Vold
C)Karl Marx
D)Willem Bonger

Question 5

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels used which term to refer to the lowest class of society, which they saw as the dangerous class, the social scum?

A)bourgeoisie
B)lumpenproletariat
C)proletariat
D)revolutionaries

Question 6

The ______ hypothesis argues that as women are increasingly involved in the workforce, they will have more opportunities to commit job-related crime.

A)emancipation
B)gender equality
C)masculinization
D)staying alive

Question 7

The ______ problem refers to the universal fact that women are far less likely than men to involve themselves in criminal activity.

A)emancipation
B)gender ratio
C)gender inequality
D)generalizability

Question 8

Marx and Engels's statement that crime was simply the product of unjust and alienating social conditions came to be known as the ______ hypothesis.

A)primitive rebellion
B)proletariat rebellion
C)primitive revolution
D)proletariat revolution

Question 9

The central concept of most feminist theories is

A)alienation
B)capitalism
C)culture
D)patriarchy

Question 10

Left realists are distinguished from Marxists by their emphasis on

A)practical social policy implications
B)the material conditions of people's lives
C)the struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat
D)their view that crime originates in power inequalities

Question 11

The name most closely associated with peacemaking criminology is ______.

A)Karl Marx
B)Max Weber
C)Richard Quinney
D)Willem Bonger

Question 12

Peacemaking criminology advocates ______ in response to crime.

A)corporal punishment
B)imprisonment
C)restorative justice
D)the overthrow of capitalism

Question 13

Johnny owns a factory with several employees.In Marxist thought, he would best be identified as a member of the ______.

A)bourgeoisie
B)lumpenproletariat
C)proletariat
D)revolutionaries

Question 14

Anne Campbell has attempted to account for gender differences in crime rates by using the logic of evolutionary history in her ______ hypothesis.

A)emancipation
B)gender equality
C)masculinization
D)staying alive

Question 15

______is known for arguing that conflict is rooted in multiple aspects of social life, not just economic struggle.

A)Friedrich Engels
B)Karl Marx
C)Max Weber
D)Willem Bonger

Question 16

Freda Adler suggested that as females increasingly adopt male roles in society, they will become as crime-prone as men, in what is known as the ______ hypothesis.

A)emancipation
B)gender equality
C)masculinization
D)staying alive

Question 17

______justice is a system of mediation and conflict resolution that is focused on repairing the harm that has been caused by crime.

A)emancipatory
B)modified punitive
C)proletarian
D)restorative

Question 18

______ criminology argues that an overemphasis on punishing criminals serves to escalate rather than decrease violence.

A)conflict
B)feminist
C)Marxist
D)peacemaking

Question 19

The ______ problem refers to the question of whether traditional male-centered theories of crime apply to women.

A)emancipation
B)gender ratio
C)gender inequality
D)generalizability

Question 20

The ______ perspective of criminology encompasses Marxism, conflict, and feminist theories.

A)Chicago
B)classical
C)conspiracy
D)critical

Question 21

______ means focusing on the ways in which the definition of the crime problem and criminal justice practices support patriarchal practices and worldviews.

A)theorizing gender
B)theorizing patriarchy and crime
C)feminist criminology
D)patriarchal criminality

Question 22

______ criminology urges us to make peace on crime.

A)postmodern
B)peacemaking
C)Marxist
D)feminist

Question 23

The conflict perspective concentrates on power relationships in its explanation of crime.

Question 24

A pattern of justice, which emphasizes treating women offenders as though they were men in the name of equal justice, is sometimes referred to as:

A)vengeful equity
B)revenge justice
C)equal justice
D)proper equity

Question 25

______ is a condition that entails the estrangement or distancing of individuals from something, such as another person, society in general, or the products of their labor.

A)alienation
B)altruism
C)emancipation
D)patriarchy

Question 26

According to Chesney-Lind, feminist criminology is uniquely positioned to respond to which of the following issues?

A)domestic violence and sexual assault
B)racism and sexism
C)same-sex discrimination and sexism
D)female offending and rehabilitation of female offenders

Question 27

Left realism is an approach that attempts to translate radical ideas into realistic social policy.

Question 28

The core concept of ______ philosophy is the concept of class struggle.

A)feminist
B)Marxist
C)peacemaking
D)left realist

Question 29

A woman obtains a job as a sales representative.She realizes that when she works late at night, there is little oversight, and she could easily steal from the cash register without detection.This woman's foray into crime is most consistent with the ______ hypothesis.

A)emancipation
B)gender-ratio
C)masculinization
D)staying alive

Question 30

A major critique of ______ theory is that its view of crime as a social construct may not give proper recognition to mala in se crimes.

A)conflict
B)feminist
C)Marxist
D)peacemaking

Question 31

In Marxist theory, which of the following terms was used to refer to the oppressed working class?

A)bourgeoisie
B)lumpenproletariat
C)proletariat
D)revolutionaries

Question 32

_____ explanations of crime focus on individual behavior.

A)micro
B)macro
C)sociological
D)Marxist

Question 33

The ______ hypothesis argues that the woman's liberation movement has generated efforts by women to free themselves from the power of men, but by doing so they have freed men from their traditional roles as providers.

