Deck 42: Urinary System

Question 1

There are how many openings in the urinary bladder?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four

Answer 1

C

Question 2

A portion of the nephron that can lie within the medulla is the:

A) proximal tubule.
B) Bowman capsule.
C) distal tubule.
D) loop of Henle.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

One difference between the male urethra and the female urethra is the male urethra is:

A) shorter.
B) part of two different body systems.
C) unique in that there are no additional ducts that merge with it.
D) both B and C.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The shape of the kidney could best be described as _____-shaped.

A) bean
B) pear
C) pea
D) potato

Question 5

At the beginning of the "plumbing system" of the urinary system, urine leaving the renal papilla is collected in the cuplike structures called:

A) renal columns.
B) renal pyramids.
C) calyces.
D) ureters.

Question 6

In the kidney, blood flows from the interlobular artery into the:

A) glomerulus.
B) efferent arteriole.
C) afferent arteriole.
D) peritubular capillaries.

Question 7

Cells called podocytes make up the:

A) parietal layer of Bowman capsule.
B) visceral layer of Bowman capsule.
C) glomerulus.
D) proximal tubule.

Question 8

The portion of the nephron that empties into a calyx is the:

A) distal tubule.
B) loop of Henle.
C) collecting tubule.
D) proximal tubule.

Question 9

Which of these statements is not true of the kidney?

A) The kidney is usually located next to the vertebrae from T12 to L3.
B) The kidney is retroperitoneal.
C) The kidney is protected by a heavy layer of fat.
D) All of the above are true of the kidney.

Question 10

Which of the following is not a normal function of the kidneys?

A) Synthesize prostaglandins
B) Regulate blood sugar
C) Produce hormones
D) Regulate blood electrolytes

Question 11

Of all the blood pumped per minute by the heart, approximately ____ goes through the kidneys.

A) 1/5
B) 1/3
C) 1/2
D) 3/4

Question 12

Urine is conducted from the kidney to the urinary bladder through a tube called the:

A) renal column.
B) renal pelvis.
C) urethra.
D) ureter.

Question 13

Substances travel from the glomerulus into Bowman capsule by the process of:

A) diffusion.
B) active transport.
C) filtration.
D) osmosis.

Question 14

Reabsorption, as performed in the kidney, may be defined as the:

A) movement of molecules out of the tubule and into the peritubular blood.
B) movement of molecules out of the peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion.
C) movement of water and solutes from the plasma in the glomerulus, across the glomerular-capsular membrane, and into the capsular space of Bowman capsule.
D) volume of plasma from which a substance is removed by the kidney per minute.

Question 15

The normal osmotic pressure of the capsular filtrate is _____ mm Hg.

A) 60
B) 32
C) 18
D) 0

Question 16

Approximately how much blood flows through the kidneys per minute?

A) 500 ml
B) 750 ml
C) 1200 ml
D) 3500 ml

Question 17

Which of the following is not a part of the glomerular-capsular membrane?

A) Parietal layer of Bowman capsule
B) Visceral layer of Bowman capsule
C) Glomerular endothelium
D) Basement membrane

Question 18

Which of the following is (are) classified as an accessory organ of the urinary system?

A) Ureters
B) Urinary bladder
C) Urethra
D) All of the above

Question 19

The calyces of the kidney join together to form a large collection reservoir called the:

A) renal columns.
B) renal pyramids.
C) renal pelvis.
D) hilum.

Question 20

The function of the urinary bladder is to:

A) serve as a reservoir for urine before it leaves the body.
B) expel urine from the body, aided by the urethra.
C) help concentrate the urine in periods of dehydration.
D) do both A and B.

Question 21

In which parts of the nephron do all of the following functions occur: passive reabsorption, active reabsorption, passive secretion, and active secretion?

A) Proximal tubule and the renal corpuscle
B) Collecting duct and the distal tubule
C) Collecting duct and the ascending limb of Henle
D) Collecting duct and the descending limb of Henle

Question 22

The movement of molecules out of the tubules and into the peritubular blood defines:

A) glomerular filtration.
B) secretion.
C) micturition.
D) reabsorption.

Question 23

The substance most often measured to determine normal kidney function is:

A) creatinine.
B) glucose.
C) sodium.
D) potassium.

Question 24

Water will move by osmosis only in the presence of ADH in the:

A) distal tubule.
B) collecting duct.
C) ascending limb of Henle.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 25

Which of the following statements is not true of the ureter?

