Deck 43: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Question 1

Which of the following body fluid compartments has the same volume (percentage of body weight) in the infant, the adult male, and the adult female?

A) Plasma
B) Interstitial fluid
C) Extracellular fluid
D) Intracellular fluid

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not one of the seven basic solutions used for parenteral therapy?

A) Ammonium chloride
B) Lactate solutions
C) Carbohydrate in water
D) Liquid protein

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Which of the following substances is released by the juxtaglomerular cells?

A) Cortisol
B) Antidiuretic hormone
C) Aldosterone
D) Renin

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Ringer solution is often described as normal saline solution modified by the addition of:

A) sodium and potassium.
B) potassium and calcium.
C) sodium and calcium.
D) glucose.

Question 5

Water normally leaves the body through _____ exits.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 6

The thirst center, which contains specialized cells called osmoreceptors, is located in the:

A) pons.
B) anterior pituitary.
C) posterior pituitary.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 7

The two factors that determine urine volume are:

A) the amounts of ADH and aldosterone secretion.
B) the amounts of ACTH and ADH secretion.
C) fluid intake and ADH secretion.
D) the glomerular filtration rate and the rate of water reabsorption by the renal tubules.

Question 8

Abnormal conditions that cause fluid and electrolyte output to exceed input include all the following except:

A) vomiting.
B) drinking liquids too fast.
C) hyperventilating.
D) diarrhea.

Question 9

Which of the following is true of total body water?

A) Overweight people have lower water content per kilogram of body weight than slender people.
B) Women have higher water content than men.
C) Elderly people have higher water content than younger people.
D) Total body water ranges between 30% and 40% of the total body weight.

Question 10

In young adults, the percentage of body weight composed of water will average about _____ for males and _____ for females.

A) 40%; 50%
B) 60%; 50%
C) 70%; 60%
D) 60%; 70%

Question 11

Which of the following is not a method used for parenteral administration?

A) Intravenous
B) Subcutaneous
C) Intramuscular
D) By mouth

Question 12

The composition of sodium in the blood plasma is equal to _____ mEq/L.

A) 2
B) 5
C) 102
D) 142

Question 13

Which of the following sites of fluid loss can be automatically adjusted according to fluid intake volume?

A) Lungs
B) Skin
C) Intestine
D) Kidney

Question 14

Parenteral solutions are given to:

A) meet current maintenance needs for nutrients, fluids, and electrolytes.
B) replace past losses.
C) replace concurrent losses (additional losses that are in excess of maintenance needs).
D) do all of the above.

Question 15

Juxtaglomerular cells are located in the:

A) kidney.
B) adrenal cortex.
C) liver.
D) adrenal medulla.

Question 16

Which of the following electrolytes is not a cation?

A) Calcium
B) Chloride
C) Magnesium
D) Potassium

Question 17

The total fluid or water content of the human body ranges from _____ of its total weight.

A) 15% to 25%
B) 25% to 45%
C) 45% to 75%
D) 75% to 85%

Question 18

When comparing the volume of the various body fluids, the correct order going from highest to lowest in total volume would be:

A) plasma, intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid.
B) intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, plasma.
C) intracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid.
D) plasma, intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid.

Question 19

When the adrenal cortex is stimulated to increase its secretion of aldosterone, the first thing that happens is a(n):

A) decrease in the kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium.
B) increase in the kidney tubule reabsorption of sodium.
C) decrease in arterial blood pressure.
D) increase in urine volume.

Question 20

Cerebrospinal fluid is part of the _____ fluid.

A) intracellular
B) extracellular
C) interstitial
D) Both A and C are correct.

Question 21

Aged individuals of either sex may have less total body water because of their:

A) reduced kidney function.
B) decreased percentage of body fat.
C) decreased muscle mass.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 22

As related to the Starling law, which of the following is the greatest pressure at the arterial end of the capillaries?

A) Blood hydrostatic pressure
B) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
C) Blood colloid osmotic pressure
D) Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure

Question 23

Which large molecules are retained by the selectively permeable cell membrane?

A) Sodium ions
B) Potassium ions
C) Proteins

Question 24

Which of the following is not considered a "transcellular fluid"?

A) Lymph
B) Cerebrospinal fluid
C) The humors of the eye
D) Joint fluid

Question 25

Edema is defined as abnormally large amounts of fluid in the:

A) capillaries.
B) cells.
C) veins.
D) intercellular spaces.

Question 26

Which of the following statements is (are) not true?

A) Men have less body water than women do.
B) Adults have less body water than infants do.
C) Overweight people have less body water than slender people do.
D) All of the above are true statements.

Question 27

Which of the following is the formula representing the Starling law of capillaries?