A)masculinization
B)emancipation
C)economic marginalization
D)generalizability

Question 34

Conflict theory invokes the concept of cognitive dissonance in order to explain crime.

Question 35

According to George Vold, gangs are examples of ______, or groups whose interests are sufficiently on the margins of mainstream society that just about all of their activities are criminalized.

A)minority power groups
B)majority power groups
C)lumpenproletariat
D)conflicts of interest

Question 36

Conflict theory shares with labeling theory the idea crime is a social construct with no intrinsic meaning.

Question 37

Karl Marx and his collaborator, Friedrich Engels, wrote extensively on the topics of crime and crime causation.

Question 38

Bonger's concept of altruism refers to a concern only for one's own selfish interests.

Question 39

One insight of ______ theory is that 'acting bad' is not necessarily incompatible with femininity, since gender has different meanings in different social contexts.

A)conflict
B)Marxist
C)labeling
D)structured action

Question 40

The central concept of the ______ theory is hegemonic masculinity.

A)power-control
B)masculinization
C)emancipation
D)structured action

Question 41

In Marxist theory, bourgeoisie is the term used to refer to the working class.

Question 42

The imprisonment of African American men grew significantly more than the imprisonment of African American women between 1986 and 1991.

Question 43

In the 1990s, the media portrayed females as "gansta girls" and "violent girls," sending the message that girls were bad in ways that they never used to be.

Question 44

George Vold views conflicts of interest as important in the understanding of criminal behavior.

Question 45

Restorative justice brings victims and offenders together to negotiate a mutually satisfactory way of correcting the wrong that has been committed.

Question 46

Matriarchal families are said to be balanced, and parents socialize male and female children similarly.

Question 47

Marxist criminologists often view the real crimes in society as violations of human rights, such as racism and sexism, whereas those acts commonly referred to as crime are natural outgrowths of class struggle.

Question 48

The gender-ratio problem asks the question: Do traditional male-centered theories of crime apply to women?

Question 49

Labeling theory concerns itself with the application of deviant labels on the powerless and the consequences that follow, while the process of how particular labels come to be stigmatized is of central importance to conflict theorists.

Question 50

According to Marx, which two parties are involved in class struggle?

Question 51

Legal realist criminologists aver that an overemphasis on punishing criminals escalates violence and advocates for restorative justice in place of imprisoning offenders.

Question 52

Briefly describe the emancipation hypothesis.

Question 53

Research has supported that capitalism is associated with higher crime rates than socialism.

Question 54

Gender (being male) is the single best predictor of criminal behavior.

Question 55

According to Marx, the lumpenproletariat would not play a decisive role in the expected revolution.

Question 56

A major criticism of critical theories is that they ignore the role of power relationships in explaining crime.

Question 57

True or False? Alienation is a central concept of critical criminology.

Question 58

Max Weber viewed cultural ideas and beliefs as being molded entirely by the economic systems of society.

Question 59

There is still no theory of crime that is entirely female-specific, leaving feminist criminologists to focus on descriptive studies of crime, or on crime-specific mini-theories.

Question 60

Briefly describe peacemaking criminology.

Question 61

Explain the primary concepts behind the masculinization, emancipation, and economic marginalization hypotheses.Which do you believe is "best"? Support your answer.

Question 62

Briefly explain Freda Adler's masculinization hypothesis.

Question 63

Describe the generalizability and gender-ratio problems in regard to feminist criminology.Is a specific feminist theory of crime needed? Support your answer.

Question 64

Compare and contrast the core arguments and the policy implications of Marxist criminology and feminist criminology.

Question 65

Describe the key components of Messerschmidt's structured action theory.What is hegemonic masculinity? What does Messerschmidt mean when he says "do gender"?

Question 66

What is the lumpenproletariat?

Question 67

Briefly explain the economic marginalization hypothesis.

Question 68

What is the central argument of Anne Campbell's staying alive hypothesis?

Question 69

Describe the core components of peacemaking criminology.Based on this framework, what should be done to alleviate crime?

Question 70

What is the generalizability problem in feminist criminology?

Question 71

Identify one critique of Marxist criminology.

Question 72

Briefly explain the difference between micro and macro explanations of crime.

Question 73

Briefly define patriarchy.

Question 74

What is the gender-ratio problem in criminology?

Question 75

Define and discuss Anne Campbell's staying alive hypothesis.Why do women engage in crime according to Campbell?

Question 76

Discuss the primary components of Marxism and the process of revolution according to Karl Marx.What are the three classes in society? How does alienation relate to Marxism and revolution?

Question 77

Describe the foci and arguments of feminist criminology.What have feminist theorists contributed to our understandings of crime?

Question 78

What is patriarchy?

Question 79

Briefly explain the power-control theory.

Question 80

Identify the main tenets of conflict theory.Do you think that this theory has any practical policy implications in our efforts to reduce crime? Support your answer with information that you have learned in this class.