A) The ureter is approximately 28 cm long.
B) The ureter conducts urine inferiorly from the kidney to the bladder.
C) The ureter is composed of two layers of tissue-an inner mucous layer and an outer fibrous layer.
D) All of the above are true of the ureter.

Question 26

A drop in systemic blood pressure would cause the filtration rate to:

A) increase.
B) decrease.
C) stay the same.
D) vary depending on the level of AHD in the blood.

Question 27

Which of the following is the approximate threshold level for the reabsorption of glucose?

A) 100 mg/100 ml
B) 300 mg/100 ml
C) 200 mg/100 ml
D) 250 mg/100 ml

Question 28

Which of the following is not a normal constituent of urine?

A) Nitrogenous wastes
B) Hormones
C) Pigments
D) Plasma proteins

Question 29

Filtrate in which part of the nephron tubule has the highest osmolality?

A) Proximal tubule
B) Ascending loop of Henle
C) Descending loop of Henle
D) Distal tubule

Question 30

The movement of substances out of the _____ best describes secretion in the formation of urine.

A) blood into the tubule
B) blood into Bowman capsule
C) tubules into interstitial fluids
D) glomerulus into the tubules

Question 31

Which of the following ions is not normally secreted into the distal or collecting tubules?

A) Potassium
B) Hydrogen
C) Ammonium
D) Sodium

Question 32

The portion of the nephron tubule that is essentially always impermeable to water is the:

A) proximal tubule.
B) distal tubule.
C) collecting tubule.
D) ascending loop of Henle.

Question 33

Regarding reabsorption in the proximal tubules, which of the following statements is not true?

A) Sodium is actively transported out of the tubule fluid and into the blood.
B) Chloride ions are actively transported into the blood plasma.
C) Glucose and amino acids are transported with sodium and passively move out of the tubule fluid by means of the sodium cotransport mechanism.
D) About half of the urea present in the tubule fluid passively moves out of the tubule, leaving half the urea to move on to the loop of Henle.

Question 34

In the ascending limb of Henle:

A) sodium and chloride are reabsorbed from the tubule fluid.
B) the tubule fluid becomes dilute (hypotonic).
C) antidiuretic hormone causes the cells to become more permeable to water.
D) both A and B occur.

Question 35

ADH has the greatest effect on the reabsorption of water in the:

A) proximal tubule.
B) ascending loop of Henle.
C) descending loop of Henle.
D) distal tubule.

Question 36

When aldosterone is released, secretion of _____ occurs.

A) ammonium
B) hydrogen
C) potassium
D) sodium

Question 37

The percentage of water in urine is approximately _____%.

A) 55
B) 65
C) 80
D) 95

Question 38

Urine formation involves all the following processes except:

A) filtration.
B) catabolism.
C) reabsorption.
D) secretion.

Question 39

The ion most likely to be reabsorbed after the reabsorption of sodium ions is:

A) potassium.
B) chloride.
C) phosphate.
D) both B and C.

Question 40

Under normal conditions, most nutrients are reabsorbed in which portion of the nephron?

A) Proximal tubule
B) Ascending loop of Henle
C) Distal tubule
D) Collecting tubule

Question 41

Which blood vessel drains the vasa recta?

A) Lobar vein
B) Arcuate vein
C) Interlobular vein
D) Both B and C

Question 42

If the Tmₐₓ for glucose in the nephron was 300 mg/100 ml and a person had blood glucose level of 380 mg/100 ml, there would be:

A) 300 mg/100 ml of glucose in the urine.
B) 80 mg/100 ml of glucose in the urine.
C) 80 mg/100 ml of glucose in the blood leaving the kidney.
D) both A and C.

Question 43

Which structure of the kidney narrows as it exits the kidney to become the ureter?

A) Renal pyramids
B) Renal pelvis
C) Renal columns
D) Hilum

Question 44

In the average bladder, what amount of urine would cause a moderately distended sensation and the desire to void?

A) 250 ml
B) 100 ml
C) 600 ml
D) 150 ml

Question 45

Which blood vessels empty into the glomerulus?

A) Interlobar arteries
B) Afferent arterioles
C) Lobar arteries
D) Arcuate arteries

Question 46

As the amount of sodium reabsorbed by the distal convoluted tubule increases, the amount of _____ increases.

A) potassium ions absorbed also
B) hydrogen ions absorbed also
C) potassium ions secreted
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 47

The nitrogenous wastes in the urine are usually the result of protein catabolism. They include all except:

A) urea.
B) ammonia.
C) creatinine.
D) amino acids.