A) (BHP + BCOP) - (IFCOP + IFHP) = EFP
B) (BHP + IFHP) - (IFCOP + BCOP) = EFP
C) (BHP + IFCOP) - (IFHP + BCOP) = EFP
D) None of the above

Question 28

In accordance with the physical laws governing filtration and osmosis, which of the following statements is true?

A) Blood hydrostatic pressure tends to draw fluid into the capillaries from the interstitial fluid.
B) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure tends to force fluid out of the capillaries and into the interstitial fluid.
C) Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw fluid back into the capillaries.
D) Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw fluid into the capillaries from the interstitial fluid.

Question 29

When the posterior lobe of the pituitary is stimulated to increase its secretion of ADH, the first event to occur is a(n):

A) increase in urine volume.
B) increase in the kidney tubule reabsorption of water.
C) decrease in the kidney tubule reabsorption of water.
D) decrease in ECF volume.

Question 30

When the effective filtration pressure equals zero:

A) fluid shifts out of the blood into the interstitial fluid.
B) fluid shifts out of the interstitial fluid and into the blood.
C) no net transfer of water occurs between blood and interstitial fluid.
D) the extracellular fluid volume increases.

Question 31

Which body location is not one that is usually impacted by edema?

A) Kidneys
B) Lungs
C) Dependent areas of the body
D) All of the above body areas are impacted by edema.

Question 32

As related to the Starling law, which of the following has the greatest effect on water reentering the capillaries?

A) Blood hydrostatic pressure
B) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
C) Blood colloid osmotic pressure
D) Interstitial colloid osmotic pressure

Question 33

Edema may occur when:

A) sodium is retained in the extracellular fluid as a result of increased aldosterone secretion or after serious renal disease such as acute glomerulonephritis.
B) an increase in capillary blood pressure occurs.
C) a decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins normally retained in the blood occurs.
D) all of the above occur.

Question 34

Movement of water and solutes between ECF and ICF spaces is influenced by all of the following except:

A) large protein molecules that cannot diffuse out of the cell.
B) ion transport.
C) positive charges attracting negatively charged ions.
D) All of the above influence movement.

Question 35

The most important difference between blood plasma and interstitial fluid, when compared chemically, is:

A) blood contains appreciable amounts of protein anions.
B) interstitial fluid contains appreciable amounts of protein anions.
C) blood contains less sodium ions.
D) interstitial fluid contains less chloride ions.

Question 36

The major organ that balances sodium and potassium in the body is the:

A) kidney.
B) skin.
C) gastrointestinal tract.
D) lungs.

Question 37

What is the most abundant cation in extracellular fluid?

A) Sodium
B) Chlorine
C) Potassium
D) Magnesium

Question 38

Which of the following pairs are almost identical when compared chemically?

A) Plasma and intracellular fluid
B) Plasma and interstitial fluid
C) Interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
D) Extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid

Question 39

What is the most abundant anion in the extracellular fluid?

A) Bicarbonate
B) Chloride
C) Phosphate
D) Protein

Question 40

What is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid?

A) Sodium
B) Chlorine
C) Potassium
D) Magnesium

Question 41

Which of the following is not considered an extracellular fluid?

A) Lymph
B) Plasma
C) The aqueous fluid of the eye
D) All of the above are considered extracellular fluids.

Question 42

Which of the following is not true of glucose?

A) It will dissociate in water.
B) It will form ions.
C) It has the same type of bonds as sodium chloride.
D) None of the above are true of glucose.

Question 43

The mechanism of action for aldosterone and the mechanism of action for ADH differ because ADH regulates water whereas aldosterone regulates:

A) potassium.
B) chloride.
C) calcium.
D) sodium.

Question 44

Which of the following is not a cause of hypervolemia?

A) Renal failure
B) Ascites
C) Nephrotic syndrome
D) Congestive heart failure

Question 45

Which of the following two forces tend to move fluid into the blood vessel?

A) Blood hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure
B) Blood colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
C) Blood hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid colloid pressure
D) Blood colloid pressure and interstitial fluid colloid pressure

Question 46

The ion with the least total concentration in body fluids is:

A) chloride.
B) potassium.
C) calcium.
D) bicarbonate.

Question 47

If two electrodes charged with a weak current were placed in a solution of NaCl, the negative electrode would attract:

A) cations.
B) anions.
C) chloride ions.
D) Both A and C are correct.

Question 48

Which type of tissue has the least amount of water?

A) Muscle
B) Adipose
C) Bone
D) Nervous

Question 49

With an equal milligram percent in solution, calcium would have a(n) _____ milliequivalent than potassium.

A) greater
B) lesser
C) equal
D) There is not enough information to determine the milliequivalent.