Question 48

What effect do aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) have on urine volume?

A) Because water reabsorption in the distal and collecting tubules doesn't require ADH, the aldosterone mechanism must work separately from the ADH mechanism to maintain homeostasis of the fluid content in the body.
B) Both aldosterone and ADH decrease distal and collecting tubule absorption of sodium, which in turn causes an osmotic imbalance that drives the reabsorption of water from the tubule.
C) Because water reabsorption in the distal and collecting tubules requires ADH, the aldosterone mechanism must work in concert with the ADH mechanism if homeostasis of the fluid content in the body is to be maintained.
D) Both aldosterone and ADH increase distal and collecting tubule absorption of sodium, which in turn causes an osmotic imbalance that stops the reabsorption of water from the tubule.

Question 49

Which hormone tends to increase the amount of urine produced?

A) ANH
B) Aldosterone
C) ADH
D) Both B and C

Question 50

Fluid in the nephron would flow through these structures in which order?

A) Proximal tubule, loop of Henle, bowman capsule, distal tubule, collecting duct
B) Bowman capsule, loop of Henle, proximal tubule, distal tubule, collecting duct
C) Bowman capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
D) None of the above are in the correct order.

Question 51

Which of the following is not true of the proximal tubule?

A) Highly convoluted
B) Nearest to Bowman capsule
C) Second part of the renal tubules
D) Contains microvilli

Question 52

What effect on the treatment of secondary hypertension would you expect from angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drugs?

A) When secondary hypertension occurs, the cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin, which in turn results in angiotensin production and increased blood pressure, so giving ACE inhibitors may reduce the production of angiotensin and lower the blood pressure.
B) Secondary hypertension is caused by stenosis of the renal artery, so ACE inhibitors will relax the vessel, thus reducing blood pressure.
C) Secondary hypertension is caused by stenosis of the renal artery, so ACE inhibitors will decrease atherosclerotic plaque and result in a lower blood pressure.
D) ACE inhibitors will not have any effect on secondary hypertension.

Question 53

Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced?

A) ANH
B) Aldosterone
C) ADH
D) Both B and C

Question 54

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney.
B) The right kidney is often slightly larger than the left kidney.
C) The kidneys extend above the level of the twelfth rib.
D) The kidneys are retroperitoneal.

Question 55

The mechanism for voiding begins with:

A) the relaxation of the internal sphincter.
B) the contraction of the muscles of the bladder.
C) the relaxation of the external sphincter.
D) a parasympathetic impulse sent to the bladder.

Question 56

A good description of the urinary system function is that it:

A) produces urine.
B) balances blood plasma.
C) maintains the dynamic consistency of the internal fluid environment.
D) does all of the above.

Question 57

Which of the following structures does not enter or leave through the hilum of the kidney?

A) Calyx
B) Renal artery
C) Renal vein
D) Ureter

Question 58

What is the first branch of the segmental artery?

A) Interlobar arteries
B) Afferent arterioles
C) Lobar arteries
D) Arcuate arteries

Question 59

Which nitrogenous waste is the most abundant found in urine?

A) Uric acid
B) Urea
C) Ammonia
D) Creatinine

Question 60

If the glomerular hydrostatic pressure is 67 mm Hg, the glomerular osmotic pressure is 28 mm Hg, the capsular hydrostatic pressure is 17 mm Hg, and the capsular osmotic pressure is 0 mm Hg, the effective filtration pressure (EFP) would be _____ mm Hg.

A) 22
B) 56
C) 78
D) There is not enough information to determine the EFP.

Question 61

Which statement identifies two blood indicators of renal dysfunction and best explains why they can be as such?

A) Increased urea and creatinine levels in the blood indicate the inability of the kidney to filter creatinine and urea.
B) Glucose in urine and complete blood count elevations indicate the kidney's inability to produce red blood cells.
C) pH and specific gravity elevation indicate kidney dysfunction because an increase in solutes prevents the kidney from filtering correctly.
D) Albumin and acetone decreases indicate that the kidney is unable to reabsorb these in the loop of Henle.

Question 62

A cushion of fat normally encases a kidney and helps hold it in position.

Question 63

Which statement best explains the process of filtration in the nephron?

A) Filtration occurs as a result of passive and active transport mechanisms from all parts of the renal tubules; a major portion of reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule.
B) Filtration is the movement of molecules out of peritubular blood and into the tubule for excretion.
C) Filtration is the movement of molecules out of the tubule and into peritubular blood.
D) Filtration is the movement of water and protein-free solutes from plasma in the glomerulus into the capsular space of Bowman capsule.

Question 64

Which best explains why a person who has uncontrolled diabetes mellitus voids a large amount of urine?

A) Excess glucose "spills over" into urine, thereby decreasing the solute concentration of urine (and decreasing the solute concentration of plasma), which in turn leads to diuresis.
B) Excess glucose "spills over" into urine, thereby increasing the solute concentration of urine (and decreasing the solute concentration of plasma), which in turn leads to diuresis.
C) Low levels of insulin stimulate the kidney to not reabsorb water in the tubules.
D) Decreased glucose is caused by withdrawal of sugar from urine, causing an increase in urine production.

Question 65

There are three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder-two from the ureters and one into the urethra.

Question 66

Within the male urethra, how is urine prevented from mixing with semen during ejaculation?

A) Conscious control of a sphincter muscle guarding the bladder opening
B) Contraction of the detrusor muscle of the bladder
C) By the urinary meatus
D) Reflex closure of sphincter muscles guarding the bladder opening

Question 67

A glomerulus is a group of capillaries located in a Bowman capsule.

Question 68

Each renal papilla juts into a cuplike structure called the renal pyramid.

Question 69

Autoregulation of glomerular filtration by tubuloglomerular feedback helps protect the kidney:

A) from rapid systemic arterial pressure variations that would otherwise cause large glomerular filtration rate changes.
B) from rapid systemic venous pressure variations that would otherwise cause large glomerular filtration rate changes.
C) by contracting the walls of the efferent arterioles, thus increasing systemic blood pressure.
D) by relaxing the walls of the efferent arterioles, thus reducing systemic blood pressure.

Question 70

Which of the following is not a primary function of the loop of Henle?

A) The loop of Henle reabsorbs water from the tubule fluid in its descending limb.
B) In addition to reabsorption, the loop of Henle secretes hydrogen ions.
C) By reabsorbing salt from its ascending limb, it makes the tubule fluid hypotonic.
D) Reabsorption of salt in the ascending limb also creates and maintains a high osmotic pressure.

Question 71

Terry has lupus erythematosus and has been complaining of feelings of urgency, pain in urination, and the appearance of blood in the urine. More than likely, Terry is suffering from:

A) interstitial cystitis.
B) renal calculi.
C) renal ptosis.
D) renal sarcoma.

Question 72

Which statement best explains why the insertion of a urinary catheter would be an ineffective treatment for renal suppression?

A) Renal suppression occurs when effective filtration pressure falls to zero and the kidneys shut down, so a urinary catheter would not help this situation.
B) Renal suppression occurs when effective filtration pressure is elevated and urine production is increased, thus allowing free-flowing urine. A urinary catheter isn't needed in this situation.
C) Renal suppression occurs when there is a disruption of nervous input to the bladder, resulting in loss of control of voiding. A urinary catheter would not be a treatment for the condition.
D) Renal suppression is caused by a urinary tract infection, and a urinary catheter would not be effective in treating this condition.

Question 73

The principle organs of the urinary system are the kidneys.

Question 74

If a person becomes dehydrated, which hormone would you expect to find in high concentration in the blood?

A) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B) Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)
C) Para-aminohippurate acid (PAH)
D) Prolactin (PRL)

Question 75

The urinary meatus is the tube leading from the bladder to the exterior.

Question 76

Generally, the right kidney is larger than the left kidney.

Question 77

Why would the response of the kidney to arteriosclerosis actually compound the problem of hypertension?

A) When the kidney responds to narrowing of a renal artery due to this disease, it will not cause any changes in kidney function or status.
B) When the kidney responds to widening of a renal artery due to this disease, it will cause an increase in blood pressure and an increase in kidney perfusion.
C) When the kidney responds to narrowing of a renal artery due to this disease, it will cause a decrease in blood pressure and possibly even death.
D) When the kidney responds to narrowing of a renal artery due to this disease, it will cause an increase in blood pressure and ischemia of kidney tissues.

Question 78

In both males and females, the urethra serves urinary and reproductive functions.

Question 79

The outer portion of the kidney is referred to as the cortex.

Question 80

The microvilli on the luminal surface of each epithelial cell in the proximal tubule wall will:

A) form a brush border that increases absorptive surface area of the entire inner surface of the proximal tubule.
B) form an electrical gradient that drives the diffusion of negative ions from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid.
C) participate in the countercurrent mechanism, which allows the contents to flow in opposite directions.
D) increase the secretory surface area of the entire inner surface of the proximal tubule.