Question 50

Potassium-rich foods can be used to treat:

A) hypokalemia.
B) hypernatremia.
C) hyponatremia.
D) hyperkalemia.

Question 51

Which of the following two forces tend to move fluid out of the blood vessel?

A) Blood hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure
B) Blood colloid osmotic pressure and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
C) Blood hydrostatic pressure and interstitial fluid colloid pressure

Question 52

The subfornical organ is located in what part of the central nervous system?

A) Hypothalamus
B) Parietal lobe of the brain
C) Roof of the third ventricle of the brain
D) Medulla

Question 53

The body fluid that stays constant as a percentage of body weight throughout life is:

A) intracellular fluid.
B) plasma.
C) interstitial fluid.
D) extracellular fluid.

Question 54

If two electrodes charged with a weak current were placed in a solution of NaCl, the positive electrode would attract:

A) cations.
B) sodium ions.
C) chloride ions.
D) Both A and B are correct.

Question 55

Which of the following is not true of sodium chloride (NaCl)?

A) It will dissociate in water.
B) It will form ions.
C) It has the same type of bonds as glucose.
D) All of the above are true about sodium chloride.

Question 56

If two electrodes charged with a weak current were placed in a solution of NaCl, the positive electrode would attract:

A) cations.
B) anions.
C) chloride ions.
D) Both B and C are correct.

Question 57

An intravenous addition of sodium can be used to treat:

A) hypokalemia.
B) hypernatremia.
C) hyponatremia.
D) hyperkalemia.

Question 58

Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I in the:

A) kidney.
B) blood.
C) lung.
D) adrenal glands.

Question 59

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the:

A) kidney.
B) liver.
C) lung.
D) intestine.

Question 60

If two electrodes charged with a weak current were placed in a solution of NaCl, the negative electrode would attract the:

A) chloride ion.
B) sodium ion.
C) anion.
D) Both B and C are correct.

Question 61

The thirst center is located in the hypothalamus and SFO of the brain.

Question 62

Electrolytes are substances that dissociate in solution.

Question 63

In accordance with the physical laws governing filtration and osmosis, which of the following statements is true?

A) Blood hydrostatic pressure tends to draw fluid into the capillaries from the interstitial fluid.
B) Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure tends to force fluid out of the capillaries and into the interstitial fluid.
C) Blood colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw fluid back into the capillaries.
D) Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure tends to draw fluid into the capillaries from the interstitial fluid.

Question 64

The volume of interstitial fluid is greater than the volume of plasma.

Question 65

Osmoreceptors assist in controlling homeostasis of body fluids by:

A) causing the anterior pituitary gland to secrete increased amounts of ACTH, thus decreasing more fluids.
B) causing the posterior pituitary to stop releasing ADH.
C) decreasing the function of the pons and reducing fluid losses.
D) working in the hypothalamus to trigger a conscious sense of dry mouth and thirst.

Question 66

Which of the following sites of fluid loss can be automatically adjusted according to fluid intake volume?

A) Intestine
B) Kidney
C) Lungs
D) Skin

Question 67

The tonicity of a solution is not important when it is administered subcutaneously.

Question 68

In patients with severe burn injuries, what mechanism is responsible for the increased risk of hypovolemic shock?

A) An increase in capillary blood pressure
B) An increase in capillary permeability with a resulting increase in flow of blood to the tissues
C) An increase in interstitial fluid causing an increase in blood volume
D) A loss of interstitial fluid causing a drain of blood plasma out of the vessels and into tissue spaces

Question 69

Intracellular fluids constitute about 50% of body weight.

Question 70

The two major factors that determine urine volume are glomerular filtration rate and blood volume.

Question 71

Osmoreceptors associated with thirst are located in the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 72

In infants, total body water constitutes approximately 40% of body weight.

Question 73

The principle of fluid balance states that fluid intake normally equals fluid output.

Question 74

Salt and glucose are examples of electrolytes found in the body.

Question 75

A solution of sodium (Na⁺, atomic weight = 23) and a solution of calcium (Ca²⁺, atomic weight = 40) have equal mg%. The mEq/L of calcium would be about _____ that of sodium.

A) the same as
B) four times
C) twice
D) six times

Question 76

Both ADH and aldosterone cause fluid retention.

Question 77

In recent years, Ringer solution has frequently been used instead of normal saline.

Question 78

Plasma, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid are all examples of extracellular fluid.

Question 79

Ingested liquids are the major source of water for the body, followed by water formed from a catabolism, with a smaller amount coming from water in foods.

Question 80

Cerebrospinal fluid is part of the:

A) extracellular fluid because it consists mainly of plasma found in blood vessels and interstitial fluids.
B) interstitial fluid because it flows inside of cells.
C) intracellular fluid because it consists mostly of water.
D) Both B and C are correct.